3D Printing for Personalized Solutions in Cervical Spondylosis.

In the context of the digital revolution, 3D printing technology brings innovation to the personalized treatment of cervical spondylosis, a clinically common degenerative disease that severely impacts the quality of life and increases the economic burden of patients. Although traditional surgeries, medications, and physical therapies are somewhat effective, they often fail` to meet individual needs, thus affecting treatment adherence and outcomes. 3D printing, with its customizability, precision, material diversity, and short production cycles, shows tremendous potential in the treatment of cervical spondylosis. This review discusses the multiple applications of 3D printing in the treatment of cervical spondylosis, including the design, manufacture, and advantages of 3D-printed cervical collars, the role of 3D models in clinical teaching and surgical simulation, and the application of 3D-printed scaffolds and implants in cervical surgery. It also discusses the current challenges and future directions.

Nicotine aggravates high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice via inhibition of CISD3.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent chronic liver disease globally. Growing data suggests that smoking plays an important role in the evolution of NAFLD. CDGSH iron sulfur domain 3 (CISD3) regulates critical biological activities. However, its role in nicotine-associated NAFLD and its underlying mechanisms have not been elucidated. Mice were given a high-fat diet for 10 weeks to induce the development of NAFLD. The results revealed that in mice with NAFLD, nicotine treatment resulted in reduced CISD3 expression, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired ß-oxidation. Notably, exacerbation of hepatic steatosis and inflammatory injury was observed. Furthermore, Cisd3-knockout exacerbated lipid accumulation, aggravating oxidative stress and apoptosis. In conclusion, these results contribute to our knowledge of the function of CISD3 in nicotine-associated NAFLD, revealing the possibility of using CISD3 as a potential molecular target for treating NAFLD.

Multi-omics Analysis to Identify Key Immune Genes for Osteoporosis based on Machine Learning and Single-cell Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Osteoporosis is a severe bone disease with a complex pathogenesis involving various immune processes. With the in-depth understanding of bone immune mechanisms, discovering new therapeutic targets is crucial for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. This study aims to explore novel bone immune markers related to osteoporosis based on single-cell and transcriptome data, utilizing bioinformatics and machine learning methods, in order to provide novel strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of the disease. METHODS: Single cell and transcriptome data sets were acquired from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). The data was then subjected to cell communication analysis, pseudotime analysis, and high dimensional WGCNA (hdWGCNA) analysis to identify key immune cell subpopulations and module genes. Subsequently, ConsensusClusterPlus analysis was performed on the key module genes to identify different diseased subgroups in the osteoporosis (OP) training set samples. The immune characteristics between subgroups were evaluated using Cibersort, EPIC, and MCP counter algorithms. OP's hub genes were screened using 10 machine learning algorithms and 113 algorithm combinations. The relationship between hub genes and immunity and pathways was established by evaluating the immune and pathway scores of the training set samples through the ESTIMATE, MCP-counter, and ssGSEA algorithms. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) testing was conducted on serum samples collected from osteoporosis patients and healthy adults. RESULTS: In OP samples, the proportions of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) and neutrophils increased significantly by 6.73% (from 24.01% to 30.74%) and 6.36% (from 26.82% to 33.18%), respectively. We found 16 intersection genes and four hub genes (DND1, HIRA, SH3GLB2, and F7). RT-qPCR results showed reduced expression levels of DND1, HIRA, and SH3GLB2 in clinical blood samples of OP patients. Moreover, the four hub genes showed positive correlations with neutrophils (0.65-0.90), immature B cells (0.76-0.92), and endothelial cells (0.79-0.87), while showing negative correlations with myeloid-derived suppressor cells (negative 0.54-0.73), T follicular helper cells (negative 0.71-0.86), and natural killer T cells (negative 0.75-0.85). CONCLUSION: Neutrophils play a crucial role in the occurrence and development of osteoporosis. The four hub genes potentially inhibit metabolic activities and trigger inflammation by interacting with other immune cells, thereby significantly contributing to the onset and diagnosis of OP.

Platelet Membrane-Encapsulated Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) Nanoparticles Loaded with Sildenafil for Targeted Therapy of Vein Graft Intimal Hyperplasia.

