Preparation of sanguinarine/glabridin loaded antifungal double-layer nanoemulsion edible coating using arabic gum/WPI for forest frog's oviduct oil preservation.

Forest frog's oviduct oil (FFOO) is highly susceptible to microbial spoilage during storage, which causes serious safety concerns and economic losses. However, little information is available regarding the preservation of it up to now. The aim of this research is to understand the dominant microbial community of FFOO spoilage, and based on this, develop a kind of edible nanoemulsion coating for preserving FFOO. Microbial metagenomic analysis indicated that the Aspergillus genus increased significantly during storage. In the present study, gum arabic and whey protein isolate were chosen as the coating matrix, the natural compounds sanguinarine and glabridin were selected as antimicrobial agents to prepare double-layer nanoemulsion edible coating. When the ratio of sanguinarine and glabridin in the nanoemulsion was 1:3, it exhibited strongest storage stability and antifungal activity. The mycelial inhibition rate of 1:3 nanoemulsion against dominant microbial community (Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus glaucus) reached 88.89 ± 1.37 % and 89.68 ± 1.37 %, respectively. The experimental results indicated that the edible nanoemulsion coating not only had outstanding antifungal activity, but also had excellent fresh-keeping effect on FFOO. This nanoemulsion coating could be a promising and potential candidate for food preservation.

Transformation of mulberry polyphenols by Lactobacillus plantarum SC-5: Increasing phenolic acids and enhancement of anti-aging effect.

Fermentation can transform bioactive compounds in food and improve their biological activity. This study aims to explore the transformation of polyphenols in mulberry juice and the improvement of its anti-aging effect. The results demonstrated that Lactobacillus plantarum SC-5 transformed anthocyanin in mulberry juice into more phenolic acids, especially improved 2-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl) propanoic acid from 4.16 ± 0.06 to 10.07 ± 0.03. In the D-gal-induced mouse model, fermented mulberry juice significantly raised the abundance of Bifidobacteriaceae (303.7 %) and Lactobacillaceae (237.2 %) and Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in intestine, further reducing the level of oxidative stress (12.3 %). Meanwhile, the expression of Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) increased, which protected the integrity of hippocampal tissue. Morris water maze results approved that fermented mulberry juice improved cognitive ability in aging mice (30.3 %). This study provides theoretical support for the view that fermentation is an effective means of developing functional foods.

Recent advances in nuclear receptors-mediated health benefits of blueberry.

BACKGROUND: Blueberry is rich in bioactive substances and has anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, anti-cancer, neuroprotective, and other activities. Blueberry has been shown to treat diseases by mediating the transcription of nuclear receptors. However, evidence for nuclear receptor-mediated health benefits of blueberry has not been systematically reviewed. PURPOSE: This review aims to summarize the nuclear receptor-mediated health benefits of blueberry. METHODS: This study reviews all relevant literature published in NCBI PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar by January 2022. The relevant literature was extracted from the databases with the following keyword combinations: "biological activities" OR "nuclear receptors" OR "phytochemicals" AND "blueberry" OR "Vaccinium corymbosum" as well as free-text words. RESULTS: In vivo and in vitro experimental results and clinical evidence have demonstrated that blueberry has health-promoting effects. Supplementing blueberry is beneficial to the treatment of cancer, the alleviation of metabolic syndrome, and liver protection. Blueberry can regulate the transcription of PPARs, ERs, AR, GR, MR, LXRs, and FXR and mediate the expressions of Akt, CYP 1Al, p53, and Bcl-2. CONCLUSION: Blueberry can be targeted to treat various diseases by mediating the transcription of nuclear receptors. Nevertheless, further human research is needed.

Water distribution and moisture-absorption in egg-white derived peptides: Effects on their physicochemical, conformational, thermostable, and self-assembled properties.

Three egg-white derived peptides (DHTKE, MPDAHL, and FFGFN) were characterized with hydrophilia and water distributions. The effect of moisture exposure on their properties at 75% relative humidity for 30 h were further investigated. LF-NMR tests revealed that strong bound-water (relaxation time < 10 ms) accounted for more than 80% of total water in peptides after moisture-absorption. The absorbed water led to the pH of three peptides increase, antioxidant activities in vitro decrease, and diverse changes in their functional group vibrations, molecular hydrophobicity, and phase transformation properties. Compared to dried samples, the hydrated-DHTKE was pyrolyzed and hydrated-MPDAHL was oxidized over 160 °C, while the glass transition, melting, and crosslink temperatures of FFGFN all decreased after moisture-absorption. Moreover, the results indicated that moisture-absorption in FFGFN powder enhanced the surface-hydrophobicity of FFGFN-hydrogel and accelerated its self-organizations. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of moisture-absorption effects on peptides, with these changes potentially impacting storage recommendations and scientific interpretations.

