Study on the inhibitory activity and mechanism of Mentha haplocalyx essential oil nanoemulsion against Fusarium oxysporum growth.

Mentha haplocalyx essential oil (MEO) has demonstrated inhibitory effects on Fusarium oxysporum. Despite its environmentally friendly properties as a natural product, the limited water solubility of MEO restricts its practical application in the field. The use of nanoemulsion can improve bioavailability and provide an eco-friendly approach to prevent and control Panax notoginseng root rot. In this study, Tween 80 and anhydrous ethanol (at a mass ratio of 3) were selected as carriers, and the ultrasonic method was utilized to produce a nanoemulsion of MEO (MNEO) with an average particle size of 26.07 nm. Compared to MTEO (MEO dissolved in an aqueous solution of 2% DMSO and 0.1% Tween 80), MNEO exhibited superior inhibition against F. oxysporum in terms of spore germination and hyphal growth. Transcriptomics and metabolomics results revealed that after MNEO treatment, the expression levels of certain genes related to glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, starch and sucrose metabolism were significantly suppressed along with the accumulation of metabolites, leading to energy metabolism disorder and growth stagnation in F. oxysporum. In contrast, the inhibitory effect from MTEO treatment was less pronounced. Furthermore, MNEO also demonstrated inhibition on meiosis, ribosome function, and ribosome biogenesis in F. oxysporum growth process. These findings suggest that MNEO possesses enhanced stability and antifungal activity, which effectively hinders F. oxysporum through inducing energy metabolism disorder, meiotic stagnation, as well as ribosome dysfunction, thus indicating its potential for development as a green pesticide for prevention and control P. notoginseng root rot caused by F.oxyosporum.

Investigation of the Inhibitory Effects of Illicium verum Essential Oil Nanoemulsion on Fusarium proliferatum via Combined Transcriptomics and Metabolomics Analysis.

Fusarium proliferatum is the main pathogen that causes Panax notoginseng root rot. The shortcomings of strong volatility and poor water solubility of Illicium verum essential oil (EO) limit its utilization. In this study, we prepared traditional emulsion (BDT) and nanoemulsion (Bneo) of I. verum EO by ultrasonic method with Tween-80 and absolute ethanol as solvents. The chemical components of EO, BDT, and Bneo were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and the antifungal activity and mechanism were compared. The results show that Bneo has good stability and its particle size is 34.86 nm. The contents of (-) -anethole and estragole in Bneo were significantly higher than those in BDT. The antifungal activity against F. proliferatum was 5.8-fold higher than BDT. In the presence of I. verum EO, the occurrence of P. notoginseng root rot was significantly reduced. By combining transcriptome and metabolomics analysis, I. verum EO was found to be involved in the mutual transformation of pentose and glucuronic acid, galactose metabolism, streptomycin biosynthesis, carbon metabolism, and other metabolic pathways of F. proliferatum, and it interfered with the normal growth of F. proliferatum to exert antifungal effects. This study provide a theoretical basis for expanding the practical application of Bneo.

Foeniculum vulgare essential oil nanoemulsion inhibits Fusarium oxysporum causing Panax notoginseng root-rot disease.

Background: Fusarium oxysporum (F. oxysporum) is the primary pathogenic fungus that causes Panax notoginseng (P. notoginseng) root rot disease. To control the disease, safe and efficient antifungal pesticides must currently be developed. Methods: In this study, we prepared and characterized a nanoemulsion of Foeniculum vulgare essential oil (Ne-FvEO) using ultrasonic technology and evaluated its stability. Traditional Foeniculum vulgare essential oil (T-FvEO) was prepared simultaneously with 1/1000 Tween-80 and 20/1000 dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The effects and inhibitory mechanism of Ne-FvEO and T-FvEO in F. oxysporum were investigated through combined transcriptome and metabolome analyses. Results: Results showed that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Ne-FvEO decreased from 3.65 mg/mL to 0.35 mg/mL, and its bioavailability increased by 10-fold. The results of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) showed that T-FvEO did not contain a high content of estragole compared to Foeniculum vulgare essential oil (FvEO) and Ne-FvEO. Combined metabolome and transcriptome analysis showed that both emulsions inhibited the growth and development of F. oxysporum through the synthesis of the cell wall and cell membrane, energy metabolism, and genetic information of F. oxysporum mycelium. Ne-FvEO also inhibited the expression of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase and isocitrate dehydrogenase and reduced the content of 2-oxoglutarate, which inhibited the germination of spores. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that Ne-FvEO effectively inhibited the growth of F. oxysporum in P. notoginseng in vivo. The findings contribute to our comprehension of the antifungal mechanism of essential oils (EOs) and lay the groundwork for the creation of plant-derived antifungal medicines.

