Mohs Micrographic Surgery With Immunohistochemistry for the Treatment of Periocular Melanoma In Situ.

PURPOSE: Mohs micrographic surgery with immunohistochemistry allows for same-day comprehensive margin assessment of melanoma in situ prior to subspecialty reconstruction. This study describes the oncologic and reconstructive outcomes of eyelid and periorbital melanoma in situ and identifies risk factors for complex reconstructive demands. METHODS: Retrospective case series of all patients treated with Mohs micrographic surgery with immunohistochemistry for melanoma in situ affecting the eyelids or periorbital region from 2008 to 2018 at a single institution. Tumors were assigned to the eyelid group if the clinically visible tumor involved the skin inside the orbital rim. Reconstructive variables were compared between the eyelid and periorbital cohorts. RESULTS: There were 24 eyelid and 141 periorbital tumors included. The initial surgical margin for all tumors was 5.34 ± 1.54 mm and multiple Mohs stages were required in 24.2% of cases. Eyelid tumors included more recurrences (p = 0.003), and the average defect size was larger (14.0 ± 13.3 cm2 vs. 7.7 ± 5.4 cm2, p = 0.03). Risk factors for complex reconstruction included: initial tumor diameter >2 cm (odds ratio [OR]: 3.84, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.95-7.57) and eyelid involved by initial tumor (OR: 4.88, 95% CI: 1.94-12.28). At an average follow-up of 4.8 years, there were no melanoma-related deaths and 1 local recurrence (0.6% recurrence rate). CONCLUSIONS: Mohs micrographic surgery with immunohistochemistry achieves excellent local control rates for periocular melanoma in situ. An initial surgical margin of 5 mm is frequently insufficient to achieve clear margins. The resulting defects are large, and the complexity of reconstruction can be predicted by tumor size and clinical involvement of eyelid skin.

Elevated Intraocular Pressure in Periorbital Sweet's Syndrome.

A 66-year-old immunocompromised man presented with cellulitis around the left eye that was initially concerning for necrotizing fasciitis. Exam findings were remarkable for exquisite periocular tenderness with rigid, immobile eyelids resulting from severe erythema, edema, and induration. Given the concern for orbital compartment syndrome and a necrotizing infection, the patient was taken urgently to the operating room for debridement of the eyelid skin as well as an urgent lateral canthotomy and cantholysis. His eye exam revealed 360° of hemorrhagic chemosis, no relative afferent pupillary defect, and an ipsilateral elevated intraocular pressure of 35 mm Hg. No visual acuity measurement could be obtained secondary to the patient's altered mental status. His intraocular pressure normalized after treatment with antihypertensive drops and further extension of the canthotomy. Histopathological analysis showed extensive neutrophilic infiltrate of the dermis which was compatible with a diagnosis of Sweet's syndrome.

Update on thyroid eye disease: Regional variations in prevalence, diagnosis, and management.

Thyroid eye disease (TED) is a rare disease that can lead to decreased quality of life, permanent disfigurement, and vision loss. Clinically, TED presents with exophthalmos, periorbital edema, extraocular muscle dysfunction, and eyelid retraction, and can lead to vision-threatening complications such as exposure to keratopathy and dysthyroid optic neuropathy (DON). Over the last several years, significant advancements have been made in the understanding of its pathophysiology as well as optimal management. Ethnic variations in the prevalence, clinical presentation, and risk of vision-threatening complications of TED are summarized, and risk factors associated with TED are discussed. Additionally, significant advances have been made in the management of TED. The management of TED traditionally included anti-inflammatory medications, orbital radiation therapy, orbital surgical decompression, and biologic therapies. Most recently, targeted therapies such as teprotumumab, an insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor antagonist, have been studied in the context of TED, with promising initial data. In this review, updates in the understanding and management of TED are presented with a focus on the international variations in presentation and management.

Orbital Actinomyces Masquerading as Meningioma.

Orbital actinomyces is a rare diagnosis with only a few cases reported in the literature. It can be difficult to diagnose due to its slow, indolent course, and nonspecific findings on imaging and clinical examination, and frequently it can masquerade as other pathologies such as neoplasm and inflammatory disease. The authors present a case of actinomyces masquerading as meningioma with findings of hyperostosis and a superior orbital roof interosseous tract on imaging.