[Health risk assessment associated with priority potentially hazardous chemical compounds detected in canned meat and meat-and-vegetable food for infants].

Assessment of public health safety associated with chemical contaminants consumed with food is an important component for solving the tasks of ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population. For these purposes, it is necessary to establish priority potentially dangerous compounds among the identified undeclared and unintended chemical contaminants for further consumers risk assessment. In conditions of unacceptable levels of health risk, it is necessary to decide whether it is advisable to develop new or change existing hygiene standards for these substances. The aim of the study was to assess the health risk associated with priority potentially dangerous unintended chemical components of contamination in canned meat and meat-and-vegetable products for infants (using the example of N-nitrosoamines). Material and methods. The selection of priority chemical compounds and public health risk assessment were carried out in accordance with the procedure for identifying undeclared and potentially dangerous unintended chemicals in food and using modified approaches based on the results of previous studies. Health risk assessment for infants consuming canned meat and meat-and-vegetables containing priority chemicals was carried out in accordance with the methodology approved by the Eurasian Economic Commitee, as well as using the Guidelines for assessing risks to public health when exposed to environmental pollutants. To characterize the calculated risk levels, the classification proposed in the draft document «Guidelines for assessing risks to public health when exposed to environmental pollutants¼ was used. Results. N-nitrosoamines are classified as chemical contaminants that are a priority for public health risk assessment, identified on the basis of the potential hazard category. A comparative health risk assessment for the target group consumers of canned meat and meat-and-vegetables sold on the territory of the Russian Federation and the Socialistic Republic of Vietnam showed the presence of an unacceptable risk to the health of the Russian population in relation to non-carcinogenic adverse health effects associated with the intake of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) (hazard quotient HQ=1.1) and N-nitrosodibuthylamine (HQ=5.25). Many experimental (animal) researches confirm the formation of negative effects and potential harm to humans, formed by the consumption of N-nitrosoamines with food. At the same time, the level of the exposure of N-nitrosoamines during oral administration was assessed mainly from the side of carcinogenic effects, however, this study reflects the hazard, including from non-carcinogenic risks associated not only with NDMA and N-nitrosodiethylamine, for which there is a hygienic standard, but also for other N-nitrosoamines, for which there is no hygienic regulation. In turn, the European Food Safety Agency's (EFSA) study notes that it is necessary to conduct a risk assessment for human health in relation to other N-nitrosoamines identified in food, and, if necessary, rationing of these compounds, which is also confirmed by this study. Conclusion. The conducted health risk assessment of the target population of Russia (infants from 6 months to 3 years) consuming the studied types of products containing N-nitrosoamines showed the presence of unacceptable levels of non-carcinogenic health risks in relation to the development processes and impaired liver function. In connection with the identified risks to the health of the target population, it is advisable to establish maximum permissible levels not only for the amount of NDMA and N-nitrosodiethylamine, but also for other N-nitrozoamines identified by the results of the study, with their subsequent regulation.

[Nutrition monitoring in secondary education institutions].

Nutrition provided to children at school is a factor that exerts most significant influence on their health. However, certain issues remain unresolved in the sphere and this initiated nutrition monitoring within the "Demography" Russian National Project. The purpose of this study was to analyze the results of nutrition monitoring in secondary education institutions located in Perm region in order to determine priority indicators for its further estimation. Material and methods. We assessed how meals were organized in secondary schools. Data on school meals were obtained by active questioning that involved using specifically designed questionnaires. These data were collected in 60 institutions in 2021 within the "Improvement of public health" Russian Federal Project, an integral part of the "Demography" Russian National Project and within our own research programs (61 institutions, 2008). A specially designed questionnaire included a description of the diet, the number of pupils covered by meals (both organized and independent), teaching methods on healthy eating, ownership of the school canteen, as well as a request for an approximate 10-day menu. The nutrient and energy value of the diets was calculated. Results. We established several trends after analyzing the results of nutrition monitoring in secondary education institutions in Perm region. First, a number of children who had meals at school tended to decrease with age since it went down by 12% in the 5th-9th grade (p=0.0001) and by 34% in the 10th-11th grade (p<0.001) against the 1st-4th grade (93%). Another trend was a rather low share of children who had two meals at school (not more than 20%). We established a correlation between a number of children provided with meals at school and specific organization of nutrition in a given school. Thus, if meals were provided by an outsourcer, this number went down by two times against schools with their own nutrition units. Organization of nutrition also determined costs of a meal (by 1.4 fold higher if provided by an outsourcer) but did not influence their qualitative (nutrient) structure. A number of children who had meals at school decreased against 2008 with significant differences detected in middle school (by 21%). Certain violations of nutrition regimes were established at various stages in the study. Thus, breaks became shorter than required; intervals between meals either grew or decreased improperly. All this can have certain influence on a number of children who have meals at school. In 2021, meals provided at school conformed to the existing hygienic standards as per nutritional value. Thus, breakfast provided 26-33% of the age-specific physiological needs; lunch, 38-49%. They also contained balanced quantities of basic macronutrients (the content of proteins, fats and carbohydrates in terms of calories: 14, 32 and 54%) but there was still imbalance in contents of minerals (calcium, phosphor, and magnesium: 1 : 1.7 : 0.6) due to calcium deficiency. Conclusion. It is advisable to continue nutrition monitoring with greater attention paid to such indicators as a number of children provided with hot meals, nutrition regime, qualitative and quantitative structure of diets. In addition, it is recommended to estimate a number of children in middle and senior school who have meals at school and are free to choose from several courses.