A cross-sectional study of the relationship between physical activity, diet quality, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in US adults.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) is associated with many diseases, especially cardiovascular disease (CVD). Research into the independent and integrated relationships of physical activity and diet quality with hs-CRP across sex-specific cohorts is lacking. METHODS AND RESULTS: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data (2015-2018) was used to examine the relationship between physical activity and diet quality with hs-CRP and hs-CRP classified CVD risk using multiple multinormal logistic regression adjusted for covariates including demographics. Physical activity was measured using a self-reported survey and further categorized to those who met (MPAR) or did not meet (NPAR) national recommendations. Diet quality was measured using the Healthy Eating Index-2015, and further categorized to higher (HDQ) and lower (LDQ) diet quality. hs-CRP was also categorized as low, average, and high CVD risk using established cut-points. Physical activity was inversely related to hs-CRP in males (p < 0.001) whereas diet quality was inversely related to hs-CRP in females (p = 0.031). Compared to those with NPAR and LDQ, the hs-CRP for males with NPAR and HDQ and females with MPAR and HDQ was 1.18 mg/L and 0.75 mg/L lower respectively. Although, diet quality was inversely associated with high CVD risk in both sexes (p < 0.05), the lowest proportion of high and average CVD risk was observed in males and females with MPAR and HDQ. CONCLUSION: Physical activity and diet-quality lowered CVD risk regardless of sex. However, the independent effects of physical activity and diet quality on hs-CPR differs between sexes.

SNHG14 Elevates NFAT5 Expression Through Sequestering miR-375-3p to Promote MPP + -Induced Neuronal Apoptosis, Inflammation, and Oxidative Stress in Parkinson's Disease.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons. LncRNA small nucleolar RNA host gene 14 (SNHG14) was found to promote neuron injury in PD. Here, we investigated the mechanisms of SNHG14 in PD process. In vivo or in vitro PD model was established by using 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced mice or 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP +)-stimulated SK-N-SH cells. The expression of genes and proteins was measured by qRT-PCR and Western blot. In vitro assays were conducted using ELISA, CCK-8, colony formation, EdU, flow cytometry, and Western blot assays, respectively. The oxidative stress was evaluated by determining the production of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA). The direct interactions between miR-375-3p and NFAT5 (Nuclear factor of activated T-cells 5) or SNHG14 was verified using dual-luciferase reporter and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays. SNHG14 and NFAT5 were elevated, while miR-375-3p was decreased in MPTP-mediated PD mouse model and MPP + -induced SK-N-SH cells. Knockdown of SNHG14 or NFAT5, or overexpression of miR-375-3p reversed MPP + -induced neuronal apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Mechanistically, SNHG14 directly bound to miR-375, which targeted NFAT5. Inhibition of miR-375-3p abolished the inhibitory activity of SNHG14 knockdown on MPP + -evoked neuronal damage. Besides that, NFAT5 up-regulation counteracted the effects of miR-375-3p on MPP + -mediated neuronal damage. SNHG14 contributed to MPP + -induced neuronal injury by miR-375/NFAT5 axis, suggesting a new insight into the pathogenesis of PD.

Multiomics strategies for decoding seed dormancy breakdown in Paris polyphylla.