A review on pharmacological activities and synergistic effect of quercetin with small molecule agents.

BACKGROUND: Quercetin is a natural flavonoid, which widely exists in nature, such as tea, coffee, apples, and onions. Numerous studies have showed that quercetin has multiple biological activities such as anti-oxidation, anti-inflammatory, and anti-aging. Hence, quercetin has a significant therapeutic effect on cancers, obesity, diabetes, and other diseases. In the past decades, a large number of studies have shown that quercetin combined with other agents can significantly improve the overall therapeutic effect, compared to single use. PURPOSE: This work reviews the pharmacological activities of quercetin and its derivatives. In addition, this work also summarizes both in vivo and in vitro experimental evidence for the synergistic effect of quercetin against cancers and metabolic diseases. METHODS: An extensive systematic search for pharmacological activities and synergistic effect of quercetin was performed considering all the relevant literatures published until August 2021 through the databases including NCBI PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. The relevant literatures were extracted from the databases with following keyword combinations: "pharmacological activities" OR "biological activities" OR "synergistic effect" OR "combined" OR "combination" AND "quercetin" as well as free-text words. RESULTS: Quercetin and its derivatives possess multiple pharmacological activities including anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cardiovascular, anti-aging, and neuroprotective activities. In addition, the synergistic effect of quercetin with small molecule agents against cancers and metabolic diseases has also been confirmed. CONCLUSION: Quercetin cooperates with agents to improve the therapeutic effect by regulating signal molecules and blocking cell cycle. Synergistic therapy can reduce the dose of agents and avoid the possible toxic and side effects in the treatment process. Although quercetin treatment has some potential side effects, it is safe under the expected use conditions. Hence, quercetin has application value and potential strength as a clinical drug. Furthermore, quercetin, as the main effective therapeutic ingredient in traditional Chinese medicine, may effectively treat and prevent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

Salidroside alleviates liver inflammation in furan-induced mice by regulating oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Furan is a genotoxic and carcinogenic toxicant formed during the food thermal processing. Our previous studies confirmed that salidroside (SAL) displayed excellent protective effects against furan-induced hepatotoxicity and inflammation, whereas the underlying mechanism was still unclear. In the current study, Balb/c mice were divided to the control group (CON), the furan model group (FUR8, 8 mg/kg BW furan for 30 days) and SAL intervention groups (SAL10/20/40, 8 mg/kg BW furan for 30 days + 10/20/40 mg/kg BW SAL from day 16 to day 30). The alleviative effects and the mechanisms of SAL against furan-induced liver inflammation in mice were investigated through oxidative stress (OS) and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS). Liver metabonomics data, molecular docking and Western-blotting results implied that SAL suppressed the activity and the high expression of hepatic CYP2E1, and alleviated liver OS induced by furan. Levels of key markers (GRP78, CHOP and Caspase-12) of ERS and proteins in IRE1α pathway of the UPR branch increased by furan were prominently reduced after SAL treatment. Levels of phosphorylated proteins JNK, ERK, p38, IKKα/ß, IκB and p65 in MAPK and NF-κB pathways were also suppressed by SAL. We further confirmed that SAL inhibited furan-induced inflammation by reducing the levels of NLRP3, ASC, Cleaved Caspase-1 and IL-1ß and decreasing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Our results shed light into the alleviating mechanisms behind furan-induced liver inflammation, and suggested that SAL inhibited OS, ERS and related MAPK and NF-κB pathways and therefore inhibited the NLRP3 inflammasome activation, which may be its potential mechanism of alleviating liver inflammation.

Effect of microorganisms on the fingerprint of the volatile compounds in pine nut (Pinus koraiensis) peptide powder during storage.

