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A promising alternative for cancer treatment involves targeted inhibition of the epigenetic regulator bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4); however, available BRD4 inhibitors are constrained by their potency, oral bioavailability, and cytotoxicity. Herein, to overcome the drawback of the translational BRD4 inhibitors, we describe a novel BRD4-p53 inhibitor, SDU-071, which suppresses BRD4 interaction with the p53 tumor suppressor and its biological activity in MDA-MB-231 triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells in vitro and in vivo. This novel small-molecule BRD4-p53 inhibitor suppresses cell proliferation, migration, and invasion by downregulating the expression of BRD4-targeted genes, such as c-Myc and Mucin 5AC, and inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, as demonstrated in cultured MDA-MB-231 TNBC cells. Its antitumor activity is illustrated in an orthotopic mouse xenograft mammary tumor model. Overall, our results show that SDU-071 is a viable option for potentially treating TNBC as a new BRD4-p53 inhibitor.
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Compounds binding to the bromodomains of bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) family proteins, particularly BRD4, are promising anticancer agents. Nevertheless, side effects and drug resistance pose significant obstacles in BET-based therapeutics development. Using high-throughput screening of a 200,000-compound library, we identified small molecules targeting a phosphorylated intrinsically disordered region (IDR) of BRD4 that inhibit phospho-BRD4 (pBRD4)-dependent human papillomavirus (HPV) genome replication in HPV-containing keratinocytes. Proteomic profiling identified two DNA damage response factors-53BP1 and BARD1-crucial for differentiation-associated HPV genome amplification. pBRD4-mediated recruitment of 53BP1 and BARD1 to the HPV origin of replication occurs in a spatiotemporal and BRD4 long (BRD4-L) and short (BRD4-S) isoform-specific manner. This recruitment is disrupted by phospho-IDR-targeting compounds with little perturbation of the global transcriptome and BRD4 chromatin landscape. The discovery of these protein-protein interaction inhibitors (PPIi) not only demonstrates the feasibility of developing PPIi against phospho-IDRs but also uncovers antiviral agents targeting an epigenetic regulator essential for virus-host interaction and cancer development.
Assuntos
Infecções por Papillomavirus , Fatores de Transcrição , Humanos , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Papillomavirus Humano , Infecções por Papillomavirus/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Papillomavirus/genética , Proteômica , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/genética , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismo , Papillomaviridae/genética , Papillomaviridae/metabolismo , Proteínas Virais/genética , Replicação Viral/fisiologia , Reparo do DNA , Proteínas que Contêm BromodomínioRESUMO
IMPORTANCE: Human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) is a causative agent in around 3%-4% of all human cancers, and currently, there are no anti-viral therapeutics available for combating this disease burden. In order to identify new therapeutic targets, we must increase our understanding of the HPV16 life cycle. Previously, we demonstrated that an interaction between E2 and the cellular protein TopBP1 mediates the plasmid segregation function of E2, allowing distribution of viral genomes into daughter nuclei following cell division. Here, we demonstrate that E2 interaction with an additional host protein, BRD4, is also essential for E2 segregation function, and that BRD4 exists in a complex with TopBP1. Overall, these results enhance our understanding of a critical part of the HPV16 life cycle and presents several therapeutic targets for disruption of the viral life cycle.
Assuntos
Cromatina , Proteínas Oncogênicas Virais , Humanos , Proteínas que Contêm Bromodomínio , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/genética , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismo , Cromatina/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Papillomavirus Humano 16/genética , Papillomavirus Humano 16/metabolismo , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Proteínas Oncogênicas Virais/genética , Proteínas Oncogênicas Virais/metabolismo , Plasmídeos/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismoRESUMO
IMPORTANCE: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) matrix (M) protein is indispensable for virion assembly and release. It is localized to the nucleus during early infection to perturb host transcription. However, the function of RSV M protein in other cellular activities remains poorly understood. In this study, several interferon response-associated host factors, including RACK1, were identified by proteomic analysis as RSV M interactors. Knockdown of RACK1 attenuates RSV-restricted IFN signaling leading to enhanced host defense against RSV infection, unraveling a role of M protein in antagonizing IFN response via association with RACK1. Our study uncovers a previously unrecognized mechanism of immune evasion by RSV M protein and identifies RACK1 as a novel host factor recruited by RSV, highlighting RACK1 as a potential new target for RSV therapeutics development.