BACKGROUND: The disruption of seed dormancy is a complicated process and is controlled by various factors. Among these factors, membrane lipids and plant hormones are two of the most important ones. Paris polyphylla is an important Chinese herbaceous species, and the dormancy trait of its seed limits the cultivation of this herb. RESULTS: In this study, we investigate the global metabolic and transcriptomic profiles of Paris polyphylla during seed dormancy breaking. Widely targeted metabolomics revealed that lysophospholipids (lysoPLs) increased during P. polyphylla seed dormancy breaking. The expression of phospholipase A2 (PLA2), genes correlated to the production of lysoPLs, up-regulated significantly during this process. Abscisic acid (ABA) decreased dramatically during seed dormancy breaking of P. polyphylla. Changes of different GAs varied during P. polyphylla seeds dormancy breaking, 13-OH GAs, such as GA53 were not detected, and GA3 decreased significantly, whereas 13-H GAs, such as GA15, GA24 and GA4 increased. The expression of CYP707As was not synchronous with the change of ABA content, and the expression of most UGTs, GA20ox and GA3ox up-regulated during seed dormancy breaking. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that PLA2 mediated production of lysoPLs may correlate to the seed dormancy breaking of P. polyphylla. The conversion of ABA to ABA-GE catalysed by UGTs may be the main cause of ABA degradation. Through inhibition the expression of genes related to the synthesis of 13-OH GAs and up-regulation genes related to the synthesis of 13-H GAs, P. polyphylla synthesized more bioactive 13-H GA (GA4) to break its seed dormancy.

[Prenatal diagnosis for a fetus with Walker-Warburg syndrome].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the genetic etiology for a fetus with Walker-Warburg syndrome(WWS). METHODS: A fetus with WWS diagnosed at Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital in June 9, 2021 was selected as the study subject. Genomic DNA was extracted from amniotic fluid sample of the fetus and peripheral blood samples from its parents. Trio-Whole exome sequencing (trio-WES) was carried out. Candidate variants were verified by Sanger sequencing. RESULTS: The fetus was found to harbor compound heterozygous variants of the POMT2 gene, namely c.471delC (p.F158Lfs*42) and c.1975C>T (p.R659W), which were respectively inherited from its father and mother. Based on the guidelines from the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG), they were respectively rated as pathogenic (PVS1+PM2_Supporting+PP4) and likely pathogenic (PM2_Supporting+PM3+PP3_Moderate+PP4). CONCLUSION: Trio-WES may be used for the prenatal diagnosis of WWS. The compound heterozygous variants of the POMT2 gene probably underlay the disorder in this fetus. Above finding has expanded the mutational spectrum of the POMT2 gene and enabled definite diagnosis and genetic counseling for the family.

Middle Age and Older Adults: Their Nutrition and Physical Activity Needs and How Best to Address Them.

This cross-sectional study assessed the nutrition and physical activity (PA) needs, practices, and programming preferences of adults ages 40+ years from seven states (n = 1,250). Respondents were mostly educated, White, food-secure, adults ages 60+ years. Many were married, suburban-residing, and interested in health programming. By self-report most respondents were "at nutritional risk" (59.3%), in "somewhat good health" (32.3%), and sedentary (49.2%). One-third reported PA intention in the next two months. Desired programs were less than four weeks and under 4 h weekly. Respondents preferred to attend self-directed online lessons (41.2%). Program format preference varied by age (P < 0.05). More respondents aged 40-49 years and 70+ years reported a preference for online group sessions compared to those aged 50 to 69 years. Respondents ages 60 to 69 years reported the highest preference for interactive apps. More older respondents (60 years and older) preferred asynchronous online lessons compared to the younger respondents (age 59 years and younger). There were significant program participation interest differences by age, race, and location (P< 0.05). These results revealed a need and preference for self-directed, online health programming for middle-aged and older adults.

Integrated physiological, metabolomic, and proteome analysis of Alpinia officinarum Hance essential oil inhibits the growth of Fusarium oxysporum of Panax notoginseng.

