RESUMO
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common subtype of lymphoma worldwide, accounting for up to 40% of new non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) globally. People living with HIV are up to 17 times more likely to develop NHL, and as such, DLBCL is the leading cause of cancer death in this high-risk population. While histologically indistinguishable, HIV-associated (HIV+) and HIV-negative (HIV-) DLBCL are molecularly distinct, and biological differences may have implications for the development of future therapeutic interventions. Further, the impact of immunologic differences in people with HIV, including preceding ART, remains largely unknown. Here, we investigate the impact of HIV infection and ART exposure on the clinical features of DLBCL and T-cell immune response by performing imaging mass cytometry on our unique patient cohort in Malawi. In this cohort, HIV infection is positively prognostic, and HIV+/ART-naïve patients have the best outcomes. No established biomarkers other than Ki67 are associated with HIV or ART status, and the only tumour-intrinsic biomarkers that remain prognostic are MYC and MYC/BCL2 protein co-expression. Finally, TCR clonality is associated with distinct tumour-T cell interactions by HIV/ART status, indicating differential anti-tumour immune responses. We demonstrate previously undescribed HIV and ART-related differences in the DLBCL tumour microenvironment.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV , Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B , Humanos , Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B/tratamento farmacológico , Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Antirretrovirais/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
The most common subtype of lymphoma globally, diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL), is a leading cause of cancer death in people with HIV. The restructuring of the T cell compartment because of HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy (ART) may have implications for modern treatment selection, but current understanding of these dynamic interactions is limited. Here, we investigated the T cell response to DLBCL by sequencing the T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire in a cohort of HIV-negative (HIV-), HIV+/ART-experienced, and HIV+/ART-naive patients with DLBCL. HIV+/ART-naive tumor TCR repertoires were more clonal and more distinct from each other than HIV- and HIV+/ART-experienced ones. Further, increased overlap between tumor and blood TCR repertoires was associated with improved survival and HIV/ART status. Our study describes TCR repertoire characteristics for the first time to our knowledge in an African DLBCL cohort and demonstrates contributions of HIV infection and ART exposure to the DLBCL TCR repertoire.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV , Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T , Humanos , Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B/imunologia , Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B/virologia , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Masculino , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T/metabolismo , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Antirretrovirais/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
High-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC), the deadliest form of ovarian cancer, is typically diagnosed after it has metastasized and often relapses after standard-of-care platinum-based chemotherapy, likely due to advanced tumor stage, heterogeneity, and immune evasion and tumor-promoting signaling from the tumor microenvironment. To understand how spatial heterogeneity contributes to HGSOC progression and early relapse, we profiled an HGSOC tissue microarray of patient-matched longitudinal samples from 42 patients. We found spatial patterns associated with early relapse, including changes in T cell localization, malformed tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS)-like aggregates, and increased podoplanin-positive cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Using spatial features to compartmentalize the tissue, we found that plasma cells distribute in two different compartments associated with TLS-like aggregates and CAFs, and these distinct microenvironments may account for the conflicting reports about the role of plasma cells in HGSOC prognosis.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos , Fibroblastos Associados a Câncer , Neoplasias Ovarianas , Feminino , Humanos , Fibroblastos Associados a Câncer/patologia , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias Ovarianas/tratamento farmacológico , Recidiva , Microambiente TumoralRESUMO
Patients with cancer are at increased risk of death from COVID-19 and have reduced immune responses to SARS-CoV2 vaccines, necessitating regular boosters. We performed comprehensive chart reviews, surveys of patients attitudes, serology for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and T-cell receptor (TCR) ß sequencing for cellular responses on a cohort of 982 cancer patients receiving active cancer therapy accrued between November-3-2020 and Mar-31-2023. We found that 92·3% of patients received the primer vaccine, 70·8% received one monovalent booster, but only 30·1% received a bivalent booster. Booster uptake was lower under age 50, and among African American or Hispanic patients. Nearly all patients seroconverted after 2+ booster vaccinations (>99%) and improved cellular responses, demonstrating that repeated boosters could overcome poor response to vaccination. Receipt of booster vaccinations was associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality (HR=0·61, P=0·024). Booster uptake in high-risk cancer patients remains low and strategies to encourage booster uptake are needed. Highlights: COVID-19 booster vaccinations increase antibody levels and maintain T-cell responses against SARS-CoV-2 in patients receiving various anti-cancer therapiesBooster vaccinations reduced all-cause mortality in patientsA significant proportion of patients remain unboosted and strategies are needed to encourage patients to be up-to-date with vaccinations.