Assuntos
Receptores de Quinase C Ativada , Infecções por Vírus Respiratório Sincicial , Vírus Sincicial Respiratório Humano , Proteínas da Matriz Viral , Humanos , Interferons , Proteínas de Neoplasias/genética , Proteínas , Proteômica , Receptores de Quinase C Ativada/metabolismo , Infecções por Vírus Respiratório Sincicial/metabolismo , Infecções por Vírus Respiratório Sincicial/virologia , Vírus Sincicial Respiratório Humano/genética , Proteínas da Matriz Viral/metabolismoRESUMO
During the human papillomavirus 16 life cycle, the E2 protein binds simultaneously to the viral genome and host chromatin throughout mitosis, ensuring viral genomes reside in daughter cell nuclei following cell division. Previously, we demonstrated that CK2 phosphorylation of E2 on serine 23 promotes interaction with TopBP1, and that this interaction is required for optimum E2 mitotic chromatin association and plasmid segregation function. Others have implicated BRD4 in mediating the plasmid segregation function of E2 and we have demonstrated that there is a TopBP1-BRD4 complex in the cell. We therefore further investigated the role of the E2-BRD4 interaction in mediating E2 association with mitotic chromatin and plasmid segregation function. Using a combination of immunofluorescence and our novel plasmid segregation assay in U2OS and N/Tert-1 cells stably expressing a variety of E2 mutants, we report that direct interaction with the BRD4 carboxyl-terminal motif (CTM) and TopBP1 is required for E2 association with mitotic chromatin and plasmid segregation. We also identify a novel TopBP1 mediated interaction between E2 and the BRD4 extra-terminal (ET) domain in vivo . Overall, the results demonstrate that direct interaction with TopBP1 and the BRD4 CTM are required for E2 mitotic chromatin association and plasmid segregation function. Disruption of this complex offers therapeutic options for targeting segregation of viral genomes into daughter cells, potentially combatting HPV16 infections, and cancers that retain episomal genomes. Importance: HPV16 is a causative agent in around 3-4% of all human cancers and currently there are no anti-viral therapeutics available for combating this disease burden. In order to identify new therapeutic targets, we must increase our understanding of the HPV16 life cycle. Previously, we demonstrated that an interaction between E2 and the cellular protein TopBP1 mediates the plasmid segregation function of E2, allowing distribution of viral genomes into daughter nuclei following cell division. Here, we demonstrate that E2 interaction with an additional host protein, BRD4, is also essential for E2 segregation function, and that BRD4 exists in a complex with TopBP1. Overall, these results enhance our understanding of a critical part of the HPV16 life cycle and presents several therapeutic targets for disruption of the viral life cycle.
RESUMO
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a prime oncogene that is frequently amplified in glioblastomas. Here we demonstrate a new tumour-suppressive function of EGFR in EGFR-amplified glioblastomas regulated by EGFR ligands. Constitutive EGFR signalling promotes invasion via activation of a TAB1-TAK1-NF-κB-EMP1 pathway, resulting in large tumours and decreased survival in orthotopic models. Ligand-activated EGFR promotes proliferation and surprisingly suppresses invasion by upregulating BIN3, which inhibits a DOCK7-regulated Rho GTPase pathway, resulting in small hyperproliferating non-invasive tumours and improved survival. Data from The Cancer Genome Atlas reveal that in EGFR-amplified glioblastomas, a low level of EGFR ligands confers a worse prognosis, whereas a high level of EGFR ligands confers an improved prognosis. Thus, increased EGFR ligand levels shift the role of EGFR from oncogene to tumour suppressor in EGFR-amplified glioblastomas by suppressing invasion. The tumour-suppressive function of EGFR can be activated therapeutically using tofacitinib, which suppresses invasion by increasing EGFR ligand levels and upregulating BIN3.