Pine nut (Pinus koraiensis) peptide (PNP) powder possesses promising bioactivities. However, the powder may have the quality problem of becoming sticky and smelly. Therefore, the volatile compounds' fingerprint of PNP powder was established by headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS). The essential spoilage microorganisms were confirmed by 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing. The antioxidant activity, which presents PNP powder's quality, decreased during storage with the highest value of (1.88 ± 0.18) × 1014 at day 30. Fifty-nine significantly changed signals were detected; eight compounds were considered as volatile marker compounds. Besides, Firmicutes and Cyanobacteria were the essential spoilage microorganisms in PNP powder at the phylum level. Significantly, unidentified_Chloroplast, which belongs to Cyanobacteria, had a positive correlation with volatile marker compounds. The results proved that microorganisms indeed affect volatile compounds of PNP powder and induced off-flavor, including hexanal, which can be used as the detection indicator for the quality control of PNP powder. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: In the present study, we controlled the influence of moisture migration on PNP powder and investigated microorganisms' effects on volatile compounds of PNP powder. HS-GC-IMS could be used to establish fingerprints of volatile compounds in PNP powder. 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing method could be used to screen the dominant spoilage bacteria in PNP powder and established essential spoilage microorganisms of PNP powder. This work provides a reference for category identification of PNP powder, which was infected by spoilage bacteria or not, and stored at day 0 or 30 days. Hexanal can be considered as the volatile marker compound generated from microorganisms. It helps to realize the controllability of PNP powder storage and prolongs the shelf life of PNP powder.

MiR-193b-5p protects BRL-3A cells from acrylamide-induced cell cycle arrest by targeting FoxO3.

Acrylamide (AA), an important by-product of the Maillard reaction, has been reported to be genotoxic and carcinogenic. The present study employed miRNAs to investigate the toxic mechanism of AA and their role against AA toxicity. Deep sequencing of small RNA libraries was performed and miR-193b-5p was applied for further study. AA significantly reduced the level of miR-193b-5p and its ectopic expression promoted cell cycle G1/S transition and cell proliferation by upregulating the cyclin-dependent kinase regulator Cyclin D1 and downregulating the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21, while miR-193b-5p inhibitor led to the opposite results. Dual luciferase assay demonstrated miR-193b-5p regulated the expression of FoxO3 by directly targeting the FoxO3 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR). Knockdown of FoxO3 induced cell cycle G1/S transition and cell proliferation, which was suppressed by the inhibition of miR-193b-5p but promoted by miR-193b-5p mimics. MiR-193b-5p inhibitor strengthened the effect of FoxO3, contrary to the effect of miR-193b-5p mimics. In conclusion, miR-193b-5p acted as a regulator of cell cycle G1/S transition and cell proliferation by targeting FoxO3 to mediate the expression of p21 and Cyclin D1.

Exploration on self-equilibrium rule and adsorption-desorption model between pine nut (Pinus koraiensis) peptide molecules and environmental moisture molecules.

The storage of pine nut (Pinus koraiensis) peptide (PNP) powder involves hygroscopic phenomena. To investigate the adsorption and self-equilibrium rules between these peptides and the environmental moisture molecules, several studies such as low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR), dynamic vapor sorption (DVS) and adsorption-desorption models were done. The results showed that the outward moisture migration occurred during storage as 7.80% and 16.68% moisture were respectively constrained by the original sample and 90 days after lyophilization, by chemical bonding. Additionally, 1.79% moisture was lost in PNP powder at day 90. The optimized adsorption model for PNP powder was changed from Henderson's to Oswin's model during the 90 days' storage whereas the optimized desorption model was changed from Halsey's to GAB's model. The PNP powder at day 90 presented smaller particles with an average diameter and height of 15.645 nm and 50 nm, respectively, and it contained more molecular moisture which cannot be removed. The free thiol of the PNP powder at day 0 and day 90 was 1.75 ± 0.16 µM SH/g and 1.95 ± 0.16 µM SH/g, respectively, and the total sulfhydryl was 101.46 ± 1.06 µM SH/g and 118.44 ± 1.27 µM SH/g. The registered increased sulfhydryl content contributed to the generation of off-flavor.

Antioxidant Activity and Transcriptomic Analysis of Se-Enriched Golden Oyster Mushroom Pleurotus citrinopileatus (Agaricomycetes).

