Induction of antisporozoite antibodies by biting of transgenic Anopheles stephensi delivering malarial antigen via blood feeding.

We produced a transgenic mosquito expressing a rodent malaria vaccine candidate antigen in the salivary gland. Three tandemly repeated amino acid units from the repeat region of circumsporozoite protein of Plasmodium berghei (PbCS3R) fused to red fluorescent protein (monomeric DsRed) was chosen as a vaccine candidate antigen. Immunoblot and fluorescence microscopic analyses showed the transgene expression in the female salivary gland. The transgene product was released from the proboscis as a component of saliva. The monomeric DsRed-fusion expression system could be suitable for transgene secretion in the saliva of female mosquitoes. Mice repeatedly bitten by transgenic mosquitoes raised antibodies against P. berghei sporozoites, and the sera had protective ability against sporozoite invasion of human hepatoma HepG2 cells. These results suggest that transgene products are immunogenically active in saliva, and induce the antibodies to malaria parasite. These findings indicate that this technology has the potential for production of a 'flying vaccinator' for rodent malaria parasites.

Extravasation of infusate via implanted ports: two case studies.

Over the past two decades, implanted ports have become widely used infusion therapy devices. Although these devices have revolutionized the care of patients with cancer and are used routinely to administer various treatments, complications still can occur. Nurses must be vigilant in identifying potential and actual port-related problems and aware that radiological studies may not immediately reveal a problem. Two unique case studies are described in which extravasation complications occurred despite negative initial catheter dye studies. A clinical algorithm is presented that outlines the management of a suspected port extravasation.