Assuntos
Glioblastoma , Proteínas dos Microfilamentos/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Receptores ErbB/genética , Receptores ErbB/metabolismo , Glioblastoma/metabolismo , Humanos , Ligantes , Oncogenes/genética , Regulação para CimaRESUMO
Acquired mutations in the ligand-binding domain (LBD) of the gene encoding estrogen receptor α (ESR1) are common mechanisms of endocrine therapy resistance in patients with metastatic ER+ breast cancer. The ESR1 Y537S mutation, in particular, is associated with development of resistance to most endocrine therapies used to treat breast cancer. Employing a high-throughput screen of nearly 1,200 Federal Drug Administration-approved (FDA-approved) drugs, we show that OTX015, a bromodomain and extraterminal domain (BET) inhibitor, is one of the top suppressors of ESR1 mutant cell growth. OTX015 was more efficacious than fulvestrant, a selective ER degrader, in inhibiting ESR1 mutant xenograft growth. When combined with abemaciclib, a CDK4/6 inhibitor, OTX015 induced more potent tumor regression than current standard-of-care treatment of abemaciclib + fulvestrant. OTX015 has preferential activity against Y537S mutant breast cancer cells and blocks their clonal selection in competition studies with WT cells. Thus, BET inhibition has the potential to both prevent and overcome ESR1 mutant-induced endocrine therapy resistance in breast cancer.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama , Receptor alfa de Estrogênio/genética , Neoplasias da Mama/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias da Mama/genética , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Proliferação de Células , Feminino , Fulvestranto/farmacologia , Fulvestranto/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Mutação , Domínios Proteicos , Transcrição GênicaRESUMO
Bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) is an acetyl-lysine reader protein and transcriptional regulator implicated in chromatin dynamics and cancer development. Several BRD4 isoforms have been detected in humans with the long isoform (BRD4-L, aa 1-1,362) playing a tumor-suppressive role and a major short isoform (BRD4-S, aa 1-722) having oncogenic activity in breast cancer development. In vivo demonstration of the opposing functions of BRD4 protein isoforms requires development of mouse models, particularly transgenic mice conditionally expressing human BRD4-L or BRD4-S, which can be selectively induced in different mouse tissues in a spatiotemporal-specific manner. Here, we detail the procedures used to genotype transgenic mouse strains developed to define the effects of conditional human BRD4 isoform expression on polyomavirus middle T antigen (PyMT)-induced mouse mammary tumor growth, and the key steps for Western blot detection of BRD4 protein isoforms in those tumors and in cultured cells. With this protocol as a guide, interpretation of BRD4 isoform functions becomes more feasible and expandable to various biological settings. Adequate tracking of BRD4 isoform distributions in vivo and in vitro is key to understanding their biological roles, as well as avoiding misinterpretation of their functions due to improper use of experimental procedures that fail to detect their spatial and temporal distributions. Graphic abstract.