Fusarium oxysporum is the main pathogen of Panax notoginseng root rot, and chemical fungicides remain the primary measures to control the disease. Plant essential oil (EO) is a volatile plant secondary metabolic product that does not produce any residue to replace chemical pesticide. To comprehensively understand the antifungal mechanism of Alpinia officinarum Hance EO, the physiological indicators, proteome and metabolome were analyzed using F. oxysporum spores and hyphae treated with different EO concentrations. The cell membrane was damaged after both low and high concentrations of EO treatment, along with leakage of the cell contents. To resist the destruction of membrane structure, fungi can increase the function of steroid biosynthesis and expression of these catalytic enzymes, including squalene monooxygenase (SQLE), sterol 14alpha-demethylase (CYP51, CYP61A), delta14-sterol reductase (TM7SF2, ERG4), methylsterol monooxygenase (MESO1), and sterol 24-C-methyltransferase (SMT1). Furthermore, the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) was influenced by inhibiting the expression of glutamate synthase (GLT1), 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase (ABAT), and succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (gabD); increasing malate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA); and decreasing citrate content. The spore germination rate and mycelia growth were decreased because the expression of cohesin complex subunit SA-1/2 (IRR1) and cohesion complex subunit (YCS4, BRN1, YCG1) were inhibited. Particularly, under high EO concentrations, cyclin-dependent kinase (CDC28) and DNA replication licensing factor (MCM) were further inhibited to disrupt the cell cycle and meiosis, thus affecting cell division. The results of this study will enrich the understanding of the antifungal mechanism of EOs and provide an important basis to develop new plant-derived fungicides.

Root-Associated Microbiomes of Panax notoginseng under the Combined Effect of Plant Development and Alpinia officinarum Hance Essential Oil.

Essential oils (EOs) have been proposed as an alternative to conventional pesticides to inhibit fungal pathogens. However, the application of EOs is considerably limited due to their highly volatile nature and unpredictable effects on other microbes. In our study, the composition of bacterial and fungal communities from the rhizosphere soil of P. notoginseng under four treatment levels of Alpinia officinarum Hance EO was characterized over several growth stages. Leaf weight varied dramatically among the four EO treatment levels after four months of growth, and the disease index at a low concentration (0.14 mg/g) of EO addition was the lowest among the P. notoginseng growth stages. The content of monomeric saponins was elevated when EO was added. Bacterial and fungal diversity in the absence of plants showed a decreasing trend with increasing levels of EO. Bacterial diversity recovery was more correlated with plant growth than was fungal diversity recovery. Compared with the control (no EO addition), a low concentration of EO significantly accumulated Actinomycota, including Acidothermus, Blastococcus, Catenulispora, Conexibacter, Rhodococcus, and Sinomonas, after one month of plant-microbial interaction. Overall, the results showed that both the plant growth stage and EOs drive changes in the microbial community composition in the rhizosphere of P. notoginseng. Plant development status had a stronger influence on bacterial diversity than on fungal diversity. EO had a more significant effect on fungal community composition, increasing the dominance of Ascomycota when EO concentration was increased. Under the interaction of P. notoginseng growth and EO, a large number of bacterial genera that have been described as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) responded positively to low concentrations of EO application, suggesting that EO may recruit beneficial microbes in the root zone to cope with pathogens and reduce root rot disease. These results offer novel insights into the relationship between EO application, altered microbial communities in the plant roots, plant growth stage, and disease occurrence.

Dynamic RNA-Seq Study Reveals the Potential Regulators of Seed Germination in Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis.

Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis is an important traditional Chinese medicine, but poor seed germination limits its large-scale artificial cultivation. Thus, it is crucial to understand the regulators of seed germination to obtain clues about how to improve the artificial cultivation of Paris polyphylla. In this study, the seeds at three germination stages, including ungerminated seeds (stage 1), germinated seeds with a 0.5 cm radicel length (stage 2), and germinated seeds with a 2.0 cm radicel length (stage 3) after warm stratification (20 °C) for 90 days were used for RNA sequencing. Approximately 220 million clean reads and 447,314 annotated unigenes were obtained during seed germination, of which a total of 4454, 5150, and 1770 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified at stage 1 to stage 2, stage 1 to stage 3, and stage 2 to stage 3, respectively. Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis revealed that the DEGs were significantly enriched in carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, signal transduction, and translation. Of them, several genes encoding the glutamate decarboxylase, glutamine synthetase, alpha-galactosidase, auxin-responsive protein IAA30, abscisic-acid-responsive element binding factor, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 9/18, and small and large subunit ribosomal proteins were identified as potentially involved in seed germination. The identified genes provide a valuable resource to study the molecular basis of seed germination in Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis.