Autologous vein grafts have attracted widespread attention for their high transplantation success rate and low risk of immune rejection. However, this technique is limited by the postoperative neointimal hyperplasia, recurrent stenosis and vein graft occlusion. Hence, we propose the platelet membrane-coated Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) containing sildenafil (PPS). Platelet membrane (PM) is characterised by actively targeting damaged blood vessels. The PPS can effectively target the vein grafts and then slowly release sildenafil to treat intimal hyperplasia in the vein grafts, thereby preventing the progression of vein graft restenosis. PPS effectively inhibits the proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMCs) and promotes the migration and vascularisation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). In a New Zealand rabbit model of intimal hyperplasia in vein grafts, the PPS significantly suppressed vascular stenosis and intimal hyperplasia at 14 and 28 days after surgery. Thus, PPS represents a nanomedicine with therapeutic potential for treating intimal hyperplasia of vein grafts.

Deep learning enhancing guide RNA design for CRISPR/Cas12a-based diagnostics.

Rapid and accurate diagnostic tests are fundamental for improving patient outcomes and combating infectious diseases. The Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) Cas12a-based detection system has emerged as a promising solution for on-site nucleic acid testing. Nonetheless, the effective design of CRISPR RNA (crRNA) for Cas12a-based detection remains challenging and time-consuming. In this study, we propose an enhanced crRNA design system with deep learning for Cas12a-mediated diagnostics, referred to as EasyDesign. This system employs an optimized convolutional neural network (CNN) prediction model, trained on a comprehensive data set comprising 11,496 experimentally validated Cas12a-based detection cases, encompassing a wide spectrum of prevalent pathogens, achieving Spearman's ρ = 0.812. We further assessed the model performance in crRNA design for four pathogens not included in the training data: Monkeypox Virus, Enterovirus 71, Coxsackievirus A16, and Listeria monocytogenes. The results demonstrated superior prediction performance compared to the traditional experiment screening. Furthermore, we have developed an interactive web server (https://crispr.zhejianglab.com/) that integrates EasyDesign with recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) primer design, enhancing user accessibility. Through this web-based platform, we successfully designed optimal Cas12a crRNAs for six human papillomavirus (HPV) subtypes. Remarkably, all the top five predicted crRNAs for each HPV subtype exhibited robust fluorescent signals in CRISPR assays, thereby suggesting that the platform could effectively facilitate clinical sample testing. In conclusion, EasyDesign offers a rapid and reliable solution for crRNA design in Cas12a-based detection, which could serve as a valuable tool for clinical diagnostics and research applications.

A Comparative Analysis of the Immunoglobulin Repertoire in Leukemia Cells and B Cells in Chinese Acute Myeloid Leukemia by High-Throughput Sequencing.

It is common knowledge that immunoglobulin (Ig) is produced by B lymphocytes and mainly functions as an antibody. However, it has been shown recently that myeloblasts from acute myeloid leukemia (AML) could also express Ig and that AML-Ig played a role in leukemogenesis and AML progression. The difference between Ig from myeloblasts and B cells has not been explored. Studying the characteristics of the Ig repertoire in myeloblasts and B cells will be helpful to understand the function and significance of AML-Ig. We performed 5' RACE-related PCR coupled with PacBio sequencing to analyze the Ig repertoire in myeloblasts and B cells from Chinese AML patients. Myeloblasts expressed all five classes of IgH, especially Igγ, with a high expression frequency. Compared with B-Ig in the same patient, AML-Ig showed different biased V(D)J usages and mutation patterns. In addition, the CDR3 length distribution of AML-Ig was significantly different from those of B-Ig. More importantly, mutations of AML-IgH, especially Igµ, Igα, and Igδ, were different from that of B-IgH in each AML patient, and the mutations frequently occurred at the sites of post-translational modification. AML-Ig has distinct characteristics of variable regions and mutations, which may have implications for disease monitoring and personalized therapy.

Self-delivery nanodrug to manipulate tumor microenvironment for boosting photodynamic cancer immunotherapy.

