Long-term survival in a patient with metastatic parathyroid carcinoma harboring an EGFR sensitizing mutation: a case report.

Parathyroid carcinoma (PC) is a rare and aggressive endocrine malignancy with limited treatment options. Current treatments such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy have demonstrated limited efficacy. Here, we report the case of a male patient who presented with symptoms including polydipsia, polyuria, and joint pain. Further examination revealed a neck lump, hypercalcemia, and hyperparathyroidism, leading to a diagnosis of PC after en bloc surgery. Seven months later, the patient developed local recurrence and lung metastases, which were resected via left lateral neck dissection and thoracoscopic wedge resection. A 422-gene panel test revealed the presence of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) p.L858R (c. T2573G) mutation, which may sensitize the EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitor response, and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase, catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA) p.E545KV (c. G1633A) mutation. After multidisciplinary treatment discussions, the patient was treated with the multi-target tyrosine kinase inhibitor, anlotinib, resulting in survival benefits for 19 months. This case highlights the potential of targeted therapy in terms of long-term survival in patients with distant metastatic PC, as well as the importance of precision therapy guided by genome sequencing to identify potential therapeutic targets.

Overexpression of Long Non-coding RNA uc.246 Facilitates Angiogenesis, Migration, and EMT Phenotype of Human Breast Cancer Cells.

Breast cancer is the most malignant subtype of gynecological tumors and with aggressive biological behavior and poor outcome. Ultra-conserved non-coding RNA (ucRNA) is a newly discovered class of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) which involved in the regulation of interaction network of genes. However, the exact function and mechanism by which ucRNA modulates breast cancer aggressive has not yet to be completely elucidated. In the present study, we demonstrated that the expression of uc.246 was significantly upregulated in metastatic breast cancer patients and TNBC cell lines, compared with those in controls. Furthermore, overexpression of uc.246 in MCF-7 cell lines enhanced the capacity of breast cancer cells to induce tube formation and migration of HUVECs, and, finally, enhanced breast cancer cells metastasis. Meanwhile, uc.246 overexpressing enhances the EMT phenotype of TNBC cells. Mechanistically, we found that uc.246 promoted malignant progression of breast cancer via upregulating the levels of VEGF-C and increased the levels of mesenchymal marker protein. Our results demonstrated that uc.246 induced angiogenesis, migration, and EMT phenotype and may represent a novel prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for patients with breast cancer.

Extracellular Vesicles Carry lncRNA SNHG16 to Promote Metastasis of Breast Cancer Cells via the miR-892b/PPAPDC1A Axis.

Breast cancer (BC) represents the most commonly diagnosed malignancy among women. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) can be transferred by extracellular vesicles (EVs) to participate in BC progression. This study demonstrated that SNHG16 expression was significantly increased in BC tissues and cells. Overexpression of SNHG16 promoted the migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of BC cells. SNHG16 was carried by EVs. Bioinformatics analysis predicted that SNHG16 regulated PPAPDC1A expression by sponging miR-892b, which was confirmed by RNA-fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), RT-qPCR, dual-luciferase gene reporter assay, and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP). MDA-MB-157 and HS578T cells were transfected with pcDNA3.1-SNHG16, miR-892b-mimic, or si-PPAPDC1A for functional rescue experiments in vitro, and the cells were treated with MDA-MB-231 cell-derived EVs. The results confirmed that enhanced miR-892b expression partially eliminated the increase of migration, invasion, and EMT of BC cells mediated by SNHG16 or EVs. The lung metastasis model in nude mice was established by injecting HS578T cells via tail vein. The results showed that si-SNHG16 reduced the metastatic nodules and decreased the vimentin expression. In conclusion, EVs derived from BC cells transferred SNHG16 via the miR-892b/PPAPDC1A axis, thus promoting EMT, migration, and invasion of BC.

NCAPG upregulation mediated by four microRNAs combined with activation of the p53 signaling pathway is a predictor of poor prognosis in patients with breast cancer.

The role of non-SMC condensin I complex subunit G (NCAPG) in breast cancer remains unclear. The present study used online databases, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, flow cytometry and western blotting to determine the expression levels, prognosis and potential molecular mechanisms underlying the role of NCAPG in breast cancer. The association between NCAPG expression and several different clinicopathological parameters in patients with breast cancer was determined, and the results revealed that NCAPG expression was negatively associated with estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor positive status, but was positively associated with HER2 positive status, Nottingham Prognostic Index score and Scarff-Bloom-Richardson grade status. Furthermore, upregulated expression levels of NCAPG resulted in a poor prognosis in patients with breast cancer. A total of 27 microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) were predicted to target NCAPG, among which four miRNAs (miR-101-3p, miR-195-5p, miR-214-3p and miR-944) were predicted to most likely regulate NCAPG expression in breast cancer. A total of 261 co-expressed genes of NCAPG were identified, including cell division cyclin 25 homolog C (CDC25C), and pathway enrichment analysis indicated that these co-expressed genes were significantly enriched in the p53 signaling pathway. CDC25C expression was downregulated in breast cancer and was associated with a poor prognosis. These findings suggested that upregulated NCAPG expression may be a prognostic biomarker of breast cancer.