The Relationship of Physical Activity and Dietary Quality and Diabetes Prevalence in US Adults: Findings from NHANES 2011-2018.

This study aimed to examine the relationship of physical activity and/or dietary quality and diabetes prevalence in the general population and within specific age groups. It was a cross-sectional study using 2011−2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and the US Department of Agriculture's Food Patterns Equivalents data (n = 15,674). Physical activity was measured by Global Physical Activity questionnaire; dietary quality was analyzed using the Healthy Eating Index 2015; diabetes prevalence was determined by reported diagnosis and glycohemoglobin or fasting glucose. Data were analyzed using multiple logistic regression adjusted for demographic variables and weight status. Results revealed that although no statistically significant or non-substantial relationships were observed between dietary quality or physical activity and diabetes prevalence, respondents who did not meet physical activity recommendations regardless of dietary quality had a higher odds of diabetes prevalence than those who met physical activity recommendations and had a higher dietary quality (p < 0.05). In conclusion, meeting physical activity recommendations is an important protective factor for diabetes especially in combination with a higher quality diet. A healthy lifestyle appears to have the greater impact on diabetes prevention in middle-aged men and women.

A cross-sectional assessment of food practices, physical activity levels, and stress levels in middle age and older adults' during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Aim: This cross-sectional study examined how the COVID-19 pandemic impacted the food practices, physical activity (PA) levels, and stress levels of aging adults ages 40 years and older from seven states. It also explored to what extent the COVID-19 outcomes were affected by the social determinants of health (SDH). Subject and methods: Respondents (n = 1250) completed an online survey. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the sociodemographic attributes and COVID-19 responses while the multiple llinear regression (MLR) test evaluated to what extent the SDH variables measured were associated with the reported COVID-19 impacts food practices, PA levels, and stress levels. Results: Respondents were mostly White (75.9%), married (58.7%), age 60 years and older (61.8%), with a high school education or higher (97.4%). Most of the respondents (85.8%) live in areas that respondents perceived as supportive of health and well-being opportunities for older adults. Nearly one-half of the respondents reported maintaining their pre-pandemic grocery shopping/food buying frequency (44.7%) and PA levels (48.1%). However, 48.6% reported being "somewhat or very stressed" due to the pandemic. Findings revealed that the COVID-19 impacts on food-buying, PA levels, and stress levels were significantly influenced by age, gender, race, education, location, community, nutritional risk, quality of life, food security, and income (p < 0.05). Conclusion: These findings provide valuable information as we continue to confront the impact the COVID-19 pandemic has had on the health and well-being of aging adults. We can use this information to inform future public health programming interventions and opportunities.

The Relationship of Physical Activity and Dietary Quality with Android Fat Composition and Distribution in US Adults.

This study examined the relationship of physical activity (PA) and dietary quality to android fat composition and distribution using a national representative adult sample and determined sex-based differences in these relationships. It is a cross-sectional (n = 10,014) analysis of the 2011−2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and the US department of Agriculture's Food Patterns Equivalents datasets. Variables utilized for this analysis include PA, 24-h dietary recalls, android percent fat, and android-gynoid (A/G) ratio measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Multiple linear regression was performed to examine the relationship between PA and/or dietary quality and android percent fat and A/G ratio adjusted for confounding factors. The study results revealed that PA and/or dietary quality were inversely related to android percent fat and A/G ratio (p < 0.05), but the sex effect was only seen between PA and A/G ratio (p = 0.003). Participants who met PA recommendations and had higher dietary quality had 2.12% lower android fat than those who did not meet PA recommendations and had lower dietary quality (p < 0.001). Both PA and dietary quality are associated with android fat reduction regardless of sex. Given the direct connection between android fat and cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, it is important to increase both PA and dietary quality.

RNA-seq study reveals the signaling and carbohydrate metabolism regulators involved in dormancy release by warm stratification in Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis.