RESUMO
Bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) is an emerging epigenetic drug target for intractable inflammatory disorders. The lack of highly selective inhibitors among BRD4 family members has stalled the collective understanding of this critical system and the progress toward clinical development of effective therapeutics. Here we report the discovery of a potent BRD4 bromodomain 1 (BD1)-selective inhibitor ZL0590 (52) targeting a unique, previously unreported binding site, while exhibiting significant anti-inflammatory activities in vitro and in vivo. The X-ray crystal structural analysis of ZL0590 in complex with human BRD4 BD1 and the associated mutagenesis study illustrate a first-in-class nonacetylated lysine (KAc) binding site located at the helix αB and αC interface that contains important BRD4 residues (e.g., Glu151) not commonly shared among other family members and is spatially distinct from the classic KAc recognition pocket. This new finding facilitates further elucidation of the complex biology underpinning bromodomain specificity among BRD4 and its protein-protein interaction partners.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas Nucleares/antagonistas & inibidores , Compostos de Fenilureia/farmacologia , Fatores de Transcrição/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios/síntese química , Anti-Inflamatórios/metabolismo , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacocinética , Sítios de Ligação , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular , Cristalografia por Raios X , Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Interleucina-6/genética , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Oxirredutases atuantes sobre Doadores de Grupo CH-CH/genética , Oxirredutases atuantes sobre Doadores de Grupo CH-CH/metabolismo , Compostos de Fenilureia/síntese química , Compostos de Fenilureia/metabolismo , Compostos de Fenilureia/farmacocinética , Ligação Proteica , Domínios Proteicos , Ratos , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Despite the significant societal burden of human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated cancers, clinical screening interventions for HPV-associated noncervical cancers are not available. Blood-based biomarkers may help close this gap in care. METHODS: Five databases were searched, 5687 articles were identified, and 3631 unique candidate titles and abstracts were independently reviewed by 2 authors; 702 articles underwent a full-text review. Eligibility criteria included the assessment of a blood-based biomarker within a cohort or case-control study. RESULTS: One hundred thirty-seven studies were included. Among all biomarkers assessed, HPV-16 E seropositivity and circulating HPV DNA were most significantly correlated with HPV-associated cancers in comparison with cancer-free controls. In most scenarios, HPV-16 E6 seropositivity varied nonsignificantly according to tumor type, specimen collection timing, and anatomic site (crude odds ratio [cOR] for p16+ or HPV+ oropharyngeal cancer [OPC], 133.10; 95% confidence interval [CI], 59.40-298.21; cOR for HPV-unspecified OPC, 25.41; 95% CI, 8.71-74.06; cOR for prediagnostic HPV-unspecified OPC, 59.00; 95% CI, 15.39-226.25; cOR for HPV-unspecified cervical cancer, 12.05; 95% CI, 3.23-44.97; cOR for HPV-unspecified anal cancer, 73.60; 95% CI, 19.68-275.33; cOR for HPV-unspecified penile cancer, 16.25; 95% CI, 2.83-93.48). Circulating HPV-16 DNA was a valid biomarker for cervical cancer (cOR, 15.72; 95% CI, 3.41-72.57). In 3 cervical cancer case-control studies, cases exhibited unique microRNA expression profiles in comparison with controls. Other assessed biomarker candidates were not valid. CONCLUSIONS: HPV-16 E6 antibodies and circulating HPV-16 DNA are the most robustly analyzed and most promising blood-based biomarkers for HPV-associated cancers to date. Comparative validity analyses are warranted. Variations in tumor type-specific, high-risk HPV DNA prevalence according to anatomic site and world region highlight the need for biomarkers targeting more high-risk HPV types. Further investigation of blood-based microRNA expression profiling appears indicated.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Neoplasias do Ânus/virologia , Biomarcadores/sangue , DNA Viral/sangue , Neoplasias Orofaríngeas/virologia , Infecções por Papillomavirus/complicações , Feminino , Papillomavirus Humano 16/isolamento & purificação , Humanos , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/virologiaRESUMO
Bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) is a cancer therapeutic target in ongoing clinical trials disrupting primarily BRD4-regulated transcription programs. The role of BRD4 in cancer has been attributed mainly to the abundant long isoform (BRD4-L). Here we show, by isoform-specific knockdown and endogenous protein detection, along with transgene expression, the less abundant BRD4 short isoform (BRD4-S) is oncogenic while BRD4-L is tumor-suppressive in breast cancer cell proliferation and migration, as well as mammary tumor formation and metastasis. Through integrated RNA-seq, genome-wide ChIP-seq, and CUT&RUN association profiling, we identify the Engrailed-1 (EN1) homeobox transcription factor as a key BRD4-S coregulator, particularly in triple-negative breast cancer. BRD4-S and EN1 comodulate the extracellular matrix (ECM)-associated matrisome network, including type II cystatin gene cluster, mucin 5, and cathepsin loci, via enhancer regulation of cancer-associated genes and pathways. Our work highlights the importance of targeted therapies for the oncogenic, but not tumor-suppressive, activity of BRD4.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/fisiologia , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/fisiologia , Animais , Neoplasias da Mama/genética , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Movimento Celular , Proliferação de Células , Feminino , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/genética , Genes Homeobox , Proteínas de Homeodomínio/metabolismo , Humanos , Camundongos , Invasividade Neoplásica , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Isoformas de Proteínas/metabolismo , Proteínas/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas/metabolismo , Transcrição Gênica/genética , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/genéticaRESUMO
Precise control of the RNA polymerase II (RNA Pol II) cycle, including pausing and pause release, maintains transcriptional homeostasis and organismal functions. Despite previous work to understand individual transcription steps, we reveal a mechanism that integrates RNA Pol II cycle transitions. Surprisingly, KAP1/TRIM28 uses a previously uncharacterized chromatin reader cassette to bind hypo-acetylated histone 4 tails at promoters, guaranteeing continuous progression of RNA Pol II entry to and exit from the pause state. Upon chromatin docking, KAP1 first associates with RNA Pol II and then recruits a pathway-specific transcription factor (SMAD2) in response to cognate ligands, enabling gene-selective CDK9-dependent pause release. This coupling mechanism is exploited by tumor cells to aberrantly sustain transcriptional programs commonly dysregulated in cancer patients. The discovery of a factor integrating transcription steps expands the functional repertoire by which chromatin readers operate and provides mechanistic understanding of transcription regulation, offering alternative therapeutic opportunities to target transcriptional dysregulation.
Assuntos
RNA Polimerase II/metabolismo , Proteína 28 com Motivo Tripartido/metabolismo , Acetilação , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Cromatina/genética , Cromatina/metabolismo , Quinase 9 Dependente de Ciclina/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/genética , Histonas/metabolismo , Humanos , Oncogenes/genética , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas/genética , Processamento de Proteína Pós-Traducional/genética , RNA Polimerase II/genética , Proteína Smad2/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Transcrição Gênica , Proteína 28 com Motivo Tripartido/genéticaRESUMO
Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is a master transcriptional regulator in response to hypoxia and its transcriptional activity is crucial for cancer cell mobility. Here we present evidence for a novel epigenetic mechanism that regulates HIF-1 transcriptional activity and HIF-1-dependent migration of glioblastoma cells. The lysine methyltransferases G9a and GLP directly bound to the α subunit of HIF-1 (HIF-1α) and catalyzed mono- and di-methylation of HIF-1α at lysine (K) 674 in vitro and in vivo. K674 methylation suppressed HIF-1 transcriptional activity and expression of its downstream target genes PTGS1, NDNF, SLC6A3, and Linc01132 in human glioblastoma U251MG cells. Inhibition of HIF-1 by K674 methylation is due to reduced HIF-1α transactivation domain function but not increased HIF-1α protein degradation or impaired binding of HIF-1 to hypoxia response elements. K674 methylation significantly decreased HIF-1-dependent migration of U251MG cells under hypoxia. Importantly, we found that G9a was downregulated by hypoxia in glioblastoma, which was inversely correlated with PTGS1 expression and survival of patients with glioblastoma. Therefore, our findings uncover a hypoxia-induced negative feedback mechanism that maintains high activity of HIF-1 and cell mobility in human glioblastoma.
