Ciencias del deporte, basadas en la evidencia / Ciências do esporte baseadas em evidência / Evidence-based sports sciences

Resumen Las prácticas basadas en la evidencia son una herramienta útil y necesaria para las ciencias del deporte. La experiencia de las ciencias médicas, basadas en la evidencia podría ser útil para la implementación de este nuevo enfoque. Las prácticas basadas en datos empíricos, en las ciencias del deporte, también podrían afectar además de los campos de la práctica de la formación, como la gestión, la legislación y la educación. Esto permitirá que la toma de decisiones se base en las mejores pruebas científicas disponibles. En esta revisión, se resumen los enfoques y modelos de cómo aplicar la práctica basada en la evidencia, en las ciencias del deporte. También se comparte un enfoque de cinco pasos, con el objetivo de proporcionar una herramienta práctica. Ciertas condiciones requieren comenzar con la práctica de la evidencia. En primer lugar, la literatura científica debe responder a la pregunta. Acceso a bases de datos científicos, saber caminar por la selva del conocimiento, dominio del inglés (ya que la mayoría de los trabajos se publican en inglés) es obligatorio. Un compromiso de las partes interesadas en las ciencias del deporte, con la práctica basada en la evidencia y la eliminación de los obstáculos a la aplicación, sería un enfoque prometedor para las prácticas basadas en la evidencia, en las ciencias del deporte, en un corto período de tiempo.

Resumo A prática baseada em evidência é uma ferramenta útil e necessária para a ciência do esporte. A experiência da ciência médica baseada em evidência poderia ser útil para a implementação desta nova abordagem. As práticas baseadas em evidência em ciências do esporte também poderiam afetar, além das áreas de prática de treinamento, como gestão, legislação e educação. Isto permitiria que a tomada de decisões fosse baseada nas melhores evidências científicas disponíveis. Esta revisão resume abordagens e modelos de como aplicar a prática baseada em evidência na ciência do esporte. Também compartilha uma abordagem em cinco etapas com o objetivo de fornecer uma ferramenta prática. Certas condições exigem que se comece com a prática da prova. Em primeiro lugar, a literatura científica deve responder à pergunta. O acesso às bases de dados científicos, saber caminhar pela selva do conhecimento, o domínio do inglês (já que a maioria dos artigos são publicados em inglês) é obrigatório. Um compromisso das partes interessadas na ciência do esporte com a prática baseada em evidências e a remoção de barreiras à implementação seria uma abordagem promissora para a prática baseada em evidência na ciência do esporte em um curto período de tempo.

Abstract Evidence-based practice is a useful and necessary tool for sports science. The experience of evidence-based medical science could be useful for the implementation of this new approach. Evidence-based practices in sport sciences could also affect, in addition to the fields of training practice, such as management, legislation and education. This will allow decision making to be based on the best available scientific evidence. This review summarises approaches and models of how to apply evidence-based practice in sport science. It also shares a five-step approach with the aim of providing a practical tool. Certain conditions require starting with the practice of evidence. First, the scientific literature must answer the question. Access to scientific databases, knowing how to walk through the jungle of knowledge, mastery of English (since most papers are published in English) is mandatory. A commitment by sport science stakeholders to evidence-based practice and the removal of barriers to implementation would be a promising approach to evidence-based practice in sport science in a short period of time.

Prevention and management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in primary care: position paper of the European Forum for Primary Care.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a smoking-related, progressive lung disease that represents a substantial individual, societal and economic burden. Primary care professionals have an important role in healthcare provision for patients with COPD. In this position paper we summarise the current knowledge about, and management of patients with COPD. Next, we describe the role general practitioners and other primary care disciplines (should) have to prevent, diagnose and treat COPD. Finally, we explore differences in the way particular aspects of primary care COPD disease management are available or organised in a number of European countries, in order to identify barriers and provide examples of 'best practices' for optimal primary care management of patients with COPD.

IPCRG Consensus statement: tackling the smoking epidemic - practical guidance for primary care.