Food enriched with organic selenium is considered as a good source for selenium supplementation. In the current research, we cultivated Pleurotus citrinopileatus with medium containing different levels of sodium selenate, evaluated the antioxidant activity, and sequenced the transcriptome of the Se-enriched mushroom. Selenium content in Se-enriched mushroom is dependent on selenium level in the surroundings. The ABTS total radical scavenging ability was not significantly different between selenium enriched mushroom and the control, though the total phenol content was increased in Se-enriched mushroom. Transcriptome sequencing showed a total of 1036 differentially expressed genes, including 987 upregulated genes and 49 downregulated genes. These differentially expressed genes are involved in 20 metabolic pathways, most of which are involved in carbon metabolism and amino acid biosynthesis, while many differentially expressed genes are in growth, plasma membrane, and protein binding. It needs to be noted that the sulfur metabolism and ABS transporters, which are closely related with selenium metabolism and transportation, are particularly enriched. The mushroom P. citrinopileatus has strong ability to uptake selenium from the surroundings, which modifies many biological pathways. This paper provides a theoretical reference for the development of Se-enriched fungal foods.

Lactobacillus paracasei Jlus66 extenuate oxidative stress and inflammation via regulation of intestinal flora in rats with non alcoholic fatty liver disease.

The nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a progressive liver disease that affects the health of people in an increasing rate. In the current research, we investigated the beneficial effect of a novel probiotic strain L. paracasei Jlus66 (Jlus66) on rats with high-fat diet (HFD)-induced NAFLD. The intestinal flora of rats was analyzed based on V3-V4 region 16S rDNA sequencing. Moreover, we measured the oxidative stress and inflammation factors in the liver using commercial ELISA kit, and the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in serum with chromogenic end-point tachypheus amebocyte lysate. Compared with the HFD-induced group, Jlus66 treatment significantly decreased the malondialdehyde (MDA) level in the serum (p < 0.05). Additionally, Jlus66 significantly enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in the liver and serum (p < 0.05). Jlus66 administration also reduced the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and inversely increased the interleukin-10 (IL-10) level in serum (p < 0.05). Intestinal flora analysis results showed that Jlus66 can improve intestinal flora structure by increasing the abundance of gram-positive flora such as Firmicutes, and decreasing gram-negative flora such as Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, and Fusobacteria, and then reduced LPS concentration in the serum. So we concluded that Jlus66 can improve NAFLD by modulating the intestinal flora and followed reduction of oxidative stress (OxS) and inflammation.

Hypolipidemic activity of low-cholesterol ovum oil of Rana chensinensis and phytosterol (stigmasterol) in rats.

The ovum oil of forest frog has various health beneficial functions. In the current research, we evaluated the hypolipidemic effects of the low-cholesterol ovum oil from the forest frog and its combination with stigmasterol in rats.

Pretreatment with Lactobacillus reuteri F-9-35 attenuates ethanol-induced gastric injury in rats.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies suggested that probiotics intervention may be one of the methods for preventing and/or treating gastric ulcer. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to compare the preventive effects of a spaceflight mutant Lactobacillus reuteri F-9-35 and its wild type on ethanol-induced gastric injury in rats. DESIGN: Forty rats were randomly allocated into five groups: a normal group (NOR), ethanol group (EtOH), skim milk group (MILK), L. reuteri F-9-35 group (F935) and wild-type group (WT). The NOR and EtOH groups received 1 ml of distilled water by daily gavage for 14 days. The MILK group received 1 ml of skim milk alone, while the F935 and WT groups were administered 1 ml of skim milk containing the mutant and wild type (1 × 1010 colony-forming unit/ml) by daily gavage for 14 days, respectively. Acute gastric injury was induced by absolute alcohol 1 h after the final administration of different treatments, except for the NOR group. RESULTS: Pretreatment with L. reuteri F-9-35, but not milk alone or milk with the L. reuteri wild type, showed significant reduction of ethanol-induced gastric injury, as evidenced by lowering of ulcer index, ulcer area (%), and histological lesion. F-9-35 decreased the levels of lipid peroxidation and myeloperoxidase and increased mucus, glutathione, and nitric oxide levels in gastric tissue. Moreover, F-9-35 inhibited the expression of proinflammatory genes including gastric tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1ß, and cyclooxygenase-2 and decreased the activity of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). CONCLUSION: These findings indicated that L. reuteri F-9-35 pretreatment can attenuate ethanol-induced gastric injury in rats by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammatory response. Together, L. reuteri F-9-35 has potential preventive efficacy on gastric ulcer.