Long-term seed dormancy of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis limits its large-scale artificial cultivation. It is crucial to understand the regulatory genes involving in dormancy release for artificial cultivation in this species. In this study, seed dormancy of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis was effectively released by warm stratification (20°C) for 90 days. The freshly harvested seeds (dormant) and stratified seeds (non-dormant) were used to sequence, and approximately 147 million clean reads and 28,083 annotated unigenes were detected. In which, a total of 10,937 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between dormant and non-dormant seeds. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) classification revealed that the majority unigenes involved in signaling transduction and carbohydrate metabolism. Of them, the signaling transduction-related DEGs were mainly hormones-, reactive oxygen species (ROS)-, and transcription factor (TF)-related genes. The largest number of signaling transduction-related DEGs were auxin-responsive genes (SAUR, AUX/IAA, and ARF) and AP2-like ethylene-responsive transcription factor (ERF/AP2). Moreover, at least 29 DEGs such as α-amylase (AMY), ß-glucosidase (Bglb/Bglu/Bglx), and endoglucanase (Glu) were identified involving in carbohydrate metabolism. These identified genes provide a valuable resource to investigate the molecular basis of dormancy release in Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis.

Chemical Constituents of the Essential oil from Cuminum cyminum L. and Its Antifungal Activity against Panax notoginseng Pathogens.

Cuminum cyminum L. (Cumin) is a flavoring agent that is commonly used worldwide, and is rich in essential oil. Essential oils (Eos) have been intensively investigated in regard to their potential for disease control in plants, which is provided a chance for the blossom of green pesticides. The chemical components of Cumin essential oil (CEO) were revealed by GC/MS, such as cuminaldehyde (44.53 %), p-cymene (12.14 %), (-)-ß-pinene (10.47 %) and γ-terpinene (8.40 %), and found they can inhibit the growth of P. notoginseng-associated pathogenic fungi in vitro and the inhibitory effect of cuminaldehyde was similar to that of hymexazol. SEM and TEM images demonstrated that cuminaldehyde and CEO increased cell permeability and disrupted membrane integrity. The expression of disease-related genes of Fusarium oxysporum showed that CEO induced the expression of most genes, which disrupted biosynthesis, metabolism and signaling pathways. These studies verified the potential of CEO as a plant fungicide that is environmentally friendly and provided ideas for developing new products for controlling root diseases that affect P. notoginseng.

The Anti-Obesity Effect of Traditional Chinese Medicine on Lipid Metabolism.

With the improvement of living conditions and the popularity of unhealthy eating and living habits, obesity is becoming a global epidemic. Obesity is now recognized as a disease that not only increases the risk of metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes (T2D), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cancer but also negatively affects longevity and the quality of life. The traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) are highly enriched in bioactive compounds and have been used for the treatment of obesity and obesity-related metabolic diseases over a long period of time. In this review, we selected the most commonly used anti-obesity or anti-hyperlipidemia TCMs and, where known, their major bioactive compounds. We then summarized their multi-target molecular mechanisms, specifically focusing on lipid metabolism, including the modulation of lipid absorption, reduction of lipid synthesis, and increase of lipid decomposition and lipid transportation, as well as the regulation of appetite. This review produces a current and comprehensive understanding of integrative and systematic mechanisms for the use of TCMs for anti-obesity. We also advocate taking advantage of TCMs as another therapy for interventions on obesity-related diseases, as well as stressing the fact that more is needed to be done, scientifically, to determine the active compounds and modes of action of the TCMs.

Down-Regulation of ID2-AS1 Alleviates the Neuronal Injury Induced by 1-Methy1-4-Phenylpyridinium in Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line SH-SY5Y Cells Through Regulating miR-199a-5p/IFNAR1/JAK2/STAT1 Axis.