RESUMO
Quantitative metrics for vaccine-induced T-cell responses are an important need for developing correlates of protection and their use in vaccine-based medical management and population health. Molecular TCR analysis is an appealing strategy but currently requires a targeted methodology involving complex integration of ex vivo data (antigen-specific functional T-cell cytokine responses and TCR molecular responses) that uncover only public antigen-specific metrics. Here, we describe an untargeted private TCR method that measures breadth and depth metrics of the T-cell response to vaccine challenge using a simple pre- and post-vaccine subject sampling, TCR immunoseq analysis, and a bioinformatic approach using self-organizing maps and GLIPH2. Among 515 subjects undergoing SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination, we found that breadth and depth metrics were moderately correlated between the targeted public TCR response and untargeted private TCR response methods. The untargeted private TCR method was sufficiently sensitive to distinguish subgroups of potential clinical significance also observed using public TCR methods (the reduced T-cell vaccine response with age and the paradoxically elevated T-cell vaccine response of patients on anti-TNF immunotherapy). These observations suggest the promise of this untargeted private TCR method to produce T-cell vaccine-response metrics in an antigen-agnostic and individual-autonomous context.
Assuntos
Vacinas contra COVID-19 , COVID-19 , Humanos , SARS-CoV-2 , Sítios de Ligação de Anticorpos , Inibidores do Fator de Necrose Tumoral , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , Vacinação , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T/genéticaRESUMO
The discovery and characterization of antigen-specific CD8+ T cell clonotypes typically involves the labor-intensive synthesis and construction of peptide-MHC tetramers. We adapt single-chain trimer (SCT) technologies into a high throughput platform for pMHC library generation, showing that hundreds can be rapidly prepared across multiple Class I HLA alleles. We use this platform to explore the impact of peptide and SCT template mutations on protein expression yield, thermal stability, and functionality. SCT libraries were an efficient tool for identifying T cells recognizing commonly reported viral epitopes. We then construct SCT libraries to capture SARS-CoV-2 specific CD8+ T cells from COVID-19 participants and healthy donors. The immunogenicity of these epitopes is validated by functional assays of T cells with cloned TCRs captured using SCT libraries. These technologies should enable the rapid analyses of peptide-based T cell responses across several contexts, including autoimmunity, cancer, or infectious disease.
Assuntos
Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos , COVID-19 , Humanos , SARS-CoV-2/genética , Antígenos , Epitopos , Peptídeos/genéticaRESUMO
Neoantigen-specific T cells are increasingly viewed as important immunotherapy effectors, but physically isolating these rare cell populations is challenging. Here, we describe a sensitive method for the enumeration and isolation of neoantigen-specific CD8+ T cells from small samples of patient tumor or blood. The method relies on magnetic nanoparticles that present neoantigen-loaded major histocompatibility complex (MHC) tetramers at high avidity by barcoded DNA linkers. The magnetic particles provide a convenient handle to isolate the desired cell populations, and the barcoded DNA enables multiplexed analysis. The method exhibits superior recovery of antigen-specific T cell populations relative to literature approaches. We applied the method to profile neoantigen-specific T cell populations in the tumor and blood of patients with metastatic melanoma over the course of anti-PD1 checkpoint inhibitor therapy. We show that the method has value for monitoring clinical responses to cancer immunotherapy and might help guide the development of personalized mutational neoantigen-specific T cell therapies and cancer vaccines.
Assuntos
Antígenos de Neoplasias/sangue , Melanoma/sangue , Melanoma/imunologia , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Biópsia , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Imunoterapia , Células Jurkat , Cinética , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/imunologia , Nanopartículas de Magnetita/química , Complexo Principal de Histocompatibilidade , Melanoma/patologia , Melanoma/secundário , Ácidos Nucleicos/metabolismo , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/imunologia , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T/metabolismo , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
Human in vitro generated monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs) and macrophages are used clinically, e.g., to induce immunity against cancer. However, their physiological counterparts, ontogeny, transcriptional regulation, and heterogeneity remains largely unknown, hampering their clinical use. High-dimensional techniques were used to elucidate transcriptional, phenotypic, and functional differences between human in vivo and in vitro generated mononuclear phagocytes to facilitate their full potential in the clinic. We demonstrate that monocytes differentiated by macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) or granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) resembled in vivo inflammatory macrophages, while moDCs resembled in vivo inflammatory DCs. Moreover, differentiated monocytes presented with profound transcriptomic, phenotypic, and functional differences. Monocytes integrated GM-CSF and IL-4 stimulation combinatorically and temporally, resulting in a mode- and time-dependent differentiation relying on NCOR2. Finally, moDCs are phenotypically heterogeneous and therefore necessitate the use of high-dimensional phenotyping to open new possibilities for better clinical tailoring of these cellular therapies.