Assessment of anti-diabetic activity of peanut shell polyphenol extracts.

The present study aimed to evaluate the anti-diabetic property of peanut shell polyphenol extracts (PSPEs). Diabetic rats were oral-administrated with PSPE at doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg body weight (BW) per day for 28 consecutive days, with metformin (Met) as a positive control. The results showed that, similar to the Met treatment, administration of PSPE caused significant decreases in food intake, water intake, fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and methane dicarboxylic aldehyde in serum, and significant increases in BW, insulin level, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, superoxide dismutase, glutathione, and liver glycogen. Further, glucose tolerance was markedly improved in the PSPE-treated diabetic groups. Histopathological results showed that PSPE improved cellular structural and pathological changes in liver, kidney, and pancreatic islets. Collectively, the results indicated that the hypoglycemic effects of PSPE on high-fat diet/streptozotocin (HFD/STZ)-induced diabetes are comparable to Met, though their exact mechanism actions are still under investigation. Therefore, the current study suggests that PSPE could be a potential health-care food supplement in the management of diabetes.

Lactobacillus reuteri F-9-35 Prevents DSS-Induced Colitis by Inhibiting Proinflammatory Gene Expression and Restoring the Gut Microbiota in Mice.

Probiotics are considered to be a potential treatment for ulcerative colitis (UC). The aim of this study was to compare the preventive effect of a space flight-induced mutant L. reuteri F-9-35 and its wild type on UC in vivo. Female mice were randomly assigned to five groups: one normal and four colitic. Mice from colitis groups were daily gavaged with 0.2 mL 12% (w/v) skim milk containing the mutant or wild type (1 × 1011 CFU/mL), skim milk alone or distilled water for the whole experiment period, starting 7 days before colitis induction. UC was induced by administrating mice with 3.5% (w/v) dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in drinking water for 7 days, after which DSS was removed and maintained for 3 days as a recovery phase. The results showed that the mice fed with L. reuteri F-9-35 had less inflammatory phenotype according to macroscopic and histological analysis, reduced myeloperoxidase activity, and lower expression of proinflammatory genes (Tumor necrosis factor-α, cyclooxygenase-2 and interleukin-6) in colonic tissue compared with control. Furthermore, L. reuteri F-9-35 protected the mice from gut microbiota dysbiosis from DDS induced colitis. Neither wild type nor the milk alone had such beneficial effects. From above we conclude that L. reuteri F-9-35 has great potential in the prevention of UC as a dietary supplement. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is the most common inflammatory bowel diseases and there is still a lack of safe and effective treatments. Consumption of L. reuteri F-9-35 may effective in preventing human UC.

Toxicogenomic evaluation of liver responses induced by acrylamide and glycidamide in male mouse liver.

In current studies, histopathologic method, Agilent GeneChip hybridization and Western blot were used to investigate the toxicity of acrylamide (AA) and glycidamide (GA) in male mouse livers. The histopathologic results demonstrated that AA and GA could cause oxidative damage to mouse liver. Middle dose of GA and AA (50 mg/kg b.w./day) could significantly up-regulate the expression of cytochrome P450, as well as genes related to oxidative injury, cancer and inflammation, and significantly down-regulate the expression of genes related to anti-apoptosis, antioncogene and fatty acid synthesis. Middle and high dose (75 mg/kg b.w./day) of GA and AA could both down-regulate the expression of hepatic anti-oncogene Bcl2 and up-regulate the expression of cancer-related gene Rad51 and EGFR protein. The expression of anti-oncogene P21 induced by AA and GA was decreased. Our current study demonstrated that the oxidative damage, immune injury and carcinogenicity of mouse liver samples could be induced by AA and GA at histopathological, entire genome and protein levels.

In vitro antioxidant activities of the novel pentapeptides Ser-His-Glu-Cys-Asn and Leu-Pro-Phe-Ala-Met and the relationship between activity and peptide secondary structure.