Tobacco use will become the world's foremost cause of premature death and disability within 20 years unless current trends are reversed. Many opportunities to reduce this epidemic are missed in primary care. This Discussion paper from the International Primary Care Respiratory Group (IPCRG) - which reflects the IPCRG's understanding of primary care practitioners' needs - summarises a new approach based on strong evidence for effective interventions. All primary care health professionals can increase smoking cessation rates among their patients, even when time and resources are limited. Medical and non-medical staff can support patients who choose to quit by providing information, referral to telephone counselling services, and behavioural counselling using motivational interviewing techniques, where resources permit. Drug therapy to manage nicotine dependence can significantly improve patients' chances of quitting successfully, and is recommended for people who smoke 10 or more cigarettes per day. All interventions should be tailored to the individual's circumstances and attitudes.

Burnout in European family doctors: the EGPRN study.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of burnout, and of associated factors, amongst family doctors (FDs) in European countries. Methodology. A cross-sectional survey of FDs was conducted using a custom-designed and validated questionnaire which incorporated the Maslach Burnout Inventory Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS) as well as questions about demographic factors, working experience, health, lifestyle and job satisfaction. MBI-HSS scores were analysed in the three dimensions of emotional exhaustion (EE), depersonalization (DP) and personal accomplishment (PA). RESULTS: Almost 3500 questionnaires were distributed in 12 European countries, and 1393 were returned to give a response rate of 41%. In terms of burnout, 43% of respondents scored high for EE burnout, 35% for DP and 32% for PA, with 12% scoring high burnout in all three dimensions. Just over one-third of doctors did not score high for burnout in any dimension. High burnout was found to be strongly associated with several of the variables under study, especially those relative to respondents' country of residence and European region, job satisfaction, intention to change job, sick leave utilization, the (ab)use of alcohol, tobacco and psychotropic medication, younger age and male sex. CONCLUSIONS: Burnout seems to be a common problem in FDs across Europe and is associated with personal and workload indicators, and especially job satisfaction, intention to change job and the (ab)use of alcohol, tobacco and medication. The study questionnaire appears to be a valid tool to measure burnout in FDs. Recommendations for employment conditions of FDs and future research are made, and suggestions for improving the instrument are listed.

Habitual tea drinking and bone mineral density in postmenopausal Turkish women: investigation of prevalence of postmenopausal osteoporosis in Turkey (IPPOT Study).

AIM: In this epidemiological report, we assessed the prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis (OP) in postmenopausal Turkish women and the relationship between body mass index (BMI), and some nutritional factors (habitual tea, coffee, tobacco, and milk product consumption) with OP. METHODS: This multicenter study was done in postmenopausal women residing in five big cities, in four different regions of Turkey between August and November 2005. An inclusion criterion was being in the postmenopausal period for at least 12 months. A semi-structured questionnaire was completed by face-to-face interview, consisting of closed- and open-ended questions about demographic characteristics, nutritional status, and habits with two or more choices as possible responses. Bone mineral density (BMD) measurements were performed with a MetriScan Densitometer (Alara Inc., CA, USA). RESULTS: Seven hundred twenty-four women were included in the study. The mean age was 57.6 +/- 9.6 years, and mean age at natural menopause was 46.4 +/- 5.6 years. Of the participants, 51% were illiterate. According to WHO classification; 42.5% were normal in terms of BMD, 27.2% had osteopenia, and 30.2% had OP. Women with high education levels had better T-scores (p = 0.019). Increase in BMI also had a positive effect on T-scores (p < 0.0001). A linear correlation was found between age (r= -0.386, p < 0.0001), BMI (r = -0.175, p < 0.0001), and education (r = -0.317, p < 0.0001), with T-scores. The T-scores of women who consumed tea on a regular basis were found to be higher than non-consumers (-1.51 +/- 1.68 vs. -1.09 +/- 1.66; p = 0.070) [when smokers, those who received hormonal therapy (HT), and those > 65 years were excluded]. CONCLUSION: OP was determined in 1/3 of the women. Advanced age (> 65) and being illiterate were negative factors, while high education levels, being overweight, and being treated with HT had a positive effects on BMD. Habitual tea drinking also may have a positive effect on BMD. However, tea drinking was not found to be a statistically significant factor in the present study.