Immunotherapy has captured attention for its high clinical efficacy. However, its efficacy is limited by inadequate immune activation. Therefore, a platform to activate the immune system and amplify the host's immune response against tumors is urgently needed. Herein, a self-delivery photodynamic nanodrug (VAC@HSA) is reported as inducing immunogenic cell death (ICD), promoting the recruitment of dendritic cells (DCs), and normalizing tumor blood vessels. Firstly, verteporfin with laser assistance releases tumor-associated antigen to induce ICD, while celecoxib downregulates prostaglandin E2 and releases CCL5 to activate DC recruitment. Moreover, vasculature is normalized through axitinib, which contributes to reducing tumor hypoxia and reversing the immunosuppressive effects of vascular endothelial growth factor. This joint action promotes the infiltration of immune effector cells into the tumor. Therefore, the amplified photodynamic nanodrug with excellent biocompatibility effectively inhibits tumor growth and lung metastasis and produces a cascade of immune responses. Our study demonstrates a practically innovative strategy for activating cancer immunotherapy, which can alter the "cold" properties of tumors.

Expression, Function, and Significance of Non B Cell-Derived Immunoglobulin in Haematological System.

Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is a collection of genetically diverse diseases characterised by abnormal proliferation of immature haematopoietic cells and disruption of normal haematopoiesis. Myeloid cells and lymphocytes originate from different haematopoietic precursors within the bone marrow. It has been traditionally assumed that myeloid cells cannot produce immunoglobulin (Ig), a marker of B cells and plasma cells. However, in recent years, all five Ig classes have been detected in CD34+ haematopoietic stem cells, mature monocytes and neutrophils, differentiated macrophages and tumour-associated macrophages, acute myeloid leukaemia cell lines, as well as myeloblasts of AML. The rearranged V(D)J sequences exhibit unique restricted or biased V gene usage and evidence of somatic mutation. Furthermore, AML-derived Igs could promote cell proliferation, induce apoptosis, and enhance migration. Elevated levels of Ig expression predict inferior clinical outcomes. These findings indicate that AML-derived Ig plays a role in AML pathogenesis and progression, and could serve as a novel biomarker for risk stratification, disease monitoring, and targeted therapy. In this chapter, we provide a comprehensive review of recent literature on the expression, function, and significance of non B cell-derived Ig in the haematological system, with a focus on AML.

Non B Cell-Derived Immunoglobulins in Intestinal Tract.

Intestinal epithelium constitutes a barrier to the unrestricted movement of pathogens, and other detrimental substances from the external world (gut lumen) into the interstitial environment. Intestinal epithelial cells obstruct harmful substances passing through the epithelium as a physical and chemical barrier; Moreover, the epithelial cells can express Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and cytokines to exert innate immune function. In addition, high levels of immunoglobulin A (IgA) and other antibodies exist in the intestinal mucosa, maintaining intestinal immune homeostasis in conjunction with intestinal probiotics. Traditionally, these antibodies have been deemed to be secreted by submucosal plasma cells. Nonetheless, in recent years, it has been demonstrated that intestinal epithelial cells produce a substantial amount of Igs, especially IgA or free Ig light chains, which are involved in intestinal immune homeostasis and the survival of normal epithelial cells. Furthermore, mounting evidence affirms that many human carcinoma cells, including colorectal cancer (CRC), can overexpress Igs, particularly IgG. Cancer-derived Igs exhibit a unique V(D)J rearrangement pattern distinct from B cell-derived Ig; moreover, this cancer cell-derived IgG also has a unique sialic acid modification on the 162 site of CH1 domain (SIA-IgG). The SIA-IgG plays a crucial role in promoting cancer initiation, progression, metastasis, and tumour immune escape. Simultaneously, CRC cells can also express free Ig light chains, which promote colitis, colitis-associated colon carcinogenesis, and CRC progression. Therefore, Igs expressed by CRC cells could be a potential target for diagnosing and preventing the transformation of inflammation into cancer, as well as treating CRC.

3D Printed Calcium Phosphate Physiochemically Dual-Regulating Pro-Osteogenesis and Antiosteolysis for Enhancing Bone Tissue Regeneration.

Osteoblasts and osteoclasts are two of the most important types of cells in bone repair, and their bone-forming and bone-resorbing activities influence the process of bone repair. In this study, we proposed a physicochemical bidirectional regulation strategy via ration by physically utilizing hydroxyapatite nanopatterning to recruit and induce MSCs osteogenic differentiation and by chemically inhibiting osteolysis activity through the loaded zoledronate. The nanorod-like hydroxyapatite coating was fabricated via a modified hydrothermal process while the zoledronic acid was loaded through the chelation within the calcium ions. The fabrication of a hydroxyapatite/zoledronic acid composite biomaterial. This biomaterial promotes bone tissue regeneration by physically utilizing hydroxyapatite nanopatterning to recruit and induce MSCs osteogenic differentiation and by chemically inhibiting osteolysis activity through the loaded zoledronate. The nanorod-like hydroxyapatite coating was fabricated via a modified hydrothermal process while the zoledronic acid was loaded through the chelation within the calcium ions. The in vitro results tested on MSCs and RAW 246.7 indicated that the hydroxyapatite enhanced cells' physical sensing system, therefore enhancing the osteogenesis. At the same time the zoledronic acid inhibited osteolysis by downregulating the RANK-related genes. This research provides a promising strategy for enhancing bone regeneration and contributes to the field of orthopedic implants.