LncRNA LUCAT1/miR-181a-5p axis promotes proliferation and invasion of breast cancer via targeting KLF6 and KLF15.

BACKGROUND: Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are novel regulatory molecules in breast cancer development. LncRNA LUCAT1 is a potential tumor promoter in human cancers. In this study, we aimed to explore the role of LUCAT1 in human breast cancer tissues and cells. METHODS: A total of 31 breast cancer patients who underwent tumor resection, but without chemo- or radiotherapy or acute lung/heart/kidney diseases, provided tumor and adjacent normal tissues. Bioinformatic analysis, qRT-PCR, and luciferase reporter assay were carried out during the study. RESULTS: qRT-PCR analysis indicated that, compared with the adjacent tissues and MCF-10A normal breast epithelial cells, LUCAT1 was markedly up-regulated in the breast cancer tissues and five BC cell lines, including MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, MDA-MB-435, SKBR3, and MCF-7. The knockdown of LUCAT1, through the transfection of small interfering RNA (siRNA) specific to LUCAT1, resulted in inhibition of proliferation in breast cancer cells. The expression levels of miR-181a-5p were decreased in the breast cancer tissues and five BC cell lines. Bioinformatic analysis and luciferase reporter assay suggested the interaction between miR-181a-5p and LUCAT1. In addition, the effects of LUCAT1 on promoting cell proliferation were attenuated by overexpression of miR-181a-5p through the transfection of miR-181a-5p mimic. Moreover, bioinformatics and luciferase reporter assay confirmed that miR-181a-5p targeted the 3'-UTR region of KLF6 and KLF15 mRNA, which were two tumor suppressor genes. LUCAT1/miR-181a-5p axis regulated the expression of KLF6 and KLF15 both in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that LUCAT1/miR-181a-5p axis can serve as a novel therapeutic target in breast cancer.

Correction to: Down-regulated lncRNA SBF2-AS1 inhibits tumorigenesis and progression of breast cancer by sponging microRNA-143 and repressing RRS1.

In the original publication of this manuscript [1], RRS1 stands for 'Ribosome biogenesis regulatory protein homolog' instead of 'resistance to ralstonia solanacearum 1'. This mistake appears 4 times in the manuscript.

MicroRNA-423 Drug Resistance and Proliferation of Breast Cancer Cells by Targeting ZFP36.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The effects of microRNA-423 on proliferation and drug resistance of breast cancer cells were explored, the downstream target genes of miR-423 and the targeted regulatory relationship between them were studied. METHODS: RT-qPCR was used to detect the expression of miR-423 in breast cancer tissues and cell lines, and the transfection efficiency of miR-423 inhibitory vector miR-423-inhibitor was constructed and verified. CCK-8 and colony formation assays were used to examine the effect of miR-423 on tumor cell proliferation. Target gene prediction and screening and luciferase reporter assay were used to verify downstream target genes of miR-432. The mRNA and protein expression of miR-423target gene ZFP36 was detected by RT-qPCR and Western blotting. RESULTS: The expression of miR-423 was significantly higher than that in normal tissues. Compared to the non-malignant mammary epithelial cell line MCF-10A, the expression of miR-423 was significantly raised in MCR-7 and MCF-7/ADR cells. ZFP36 was a downstream target gene of miR-423 and negatively correlated with the expression of miR-423 in breast cancer. The knockdown of miR-423 can significantly enhance the cytotoxicity of the drug, increase the apoptotic rate of MCF-7/ADR cells. miR-423 was capable of activating the Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway leading to chemoresistance and proliferation, whereas overexpression of ZFP36 reduced drug resistance and proliferation. CONCLUSION: miR-423 acted as an oncogene to promote tumor cell proliferation and migration. ZFP36 was a downstream target gene of miR-423, and miR-423 inhibited the expression of ZFP36 via Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway of breast cancer cells.

Down-regulated lncRNA SBF2-AS1 inhibits tumorigenesis and progression of breast cancer by sponging microRNA-143 and repressing RRS1.