Assuntos
Autoantígenos/metabolismo , Epigênese Genética , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Glioblastoma/genética , Proteínas da Matriz do Complexo de Golgi/metabolismo , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidade/metabolismo , Histona-Lisina N-Metiltransferase/metabolismo , Subunidade alfa do Fator 1 Induzível por Hipóxia/metabolismo , Transcrição Gênica , Hipóxia Celular , Linhagem Celular , Movimento Celular , Glioblastoma/metabolismo , Glioblastoma/fisiopatologia , Humanos , Subunidade alfa do Fator 1 Induzível por Hipóxia/antagonistas & inibidores , Subunidade alfa do Fator 1 Induzível por Hipóxia/química , Lisina/metabolismo , Metilação , Elementos de RespostaRESUMO
Regulation of transcription is fundamental to the control of cellular gene expression and function. Although recent studies have revealed a role for the oncoprotein MYC in amplifying global transcription, little is known as to how the global transcription is suppressed. Here we report that SUMO and MYC mediate opposite effects upon global transcription by controlling the level of CDK9 sumoylation. On one hand, SUMO suppresses global transcription via sumoylation of CDK9, the catalytic subunit of P-TEFb kinase essential for productive transcriptional elongation. On the other hand, MYC amplifies global transcription by antagonizing CDK9 sumoylation. Sumoylation of CDK9 blocks its interaction with Cyclin T1 and thus the formation of active P-TEFb complex. Transcription profiling analyses reveal that SUMO represses global transcription, particularly of moderately to highly expressed genes and by generating a sumoylation-resistant CDK9 mutant, we confirm that sumoylation of CDK9 inhibits global transcription. Together, our data reveal that SUMO and MYC oppositely control global gene expression by regulating the dynamic sumoylation and desumoylation of CDK9.
Assuntos
Quinase 9 Dependente de Ciclina/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-myc/metabolismo , Proteína SUMO-1/metabolismo , Transcrição Gênica , Células HEK293 , Células HeLa , Humanos , Sumoilação , Ativação TranscricionalRESUMO
Bromodomain-containing protein 4 (Brd4) is a cellular chromatin-binding factor and transcriptional regulator that recruits sequence-specific transcription factors and chromatin modulators to control target gene transcription. Papillomaviruses (PVs) have evolved to hijack Brd4's activity in order to create a facilitating environment for the viral life cycle. Brd4, in association with the major viral regulatory protein E2, is involved in multiple steps of the PV life cycle including replication initiation, viral gene transcription, and viral genome segregation and maintenance. Phosphorylation of Brd4, regulated by casein kinase II (CK2) and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), is critical for viral gene transcription as well as E1- and E2-dependent origin replication. Thus, pharmacological agents regulating Brd4 phosphorylation and inhibitors blocking phospho-Brd4 functions are promising candidates for therapeutic intervention in treating human papillomavirus (HPV) infections as well as associated disease.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Proteínas Oncogênicas Virais/genética , Papillomaviridae/genética , Infecções por Papillomavirus/virologia , Neoplasias Cutâneas/virologia , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Transcrição Gênica , Carcinogênese/genética , Carcinogênese/metabolismo , Carcinogênese/patologia , Caseína Quinase II/genética , Caseína Quinase II/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno , Humanos , Queratinócitos/metabolismo , Queratinócitos/virologia , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Proteínas Oncogênicas Virais/metabolismo , Papillomaviridae/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Papillomaviridae/patogenicidade , Infecções por Papillomavirus/genética , Infecções por Papillomavirus/metabolismo , Infecções por Papillomavirus/patologia , Fosforilação , Proteína Fosfatase 2/genética , Proteína Fosfatase 2/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Neoplasias Cutâneas/genética , Neoplasias Cutâneas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Cutâneas/patologia , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Replicação ViralRESUMO
Papillomaviruses are small, double-stranded DNA viruses that encode the E2 protein, which controls transcription, replication, and genome maintenance in infected cells. Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) affecting E2 function and stability have been demonstrated for multiple types of papillomaviruses. Here we describe the first phosphorylation event involving a conserved tyrosine (Y) in the bovine papillomavirus 1 (BPV-1) E2 protein at amino acid 102. While its phosphodeficient phenylalanine (F) mutant activated both transcription and replication in luciferase reporter assays, a mutant that may act as a phosphomimetic, with a Y102-to-glutamate (E) mutation, lost both activities. The E2 Y102F protein interacted with cellular E2-binding factors and the viral helicase E1; however, in contrast, the Y102E mutant associated with only a subset and was unable to bind to E1. While the Y102F mutant fully supported transient viral DNA replication, BPV genomes encoding this mutation as well as Y102E were not maintained as stable episomes in murine C127 cells. These data imply that phosphorylation at Y102 disrupts the helical fold of the N-terminal region of E2 and its interaction with key cellular and viral proteins. We hypothesize that the resulting inhibition of viral transcription and replication in basal epithelial cells prevents the development of a lytic infection. IMPORTANCE: Papillomaviruses (PVs) are small, double-stranded DNA viruses that are responsible for cervical, oropharyngeal, and various genitourinary cancers. Although vaccines against the major oncogenic human PVs are available, there is no effective treatment for existing infections. One approach to better understand the viral replicative cycle, and potential therapies to target it, is to examine the posttranslational modification of viral proteins and its effect on function. Here we have discovered that the bovine papillomavirus 1 (BPV-1) transcription and replication regulator E2 is phosphorylated at residue Y102. While a phosphodeficient mutant at this site was fully functional, a phosphomimetic mutant displayed impaired transcription and replication activity as well as a lack of an association with certain E2-binding proteins. This study highlights the influence of posttranslational modifications on viral protein function and provides additional insight into the complex interplay between papillomaviruses and their hosts.