Decrease in GPSM2 mediated by the natural product luteolin contributes to colon adenocarcinoma treatment and increases the sensitivity to fluorouracil.

Luteolin, a monomeric substance, is a natural product of the Brucea javanica (BJ) plant. Brucea javanica oil emulsion injection (BJOEI) is a proprietary Chinese medicine purified from BJ that is widely used clinically as an anti-tumor treatment. Although a growing body of research suggests that luteolin and BJOEI have anti-tumor effects, the molecular mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated. In this study, through molecular docking technology, we found that luteolin can interact directly with GPSM2 and regulate the FoxO signaling pathway through GPSM2. In addition, the inhibitory effect of luteolin on colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) cells was found to be offset by knockdown of GPSM2. In contrast, the anti-proliferative effects of luteolin could be notably reversed by overexpression of GPSM2. The results reveal that GPSM2 is crucial in luteolin-mediated anti-proliferative effects. The mediation of anti-proliferative effects by GPSM2 has also been indirectly demonstrated in RKO and SW480 xenograft mice models. In addition, we verified that BJOEI inhibits the progression of COAD by mediating GPSM2 and regulating the FoxO signaling pathway. We also found that BJOEI achieved a better anti-tumor effect when combined with fluorouracil injection. Collectively, our data show that the anti-tumor effects of BJOEI and luteolin on COAD are GPSM2-dependent and downregulating the expression of GPSM2 to regulate the FoxO signaling pathway may be an effective way to treat COAD.

Optimal biochar selection for cadmium pollution remediation in Chinese agricultural soils via optimized machine learning.

Biochar is effective in mitigating heavy metal pollution, and cadmium (Cd) is the primary pollutant in agricultural fields. However, traditional trial-and-error methods for determining the optimal biochar remediation efficiency are time-consuming and inefficient because of the varied soil, biochar, and Cd pollution conditions. This study employed the machine learning method to predict the Cd immobilization efficiency of biochar in soil. The predictive accuracy of the random forest (RF) model was superior to that of the other common linear and nonlinear models. Furthermore, to improve the reliability and accuracy of the RF model, it was optimized by employing a root-mean-squared-error-based trial-and-error approach. With the aid of the optimized model, the empirical categories for soil Cd immobilization efficiency were biochar properties (60.96 %) > experimental conditions (19.6 %) ≈ soil properties (19.44 %). Finally, this study identified the optimal biochar properties for enhancing agricultural soil Cd remediation in different regions of China, which was beneficial for decision-making regarding nationwide agricultural soil remediation using biochar. The immobilization effect of alkaline biochar was pronounced in acidic soils with relatively high organic matter. This study provides insights into the immobilization mechanism and an approach for biochar selection for Cd immobilization in agricultural soil.

Research progress of KL-6 in respiratory system diseases.

This article comprehensively elucidates the discovery of Krebs von den Lungen-6 (KL-6), its structural features, functional mechanisms, and the current research status in various respiratory system diseases. Discovered in 1985, KL-6 was initially considered a tumor marker, but its elevated levels in interstitial lung disease (ILD) led to its recognition as a relevant serum marker for ILD. KL-6 is primarily produced by type 2 alveolar epithelial cell regeneration. Over the past 30 years since the discovery of KL-6, the number of related research papers has steadily increased annually. Following the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, there has been a sudden surge in relevant literature. Despite KL-6's potential as a biomarker, its value in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis varies across different respiratory diseases, including ILD, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), COVID-19, and lung cancer. Therefore, as an important serum biomarker in respiratory system diseases, the value of KL-6 still requires further investigation.

A prospective cohort-based artificial intelligence evaluation system for the protective efficacy and immune response of SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccines.

