Apple pomace and rosemary extract ameliorates hepatic steatosis in fructose-fed rats: Association with enhancing fatty acid oxidation and suppressing inflammation.

Apple pomace and rosemary (AR) have been reported to contain rich bioactive molecules, which have numerous metabolic effects. Our preliminary work revealed that AR ameliorated fructose-induced insulin resistance in rats by modulating sarcolemmal CD36 and glucose transporter-4. The present study aimed to further examine how AR improves metabolic disorders by investigating the effect of AR on hepatic steatosis induced by fructose overconsumption. The results demonstrated that AR (100 mg/kg daily by gavage for 5 weeks) attenuated chronic liquid fructose consumption-induced increases in liver triglyceride content in rats. Mechanistically, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blot analysis results indicated that AR reversed fructose-induced suppression of hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α, carnitine palmitoyl-transferase 1α, sirtuin 1 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α, which were associated with the fatty acid oxidative (FAO) pathway. In addition, AR treatment decreased the expression levels of the pro-inflammatory proteins NF-κB and tumor necrosis factor-α. However, AR had no effect on the genes related to lipogenesis and the very low-density lipoprotein-export pathway in rat liver. Thus, the present results suggested that AR treatment diminished long-term fructose overconsumption-induced fatty liver, which was associated with enhanced FAO and suppressed inflammation.