Assuntos
Papillomavirus Bovino 1/fisiologia , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Regulação Viral da Expressão Gênica , Transcrição Gênica , Tirosina/metabolismo , Proteínas Virais/metabolismo , Replicação Viral , Alphapapillomavirus/fisiologia , Animais , Bovinos , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/química , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Genoma Viral , Humanos , Modelos Moleculares , Mutação , Fosforilação , Plasmídeos/genética , Conformação Proteica , Transporte Proteico , Proteínas Virais/química , Proteínas Virais/genéticaRESUMO
Post-translational modification can modulate protein conformation and alter binding partner recruitment within gene regulatory regions. Here, we report that bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4), a transcription co-factor and chromatin regulator, uses a phosphorylation-induced switch mechanism to recruit E2 protein encoded by cancer-associated human papillomavirus (HPV) to viral early gene and cellular matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) promoters. Enhanced MMP-9 expression, induced upon keratinocyte differentiation, occurs via BRD4-dependent recruitment of active AP-1 and NF-κB to their target sequences. This is triggered by replacement of AP-1 family members JunB and JunD by c-Jun and by re-localization of NF-κB from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. In addition, BRD4 phosphorylation is critical for E2- and origin-dependent HPV DNA replication. A class of phospho-BRD4-targeting compounds, distinct from the BET bromodomain inhibitors, effectively blocks BRD4 phosphorylation-specific functions in transcription and factor recruitment.
Assuntos
Metaloproteinase 9 da Matriz/metabolismo , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Papillomaviridae/fisiologia , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Replicação Viral/fisiologia , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular , Humanos , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Fosforilação , Processamento de Proteína Pós-Traducional/fisiologiaRESUMO
Bile acids (BAs) are recently recognized signalling molecules that profoundly affect metabolism. Because of detergent-like toxicity, BA levels must be tightly regulated. An orphan nuclear receptor, Small Heterodimer Partner (SHP), plays a key role in this regulation, but how SHP senses the BA signal for feedback transcriptional responses is not clearly understood. We show an unexpected function of a nucleoporin, RanBP2, in maintaining BA homoeostasis through SUMOylation of SHP. Upon BA signalling, RanBP2 co-localizes with SHP at the nuclear envelope region and mediates SUMO2 modification at K68, which facilitates nuclear transport of SHP and its interaction with repressive histone modifiers to inhibit BA synthetic genes. Mice expressing a SUMO-defective K68R SHP mutant have increased liver BA levels, and upon BA- or drug-induced biliary insults, these mice exhibit exacerbated cholestatic pathologies. These results demonstrate a function of RanBP2-mediated SUMOylation of SHP in maintaining BA homoeostasis and protecting from the BA hepatotoxicity.