BACKGROUND: Novel coronaviruses constitute a significant health threat, prompting the adoption of vaccination as the primary preventive measure. However, current evaluations of immune response and vaccine efficacy are deemed inadequate. OBJECTIVES: The study sought to explore the evolving dynamics of immune response at various vaccination time points and during breakthrough infections. It aimed to elucidate the synergistic effects of epidemiological factors, humoral immunity, and cellular immunity. Additionally, regression curves were used to determine the correlation between the protective efficacy of the vaccine and the stimulated immune response. METHODS: Employing LASSO for high-dimensional data analysis, the study utilised four machine learning algorithms-logistical regression, random forest, LGBM classifier, and AdaBoost classifier-to comprehensively assess the immune response following booster vaccination. RESULTS: Neutralising antibody levels exhibited a rapid surge post-booster, escalating to 102.38 AU/mL at one week and peaking at 298.02 AU/mL at two weeks. Influential factors such as sex, age, disease history, and smoking status significantly impacted post-booster antibody levels. The study further constructed regression curves for neutralising antibodies, non-switched memory B cells, CD4+T cells, and CD8+T cells using LASSO combined with the random forest algorithm. CONCLUSION: The establishment of an artificial intelligence evaluation system emerges as pivotal for predicting breakthrough infection prognosis after the COVID-19 booster vaccination. This research underscores the intricate interplay between various components of immunity and external factors, elucidating key insights to enhance vaccine effectiveness. 3D modelling discerned distinctive interactions between humoral and cellular immunity within prognostic groups (Class 0-2). This underscores the critical role of the synergistic effect of humoral immunity, cellular immunity, and epidemiological factors in determining the protective efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines post-booster administration.

3D printing of customized bioceramics for promoting bone tissue regeneration by regulating sympathetic nerve behavior.

Numerous studies have shown that there are multiple neural activities involved in the process of bone resorption and bone regeneration, and promoting osteogenesis by promoting neural network reconstruction is an effective strategy for repairing critical size bone defects. However, traumatic bone defects often cause activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) in the damaged area, releasing excess catecholamines (CAs), resulting in a decrease in the rate of bone formation. Herein, a 3D-printed scaffold loaded with propranolol (PRN) is proposed to reduce CA concentrations in bone defect areas and promote bone regeneration through drug release. For this purpose, PRN-loaded methacrylated gelatin (GelMA) microspheres were mixed with low-concentration GelMA and perfused into a 3D-printed porous hydroxyapatite (HAp) scaffold. By releasing PRN, which can block ß-adrenergic receptors, it hinders the activation of sympathetic nerves and inhibits the release of excess CA by the SNS. At the same time, the composite scaffold recruits bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and promotes the differentiation of BMSCs in the direction of osteoblasts, which effectively promotes bone regeneration in the rabbit femoral condyle defect model. The results of the study showed that the release of PRN from the composite scaffold could effectively hinder the activation of sympathetic nerves and promote bone regeneration, providing a new strategy for the treatment of bone defects.

Characteristics of saltiness-enhancing peptides derived from yeast proteins and elucidation of their mechanism of action by molecular docking.

This study aimed to identify saltiness-enhancing peptides from yeast protein and elucidate their mechanisms by molecular docking. Yeast protein hydrolysates with optimal saltiness-enhancing effects were prepared under conditions determined using an orthogonal test. Ten saltiness-enhancing peptide candidates were screened using an integrated virtual screening strategy. Sensory evaluation demonstrated that these peptides exhibited diverse taste characteristics (detection thresholds: 0.13-0.50 mmol/L). Peptides NKF, LGLR, WDL, NMKF, FDSL and FDGK synergistically or additively enhanced the saltiness of a 0.30% NaCl solution. Molecular docking revealed that these peptides predominantly interacted with TMC4 by hydrogen bonding, with hydrophilic amino acids from both peptides and TMC4 playing a pivotal role in their binding. Furthermore, Leu217, Gln377, Glu378, Pro474 and Cys475 were postulated as the key binding sites of TMC4. These findings establish a robust theoretical foundation for salt reduction strategies in food and provide novel insights into the potential applications of yeast proteins.