Assuntos
Células Dendríticas/imunologia , Interleucina-4/imunologia , Macrófagos/imunologia , Monócitos/imunologia , Correpressor 2 de Receptor Nuclear/imunologia , Transdução de Sinais/imunologia , Diferenciação Celular , Linhagem da Célula , Células Dendríticas/citologia , Células Dendríticas/efeitos dos fármacos , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Fator Estimulador de Colônias de Granulócitos e Macrófagos/farmacologia , Humanos , Imunofenotipagem , Interleucina-4/genética , Interleucina-4/farmacologia , Ativação de Macrófagos , Fator Estimulador de Colônias de Macrófagos/farmacologia , Macrófagos/citologia , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Monócitos/citologia , Monócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Correpressor 2 de Receptor Nuclear/genética , Cultura Primária de Células , Fatores de Tempo , Transcrição GênicaRESUMO
To evaluate the role of individual EGFR phosphorylation sites in activating components of the cellular signaling network we have performed a mass spectrometry-based analysis of the phosphotyrosine network downstream of site-specific EGFRvIII mutants, enabling quantification of network-level effects of site-specific point mutations. Mutation at Y845, Y1068 or Y1148 resulted in diminished receptor phosphorylation, while mutation at Y1173 led to increased phosphorylation on multiple EGFRvIII residues. Altered phosphorylation at the receptor was recapitulated in downstream signaling network activation levels, with Y1173F mutation leading to increased phosphorylation throughout the network. Computational modeling of GBM cell growth as a function of network phosphorylation levels highlights the Erk pathway as crucial for regulating EGFRvIII-driven U87MG GBM cell behavior, with the unexpected finding that Erk1/2 is negatively correlated to GBM cell growth. Genetic manipulation of this pathway supports the model, demonstrating that EGFRvIII-expressing U87MG GBM cells are sensitive to Erk activation levels. Additionally, we developed a model describing glioblastoma cell growth based on a reduced set of phosphoproteins, which represent potential candidates for future development as therapeutic targets for EGFRvIII-positive glioblastoma patients.
Assuntos
Proliferação de Células , Receptores ErbB/genética , Mutação , Tirosina/genética , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Ativação Enzimática , Receptores ErbB/metabolismo , Redes Reguladoras de Genes/fisiologia , Glioblastoma/genética , Glioblastoma/metabolismo , Glioblastoma/patologia , Humanos , Proteína Quinase 1 Ativada por Mitógeno/metabolismo , Proteína Quinase 3 Ativada por Mitógeno/metabolismo , Modelos Biológicos , Fosforilação , Fosfotirosina , Transdução de Sinais/genética , Transdução de Sinais/fisiologia , Tirosina/metabolismoRESUMO
Cancer cells employ multiple mechanisms to evade tightly regulated cellular processes such as proliferation, apoptosis, and senescence. Systems-wide analyses of tumors have recently identified receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) coactivation as an important mechanism by which cancer cells achieve chemoresistance. This mini-review discusses our current understanding of the complex and dynamic process of RTK coactivation. We highlight how systems biology and computational modeling have been employed to predict integrated signaling outcomes and cancer phenotypes downstream of RTK coactivation. We conclude by providing an outlook on the feasibility of targeting RTK networks to overcome chemoresistance in cancer.
Assuntos
Neoplasias/enzimologia , Receptores Proteína Tirosina Quinases/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Animais , Ativação Enzimática , Humanos , Neoplasias/diagnóstico , Neoplasias/terapiaRESUMO
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a primary contributor to glioblastoma (GBM) initiation and progression. Here, we examine how EGFR and key downstream signaling networks contribute to the hallmark characteristics of GBM such as rapid cancer cell proliferation and diffused invasion. Additionally, we discuss current therapeutic options for GBM patients and elaborate on the mechanisms through which EGFR promotes chemoresistance. We conclude by offering a perspective on how the potential of integrative systems biology may be harnessed to develop safe and effective treatment strategies for this disease.