Assuntos
Ácidos e Sais Biliares/metabolismo , Homeostase , Chaperonas Moleculares/metabolismo , Complexo de Proteínas Formadoras de Poros Nucleares/metabolismo , Receptores Citoplasmáticos e Nucleares/metabolismo , Sumoilação , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Núcleo Celular/metabolismo , Colestase/patologia , Progressão da Doença , Regulação para Baixo , Epigênese Genética , Células Hep G2 , Humanos , Fígado/metabolismo , Lisina/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Modelos Biológicos , Chaperonas Moleculares/química , Chaperonas Moleculares/genética , Mutação/genética , Complexo de Proteínas Formadoras de Poros Nucleares/química , Complexo de Proteínas Formadoras de Poros Nucleares/genética , Fosforilação , Fosfotreonina/metabolismo , Ligação Proteica , Transporte Proteico , Receptores Citoplasmáticos e Nucleares/química , Proteínas Modificadoras Pequenas Relacionadas à Ubiquitina/metabolismoRESUMO
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous and clinically aggressive disease for which there is no targeted therapy. BET bromodomain inhibitors, which have shown efficacy in several models of cancer, have not been evaluated in TNBC. These inhibitors displace BET bromodomain proteins such as BRD4 from chromatin by competing with their acetyl-lysine recognition modules, leading to inhibition of oncogenic transcriptional programs. Here we report the preferential sensitivity of TNBCs to BET bromodomain inhibition in vitro and in vivo, establishing a rationale for clinical investigation and further motivation to understand mechanisms of resistance. In paired cell lines selected for acquired resistance to BET inhibition from previously sensitive TNBCs, we failed to identify gatekeeper mutations, new driver events or drug pump activation. BET-resistant TNBC cells remain dependent on wild-type BRD4, which supports transcription and cell proliferation in a bromodomain-independent manner. Proteomic studies of resistant TNBC identify strong association with MED1 and hyper-phosphorylation of BRD4 attributable to decreased activity of PP2A, identified here as a principal BRD4 serine phosphatase. Together, these studies provide a rationale for BET inhibition in TNBC and present mechanism-based combination strategies to anticipate clinical drug resistance.
Assuntos
Azepinas/farmacologia , Azepinas/uso terapêutico , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas Nucleares/antagonistas & inibidores , Estrutura Terciária de Proteína/efeitos dos fármacos , Fatores de Transcrição/antagonistas & inibidores , Triazóis/farmacologia , Triazóis/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Ligação Competitiva/efeitos dos fármacos , Caseína Quinase II/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Proliferação de Células/genética , Cromatina/genética , Cromatina/metabolismo , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/genética , Epigênese Genética/efeitos dos fármacos , Epigênese Genética/genética , Feminino , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Genoma Humano/efeitos dos fármacos , Genoma Humano/genética , Humanos , Subunidade 1 do Complexo Mediador/metabolismo , Camundongos , Proteínas Nucleares/deficiência , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Fosforilação/efeitos dos fármacos , Fosfosserina/metabolismo , Ligação Proteica/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteína Fosfatase 2/metabolismo , Proteômica , Fatores de Transcrição/deficiência , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Transcrição Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/genética , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/metabolismo , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/patologia , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
We investigated the mechanism of how the papillomavirus E2 transcription factor can activate promoters through activator protein (AP)1 binding sites. Using an unbiased approach with an inducible cell line expressing the viral transcription factor E2 and transcriptome analysis, we found that E2 induces the expression of the two AP1 components c-Fos and FosB in a Brd4-dependent manner. In vitro RNA interference confirmed that c-Fos is one of the AP1 members driving the expression of viral oncogenes E6/E7. Mutation analysis and in vivo RNA interference identified an essential role for c-Fos/AP1 and also for the bromodomain protein Brd4 for papillomavirus-induced tumorigenesis. Lastly, chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis demonstrated that E2 binds together with Brd4 to a canonical E2 binding site (E2BS) in the promoter of c-Fos, thus activating c-Fos expression. Thus, we identified a novel way how E2 activates the viral oncogene promoter and show that E2 may act as a viral oncogene by direct activation of c-Fos involved in skin tumorigenesis.