BACKGROUND: Recently, the roles of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) in human diseases have been unveiled, this research was conducted to explore the impacts of lncRNA SET-binding factor 2-antisense RNA1 (SBF2-AS1), miR-143 and resistance to ralstonia solanacearum 1 (RRS1) on breast cancer (BC) development. METHODS: The expression of SBF2-AS1, miR-143 and RRS1 in BC tissues, as well as in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cell lines were assessed. Subsequently, the cells were transfected with miR-143 mimics or/and silenced or overexpressed SBF2-AS1 plasmids, and their negative controls. Then the proliferation, colony formation ability, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, invasion and migration of the cells were assessed through gain- and loss-of-function experiments. Furthermore, the tumor growth, ki-67 expression and apoptosis in vivo were observed by subcutaneous tumorigenesis in nude mice. Binding relation between SBF2-AS1 and miR-143, and that between miR-143 and RRS1 were confirmed. RESULTS: SBF2-AS1 and RRS1 were amplified, while miR-143 was reduced in BC tissues and cells. Reduced SBF2-AS1 and elevated miR-143 could repress the proliferation, invasion and migration via restraining RRS1 expression. Moreover, knockdown of SBF2-AS1 up-regulated miR-143 to promote the apoptosis of BC cells by downregulating RRS1, resulting in a prohibitive effect on the tumorigenesis and progression of BC. Results of in vivo experiments indicated that the inhibited SBF2-AS1 and overexpressed miR-143 could restrict BC cell proliferation and promote apoptosis, and decelerate tumor growth in xenografts. CONCLUSION: We have discovered in this study that down-regulated SBF2-AS1 could inhibit tumorigenesis and progression of BC by up-regulation miR-143 and repressing RRS1, which provides basic therapeutic considerations for a novel target against BC.

A Rapid Intraoperative Parathyroid Hormone Assay Based on the Immune Colloidal Gold Technique for Parathyroid Identification in Thyroid Surgery.

Objective: A novel immunochromatographic test strip method was developed to detect tissue parathyroid hormone (PTH) using the immune colloidal gold technique (ICGT). The accuracy and application value of this method for intraoperative parathyroid identification were evaluated. Methods: Serum samples were collected to measure PTH by both ICGT and electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA). Patients who underwent unilateral and total thyroidectomy were enrolled to evaluate the feasibility and clinical efficacy of rapid intraoperative identification of parathyroid glands via PTH determination using ICGT. Two sample preparation methods, fine needle aspiration (FNA) and tissue block homogenate (TBH), were used for PTH-ICGT analysis. Results: Bablok analysis showed a linear relationship between the serum PTH measurements obtained by ICGT and ECLIA. Non-parathyroid tissues had much lower PTH concentrations (14.8 ± 2.1 pg/ml, n = 97) detected by ICGT, compared to the parathyroid gland tissues (955.3 ± 16.1 pg/ml, n = 79; P < 0.0001), With biopsy results as the standard, ICGT showed higher diagnosis rates as compared with direct visual inspection, for identifying both parathyroid glands (97.4 vs. 78.2%) and non-parathyroid tissues (100 vs. 68.9%). The cut-off values for parathyroid identification by FNA and TBH methods were 63.99 and 136.30 pg/ml, respectively. The detection time was 2 min by TBH method for in vitro tissue detection and 6 min by FNA method for in situ tissue detection, both of which were faster than traditional intraoperative cryopathological examination (usually >30 min). Intraoperative application of ICGT method was associated with higher postoperative serum calcium and blood PTH levels at 1 and 3 months as well as a lower incidence of postoperative transient hypocalcemia, as compared with direct visual inspection. Conclusion: PTH-ICGT assay shows high potential as a rapid, novel alternative for intraoperative parathyroid identification.

Long non-coding RNA BLACAT1 promotes breast cancer cell proliferation and metastasis by miR-150-5p/CCR2.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer was dangerous to women health. A growing number of evidences indicate that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have many functions in the development and progression of breast cancer and may serve as the markers of diagnosis or prognosis. BLACAT1 is one of lncRNA and the roles of it in breast cancer is not clear. In this study, it is aimed to explore the roles and molecular mechanisms of BLACAT1 in breast cancer. RESULTS: We found BLACAT1 took part in breast cancer cell aggressive phenotype. The real-time PCR result showed that BLACAT1 was up-regulated in tumor tissues compared to adjacent normal tissues. The molecular mechanism experiments demonstrated that BLACAT1 down-regulation suppressed the proliferation and metastasis of human breast cancer cells by regulating miR-150-5p targeting CCR2. The clinical studies indicated that lack of BLACAT1 was related to tumor size, metastasis. Conclusion: The present study verified the involvement of the BLACAT1 in the mediation of cell survival and metastasis through miR-150-5p targeting CCR2 in breast cancer cells.

