[THE USEFULNESS OF POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY / COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF METASTASIS IN PATIENTS WITH UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA].

(Purpose) This study examined the usefulness of positron emission tomography (PET) / computed tomography (CT) in the diagnosis of metastasis in patients with urothelial carcinoma. (Materials and methods) The subjects were patients who were newly diagnosed with urothelial carcinoma in our department on whom we performed CT and PET/CT to search for metastasis. (Results) The median age of the 92 subjects was 71 years, and bladder and upper tract urotherial cancer were underlying diseases in 41 (46%) and 51 (54%) patients, respectively. In 66 (72%) of the 92 cases, no metastasis was observed by CT, while PET/CT revealed metastasis in 9 (14%). The 57 (86%) patients in whom both CT and PET/CT showed no metastasis underwent radical surgery, while 2 patients (4%) exhibited pathological lymph node metastasis.Of the 26 patients in whom CT revealed metastasis, PET/CT showed no metastasis in 3 (12%), and the absence of pathological metastasis was confirmed in all patients. Of the 23 patients found to have metastasis in both CT and PET/CT, metastasis that could not be identified by CT was discovered by performing PET/CT in 10 (43%) patients.PET/CT showed significantly higher diagnostic accuracy than CT alone (p< 0.01), with sensitivities of 94.1% and 67.6%, specificities of 100% and 94.8%, and positive diagnosis rates of 97.8% and 84.7%, respectively. (Conclusions) PET/CT in patients with urothelial cancer revealed that metastases that cannot be diagnosed by CT alone are found at a significant frequency. Since these metastases can affect treatment choices in patients with urothelial cancer, PET/CT is considered to be useful in diagnosing patients with urothelial cancer.

[CLINICAL OUTCOMES OF GENDER AFFIRMING SURGERY FOR GENDER DYSPHORIA/INCONGRUENCE: A SINGLE-INSTITUTE EXPERIENCE].

(Purpose) To investigate clinical outcomes of gender affirming surgery performed for gender dysphoria/incongruence. (Material and methods) This retrospective observational study included 59 transgender persons (41 transgender men and 18 transgender women) who received gender affirming surgery at Sapporo Medical University Hospital from June 2006 through December 2018. Their medical charts were reviewed and peri- and postoperative complications within one year after surgery were checked and graded according to the Clavien-Dindo classification. In addition, the voiding condition in transgender men, and the length of the constructed vagina in transgender women were investigated over time as functional outcomes. (Results) The median age at surgery was 32 years and the median duration of gender affirming hormone treatment was 40 months. In transgender men, the median operation time and blood loss were 393 minutes and 970 ml, respectively. Two subjects needed red blood cell transfusion. For transgender women, the operation time was 347 minutes, and the blood loss was 590 ml, and none needed transfusion. Some postoperative complications were observed in the 18 transgender men, and 6 patients required surgical repair associated with the neo-urethra. Among the transgender women, 17 had postoperative complications but none of them was classified as grade 3 or more. Gait disorder occurred in 7, and remained in three even in the final observational period. This event occurred more often in those with a body mass index of 25 kg/m2 or more, higher values of postoperative serum creatine kinase, and was more likely to occur with the use of a boot-type leg holder. As functional outcomes, urinary retention was observed in one transgender man after the cystostomy was removed, and temporary re-catheterization was needed. Others had no complaint about their urination. In the transgender women, the constructed vaginal length after skin inversion was gradually shortened (from 10 to 8 cm) for three months after surgery. (Conclusion) Gender affirming surgery was performed safely in our institution. It is necessary to investigate the long-term functional outcomes and/or the changes in quality of life between the pre- and postoperative periods in the future.

[Predictive Factor of Urinary Continence after Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy].

We examined the postoperative urinary continence rate, and preoperative and postoperative factors predicting postoperative urinary continence for patients who underwent robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RARP) at our hospital. In all, 122 patients who received RARP were retrospectively analyzed. All patients answered a questionnaire to evaluate the urinary condition and also had a follow-up period of 6 months or longer after surgery. We defined urinary continence to be the use of 1 pad per day or less, including a safety pad. Membranous urethral length (MUL) was measured using sagittal sections of T1-weighted MRI. Postoperative urinary incontinence rates were 48.7, 72.4, 82.6 and 86.8% at 3, 6, 12 and 24 months after surgery, respectively. MUL was a significant predictive factor of urinary continence at 6 months after surgery (p<0.01). We examined the factors predicting the urinary continence recovery at 6 months after surgery, including only patients who did not obtain urinary continence at 1 month after surgery. Two factors, MUL of 11 mm or longer and two pads per day at 1 month after surgery, were significant predictive factors of urinary continence recovery at 6 months after surgery (P=0.02, P=0.04). Patients who had a long MUL could easily obtain urinary continence after RARP compared to those with a short MUL. Most patients with a long MUL and with use of 2 pads per day at 1 month after surgery could obtain urinary continence at 6 months after surgery, even if they had urinary incontinence at 1 month after surgery.

[A Case of Refractory Hemorrhagic Cystitis in which Bleeding Control was Finally Achieved by Cystectomy].

A 60-year-old man presented at our hospital with gross hematuria. He had been treated for nephrotic syndrome with cyclophosphamide and steroids since he was in his 20s. We detected diffuse hemorrhagic cystitis on cystoscopy and diagnosed him with cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis. He was hospitalized due to clot retention. We treated him with blood transfusion for severe anemia and conducted continuous bladder irrigation. We performed hyperbaric oxygen therapy and transurethral electric coagulation, and increased the steroid dose. However, we could not control the hematuria. Finally, we performed cystectomy, and he is now well without hematuria. Although cystectomy is the final option, it is important to decide it in a timely manner because a delay decreases the quality of life.

Bacillus Calmette-Guérin may have clinical benefit for glandular or squamous differentiation in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer patients: retrospective multicenter study.

OBJECTIVES: To clarify the efficacy of intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) instillation for non-muscle invasive bladder (NMIBC) cancer with variant histology, especially glandular differentiation or squamous differentiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From May 1991 through June 2016, 53 patients were diagnosed retrospectively as having NMIBC with variant histology. Among these patients, 47 NMIBC patients with squamous differentiation or glandular differentiation were analyzed for this study. The median follow-up interval from diagnosis of NMIBC with variant histology was 28.9 months (1.5-168.8). RESULTS: Of these patients, 38 (80.9%) and 9 (19.1%) were diagnosed as having glandular differentiation and squamous differentiation, respectively. Radical cystectomy was conducted for six (12.8%) immediately after the diagnosis of NMIBC with variant histology. Of the 41 patients with bladder preservation, 20 (48.8%), 3 (7.3%), 3 (7.3%) and 15 (36.6%) underwent BCG, THP, MMC and no additional treatment, respectively. There were significant differences between BCG and other treatments or no additional treatment for recurrence (P = 0.034), progression (P = 0.004) and cancer-specific survival (P = 0.014). CONCLUSION: Overall, our results show that intravesical BCG instillation for variant histology in NMIBC leads to a better prognosis with regard to progression and cause-specific survival than other intravesical treatments or no additional treatment. BCG treatment may also have a clinical benefit for variant histology in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer patients.