BACKGROUND: Using high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry, two novel antioxidant pentapeptides [Ser-His-Glu-Cys-Asn (SHECN) and Leu-Pro-Phe-Ala-Met (LPFAM)] were identified from 1-3-kDa soybean protein hydrolysates (SPH). The MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay was used to evaluate cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells. Antioxidant activity was measured using in vitro assays, including the cellular antioxidant activity assay (CAA), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl or 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) inhibition, and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assays. Finally, the secondary structure was determined using circular dichroism (CD). RESULTS: The results revealed that two novel peptides were nontoxic and possessed antioxidant activity. SHECN had significantly higher antioxidant activity than LPFAM (P < 0.05). The CAA value of SHECN was 776.22 µmol QE 100 g-1 . SHECN also showed significant DPPH inhibition (70.18 ± 4.06%) and ABTS inhibition (88.16 ± 0.76%). It had normalized ORAC values of 0.3000 ± 0.0070 µmol GE mg-1 and 0.0900 ± 0.0020 µmol TE mg-1 , respectively. The results of the CD analysis demonstrated that, compared to LPFAM, which had much lower antioxidant activity, SHECN had a high ß-sheet content and reduced α-helix content. CONCLUSION: The results indicated that SHECN possessed high antioxidant activity. A higher ß-sheet content and lower content levels of α-helix appear to be correlated with antioxidant activity. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

Marrow mesenchymal stromal cells reduce methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in rat models.

BACKGROUND AIMS: Staphylococci account for a large proportion of hospital-acquired infections, especially among patients with indwelling devices. These infections are often caused by biofilm-producing strains, which are difficult to eradicate and may eventually cause bacteremia and metastatic infections. Recent evidence suggests that mesenchymal stem cells can enhance bacterial clearance in vivo. METHODS: In this study, a rat model with carboxymethyl cellulose pouch infection was used to analyze the efficacy of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs) against the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. RESULTS: The results showed that the administration of BMSCs effectively reduced the number of bacterial colonies and the expression of many cytokines and chemokines (such as interleukin [IL]-6, IL-1ß, IL-10 and CCL5). Unlike the fibroblast control groups, the pouch tissues from the BMSC-treated rats showed the formation of granulations, suggesting that the healing of the wound was in progress. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that the treatment of BMSCs can reduce methicillin-resistant S aureus infection in vivo, thereby reducing the inflammatory response.

Optimized antioxidant peptides fractions preparation and secondary structure analysis by MIR.

The soybean protein was hydrolyzed by Alcalase Food grade (FG) 2.4 L and the optimal hydrolysis parameters of strongest antioxidant capacity of peptides were obtained using response surface methodology (RSM). The effects of reaction temperature, pH value and ratio of enzyme/soybean protein powder ([E/S]) on the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) of the peptides was well fitted to a quadric equation with high determination coefficients. The hydrolysate with optimal DPPH was predicted to be obtained at: temperature of 50°C, pH value of 10.32, and [E/S] ratio of 12%. The hydrolysates were separated by the ultrafiltration membranes in the cut-off MW at 1kDa, 3kDa, 10kDa and 30kDa and molecular weight cut-offs (MWCO) I-V were determined antioxidant activity. And secondary structures of those fractions were investigated by mid-infrared spectroscopy (MIR).

Protective effect of allicin against acrylamide-induced hepatocyte damage in vitro and in vivo.

Acrylamide (AA) is known to be a neurotoxic, genotoxic, and carcinogenic compound. The presence of AA in foods causes public health concerns. In our previous study, we found that allicin can effectively reduce AA content in Maillard model system. However, there has been no report on whether allicin can reduce AA-induced toxicity in vitro and in vivo. In our present study, we evaluated the protective effect of allicin against AA-induced hepatocyte damage in cultured mouse primary hepatocytes and mouse liver. Our date suggested that allicin significantly decreased the levels of maleic dialdehyde (MDA) and 8-hydroxy-desoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) both in vitro and in vivo study. Allicin also markedly increased the activity of total superoxide dismutase (SOD) and level of glutathione (GSH). The in vitro study revealed that 15 µM allicin was the optimum concentration for inhibiting AA-induced hepatocyte damage. The in vivo study revealed that 20mg/kg b.w./day allicin was the optimum dose for inhibiting AA-induced hepatocyte damage. The protective effects of allicin against AA-induced hepatocyte damage may be due to its ability to scavenge free radicals and its effective recovery of the antioxidative defense system, and its ability to block the epoxidation process of AA to GA by inhibiting P450 enzyme.