Up-regulation of ceRNA TINCR by SP1 contributes to tumorigenesis in breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Assembling evidences suggested that aberrant expression of tissue differentiation-inducing non-protein coding RNA (TINCR) intimately associated with variety of human cancer. However, the expression pattern and involvement of TINCR in breast cancer has not been fully investigated. Here we set out to analyze expression of TINCR in breast cancer and elucidate its mechanistic involvement in tumor incidence and progression. METHODS: The expression of TINCR was determined by q-PCR. SP1 binding sites were analyzed by ChIP-qPCR. The relative transcription activity was measured with luciferase reporter assay. Cell viability was measured with CCK-8 method. Clonogenic capacity was evaluated by soft agar assay. Cell apoptosis was analyzed by Annexin V/7-AAD staining. The migration and invasion were determined by trans-well assay and wound healing. The tumor growth in vivo was evaluated in xenograft mice model. Protein expression was quantified by immunoblotting. RESULTS: TINCR was aberrantly up-regulated by SP1, which in turn stimulated cell proliferation, anchorage-independent growth and suppressed cell apoptosis in breast cancer. TINCR silencing significantly suppressed migration and invasion in vitro and xenograft tumor growth in vivo. Mechanistically, TINCR modulated KLF4 expression via competing with miR-7, which consequently contributed to its oncogenic potential. MiR-7 inhibition severely compromised TINCR silencing-elicited tumor repressive effects. CONCLUSION: Our data uncovered a crucial role of TINCR-miR-7-KLF4 axis in human breast cancer.

Comprehensive analysis of long noncoding RNA-mRNA co-expression patterns in thyroid cancer.

Novel molecular-targeted treatments show great prospects for radioiodine-refractory and surgically inoperable thyroid carcinomas. While aberrations in protein-coding genes are a focus in molecular thyroid cancer medicine, the impact of oncogenes on the expression of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) has been largely uncharacterized. We aimed to identify the expression patterns of lncRNAs and mRNAs in high-throughput molecular profiles of 18 papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) patients. We identified 452 mRNAs and 240 unannotated lncRNAs that were differentially expressed in PTC. Significantly enriched GO terms and pathways were identified, many of which were linked to cancer. By integrating the predicted lncRNA target genes with differentially expressed mRNAs, we identified 20 candidate lncRNAs in 45 PTC patients. Five lncRNAs (CTD-3193O13.11, RP5-1024C24.1, AC007255.8, HOXD-AS1, and RP11-402L6.1) were verified to be differentially expressed in PTC and to exhibit specific topological characteristics in the lncRNA-mRNA co-expression network. LncRNA CTD-3193O13.11 was determined to comprise a node of co-regulation with the other lncRNAs in PTC tumorigenesis. LncRNA RP5-1024C24.1, AC007255.8, and HOXD-AS1 expression was significantly related to clinical stage, lncRNA RP11-402L6.1 expression was associated with lymph node metastasis, lncRNA CTD-3193O13.11 expression was proportional to tumor size, and lncRNA AC007255.8 expression was proportional to patient age. Therefore, our study provides a genome-wide screening and analysis of lncRNA expression in PTC, which brings novel insights into the roles of lncRNAs in PTC progression.

Serine-arginine protein kinase 1 is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma progression and poor patient survival.

The pre-mRNA splicing regulator serine-arginine protein kinase 1 (SRPK1) promotes cancer development and various pathophysiological processes. However, the clinical relevance of SRPK1 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is not clear. This study investigates the expression and prognostic value of SRPK1 in HCC. We found that SRPK1 expression was significantly upregulated at the mRNA and protein level in all HCC cell lines or HCC tissue samples compared with the hepatic cell line or matched noncancerous tissue samples, respectively. Higher SRPK1 expression significantly correlated with clinical staging (p = 0.031), survival time (p = 0.004), and gender (p = 0.011) of HCC patients. Together, our study showed that SRPK1 is overexpressed in HCC and may be a promising indicator of prognosis for HCC patients.

miR-153 inhibits epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in hepatocellular carcinoma by targeting Snail.

Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been implicated as a dynamic cellular process in embryonic development and invasion of human cancers. Snail1 is a critical convergence hub in EMT regulation which transcriptionally represses E-cadherin expression. Currently, published data indicate that upregulation of Snail is mainly due to transcriptional activation and regulation of protein stability and cellular location. However, whether there is an alternative regulatory mechanism remains unclear. Our study showed that the expression of miR-153 was noticeably downregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines and tissues, compared with normal liver epithelial cells (NLCs) and matched adjacent normal HCC tissues. Ectopic expression of miR-153 inhibited the migration and invasion ability of HCC cells, while suppression of miR-153 rescued this inhibitory effect. In addition, upregulation of miR-153 in HCC cells resulted in a decrease in epithelial markers, E-cadherin and α-catenin, and an increase in mesenchymal markers, N-cadherin and vimentin, and vice versa. Moreover, we demonstrated that miR-153 downregulated Snail expression by directly targeting the 3'-untranslated region (3'UTR) of Snail. Taken together, our results suggest that miR-153 plays a critical role in suppressing EMT and HCC progression by direct suppression of Snail expression.