Construction of CDKN2A-related competitive endogenous RNA network and identification of GAS5 as a prognostic indicator for hepatocellular carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) is an innovative way of gene expression modulation, which plays a crucial part in neoplasia. However, the intricacy and behavioral characteristics of the ceRNA network in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain dismal. AIM: To establish a cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A)-related ceRNA network and recognize potential prognostic indicators for HCC. METHODS: The mutation landscape of CDKN2A in HCC was first explored using the cBioPortal database. Differential expression analysis was implemented between CDKN2Ahigh and CDKN2Alow expression HCC samples. The targeted microRNAs were predicted by lncBasev3.0, and the targeted mRNAs were predicted by miRDB, and Targetscan database. The univariate and multivariate analysis were utilized to identify independent prognostic indicators. RESULTS: CDKN2A was frequently mutated and deleted in HCC. The single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that CDKN2A participated in cell cycle pathways. The CDKN2A-related ceRNA network-growth arrest specific 5 (GAS5)/miR-25-3p/SRY-box transcription factor 11 (SOX11) was successfully established. GAS5 was recognized as an independent prognostic biomarker, whose overexpression was correlated with a poor prognosis in HCC patients. The association between GAS5 expression and methylation, immune infiltration was explored. Besides, traditional Chinese medicine effective components targeting GAS5 were obtained. CONCLUSION: This CDKN2A-related ceRNA network provides innovative insights into the molecular mechanism of HCC formation and progression. Moreover, GAS5 might be a significant prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target in HCC.

A prognostic model for SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection: Analyzing a prospective cellular immunity cohort.

BACKGROUND: Following the COVID-19 pandemic, studies have identified several prevalent characteristics, especially related to lymphocyte subsets. However, limited research is available on the focus of this study, namely, the specific memory cell subsets among individuals who received COVID-19 vaccine boosters and subsequently experienced a SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection. METHODS: Flow cytometry (FCM) was employed to investigate the early and longitudinal pattern changes of cellular immunity in patients with SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections following COVID-19 vaccine boosters. XGBoost (a machine learning algorithm) was employed to analyze cellular immunity prior to SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough, aiming to establish a prognostic model for SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections. RESULTS: Following SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection, naïve T cells and TEMRA subsets increased while the percentage of TCM and TEM cells decreased. Naïve and non-switched memory B cells increased while switched and double-negative memory B cells decreased. The XGBoost model achieved an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.78, with an accuracy rate of 81.8 %, a sensitivity of 75 %, and specificity of 85.7 %. TNF-α, CD27-CD19+cells, and TEMRA subsets were identified as high predictors. An increase in TNF-α, cTfh, double-negative memory B cells, IL-6, IL-10, and IFN-γ prior to SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with enduring clinical symptoms; conversely, an increase in CD3+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, and IL-2 was associated with clinical with non-enduring clinical symptoms. CONCLUSION: SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection leads to disturbances in cellular immunity. Assessing cellular immunity prior to breakthrough infection serves as a valuable prognostic tool for SARS-CoV-2 infection, which facilitates clinical decision-making.

Highly efficient removal of Sr2+ from aqueous solutions using a polyacrylic acid/crown-ether/graphene oxide hydrogel composite.

With the development of nuclear power, efficiently treating nuclear wastes generated during operation has attracted extensive attention. Hydrogels are common adsorbent materials in the treatment of wastewater due to their high swelling rate and easy post-treatment. In this work, a novel polyacrylic acid/crown-ether/graphene oxide (PAA/DB18C6/GO) hydrogel composite was synthesized by a radical cross-linking copolymerization method and characterized using various analytical tools such as SEM, FT-IR, TGA and XPS. The effects of time, pH, initial Sr2+ concentration, and temperature on Sr2+ adsorption onto the PAA/DB18C6/GO were studied. The PAA/DB18C6/GO shows a high adsorption capacity of 379.35 mg g-1 at an initial Sr2+ concentration of 772 mg L-1 due to the unique structure of dibenzo-18-crown-ether-6 and high swelling. The composite has a high selectivity for Sr2+ with a removal rate of 82.4% when concentrations of Na+ and K+ were 10 times higher than that of Sr2+. The pH and temperature have no apparent impact on adsorption performance of the PAA/DB18C6/GO under the experimental conditions. The composite shows excellent reusability with more than 92% removal rate for Sr2+ after five continuous cycles. In addition, the mechanism of Sr2+ adsorption by PAA/DB18C6/GO was analyzed by fitting the adsorption data to the theoretical models and XPS data.