We aimed to illustrate the roles and molecular mechanisms of ID2-AS1 in parkinson's disease (PD). Methods: qRT-PCR detected the expression of ID2-AS1. CCK-8, LDH release assays the effect of ID2-AS1 knockdown on PD cells. Flow cytometry and Western Blot were used to detect the effect of ID2-AS1 inhibition on PD cell apoptosis. ELISA analysis showed that ID2-AS1 inhibition can reduce the inflammation of PD cells. ROS activity assay showed that inhibiting ID2-AS1 attenuated the oxidative stress induced by 1-methy1-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+). RNA binding protein immunoprecipitation assay showed that ID2-AS1 is mainly located in the cytoplasm. The luciferase reporter assay is used to verify the interaction. In our study, ID2-AS1 was concentration-dependently and time-dependently up-regulated in MPP+ -treated human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y. ID2-AS1 knockdown enhanced cell proliferation and decreased cell death in PD cells. Knockdown of ID2-AS1 attenuates MPP+ -induced cytotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. ID2-AS1 is a sponge of miR-199a-5p. IFNAR1 is a target of miR-199a-5p. Inhibition of miR-199a-5p and overexpression of IFNAR1 alleviate the inhibitory effect of ID2-AS1 knockdown on MPP+ triggered neuronal injury. Inhibition of miR-199a-5p and overexpression of IFNAR1 alleviate the inhibitory effect of ID2-AS1 knockdown on MPP+ -triggered JAK2/STAT1 activation. Overall, down-regulation of ID2-AS1 alleviated the neuronal injury in PD through regulating miR-199a-5p/IFNAR1/JAK2/STAT1 axis.

Long non-coding RNA RMST promotes oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced injury in brain microvascular endothelial cells by regulating miR-204-5p/VCAM1 axis.

AIMS: Many long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been suggested to play critical roles in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke, including lncRNA rhabdomyosarcoma 2-associated transcript (RMST). We aimed to elucidate the role and molecular mechanism of RMST in ischemic stroke. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The in vitro ischemic stroke model was established by treating brain microvascular endothelial cells with oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). The expression of RMST, miR-204-5p and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1) were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The interaction between miR-204-5p and RMST or VCAM1 was confirmed using dual-luciferase reporter and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays. Cell viability, migration and apoptosis were assessed by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), wound healing assay and flow cytometry, respectively. Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage rate was determined by LDH activity assay kit. The protein level of VCAM1 was analyzed by western blot (WB) assay. KEY FINDINGS: RMST was upregulated in OGD-treated HBMEC and bEnd.3 cells. MiR-204-5p was a direct target of RMST, and miR-204-5p inhibition abated the inhibitory effect of RMST knockdown on OGD-induced injury via inhibiting cell viability and migration and promoting apoptosis in HBMEC and bEnd.3 cells. Moreover, VCAM1 was identified as a direct target of miR-204-5p, and VCAM1 alleviated the effect of miR-204-5p on reduction of OGD-induced injury in HBMEC and bEnd.3 cells. In addition, RMST regulated VCAM1 expression via sponging miR-204-5p. SIGNIFICANCE: RMST knockdown attenuated OGD-induced injury of HBMEC and bEnd.3 cells via regulating miR-204-5p/VCAM1 axis, indicating a possible therapeutic strategy for future ischemic stroke therapy.

Relationships of Physical Activity and Diet Quality with Body Composition and Fat Distribution in US Adults.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the relationships among physical activity (PA), diet quality, body composition, and fat distribution in a representative sample of US adults. METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using publicly accessible data from the 2011 to 2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and the Food Patterns Equivalents Database (n = 7,423). Variables from the data sets were analyzed for this study, including PA, two 24-hour dietary recalls, and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry outputs. RESULTS: For men, PA and diet quality were inversely associated with the percentage of body fat (ß = -0.0042, 95% CI: -0.0084 to -0.0001; ß = -0.28, 95% CI: -0.42 to -0.14) and fat mass index (ß = -0.0125, 95% CI: -0.0209 to -0.0041; ß = -0.56, 95% CI: -0.81 to -0.32); meeting the PA recommendation and having good diet quality provided an additive effect on body fat. A similar pattern was observed in women. Additionally, diet quality was inversely associated with all fat distribution measures in both sexes, whereas PA was positively associated with lean mass measures in men only. CONCLUSIONS: Increased PA and/or better diet quality were associated with reduced body fat, a healthier fat distribution, and increased lean mass. Further research examining how changes in PA or diet quality influence body composition and fat distribution in adults is warranted.