Indicators of Immune and Neurohumoral Profile in Women of Fertile Age with Functional Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System Associated with Polymorphic Variants of the HTR2A (rs7997012) and TP53 (rs1042522) Genes.

In women of fertile age with functional disorders of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), a complex of indicators of the immune and neurohumoral profile associated with polymorphic variants of the HTR2A (rs7997012) and TP53 (rs1042522) genes was revealed. In patients with the diagnosis "G90.8. Other disorders of the autonomic nervous system", the neurohumoral profile is characterized by excessive content of cortisol and serotonin (p<0.05), which indicates the development of the hypersympathicotonic variant of autonomic regulation disorders. The cellular immune profile in the examined individuals was characterized by a significant decrease in the content of CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+ lymphocytes (p<0.05). At the same time hyperactivation of the humoral immune response was observed. In particular, we revealed enhanced production of IgG and IgM antibodies accompanied by increased count of CD19+ lymphocytes (p<0.05), which characterized clinical and laboratory manifestations of the asthenic syndrome. The women with ANS disorders had increased frequency of the G allele (OR=3.00; 95%CI 1.20-7.47) and GG genotype (OR=3.91; 95%CI 1.00-15.24) of the HTR2A (rs7997012) serotonin receptor gene, as well as the G allele (OR=1.93; 95%CI 1.04-3.57), CG genotype (OR=2.38; 95%CI 1.02-5.53) and the GG genotype (OR=1.48; 95%CI 0.42-5.24) of the TP53 (rs1042522) oncosuppressor protein gene (p<0.05). The polymorphic G allele and GG genotype variants of candidate genes (HTR2A (rs7997012) and TP53 (rs1042522) genes) in women with ANS pathology are associated with an imbalance of the neurohumoral (excess of cortisol and serotonin) and immune regulation (deficiency of the CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+, excess of CD19+, IgG and IgM). These parameters form a complex of the immune, neurohumoral, and genetic profile indicators in women of fertile age that characterize functional disorders of ANS manifestations by hypersympathicotonic type with an asthenic component.

Conditions of Aerogenic Exposure to Benzene and Genetic Status as Factors of Formation of Immune Profile Features in Men with Autonomic Regulation Disturbances.

We studied the immunological status and polymorphic variants of candidate genes in men with disturbances of autonomic nervous regulation under conditions of aerogenic exposure to benzene. The group of men with pathology of the autonomic nervous system (autonomic dysfunction syndrome) living under conditions of aerogenic exposure to benzene is characterized by increased blood contamination with benzene, which 1.5-fold surpassed this parameter in the group of conventionally healthy men (p<0.05). The immune profile of the surveyed men is characterized by increased specific sensitization (IgG to benzene) and activation of apoptosis (TNFR, p53) and phagocytosis. The production of serum IgA was also increased (p<0.05) in men of this group. The content of CD127- lymphocytes significantly (p<0.05) exceeded the reference level against the background of a significantly reduced (p<0.05) level of CD3+CD95+ lymphocytes irrespective of the presence or absence of autonomic nervous system pathology in men with excessive haptenic load with benzene. The revealed features of the immune status of men with autonomic regulation disorders were significantly associated (OR>1; p<0.05) with the variant allele of the FOXP3 immune regulation gene (rs3761547) and with wild-type allele of the SOD2 superoxide dismutase gene (rs2758330) and the corresponding homozygous genotypes. The established features of immune regulation (hyperproduction of IgG to benzene, imbalance of apoptosis markers (CD127-, CD3+CD95+, p53, and TNFR) against the background of altered polymorphism of candidate genes (FOXP3, SOD2) form a complex of genetic and immunological markers of autonomic regulation disorders in men living under conditions of aerogenic exposure to benzene.

[Comparative assessment of N-nitrosamines' contamination of baby's canned meat with vegetables and cereals by various methods in Russia and Vietnam].

The quality and safety of food, intended for baby in particular, is one of the global issues of our time. The group of carcinogenic N-nitrosamines is of especially dangerous. It is worth mentioning that currently there are no standards for their content in Vietnam. Therefore, to ensure the chemical safety of infant food, it is necessary to improve the control system, including the development of modern technical and methodological base. The aim of the research is the comparative assessment of contamination with highly toxic, N-nitrosoamines of baby canned meat and vegetable products by the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) using an automatic solid-phase extraction system and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Material and methods. The objects of research were homogenized canned meat-vegetable products for baby nutrition - 21 samples taken from the distribution network of the Republic of Vietnam: vegetables and rice with chicken (sample No. 1); sweet corn with mashed potatoes and turkey (sample No. 2); potatoes with veal (sample No. 3); each species has 7 samples. Each food sample was analyzed thrice by two methods. At the Federal Center of Perm, the screening studies of canned foods were performed using GC/ MS with application of the automatic solid-phase extraction system (SPE) after distillation using alkaline catalysis at the sample preparation stage. At the National Institute of Food Control of Republic of Viеtnam, canned samples were studied using GC-MS/MS. The extraction method was developed on the base of QuEChERS-approach. Results and discussion. During the research, the following chemical contaminants were found in the canned samples: N-nitrosodimethylamine, N-nitrosodiethylamine, N-methylethyl nitrosoamine, N-dipropylnitrosoamine, N-dibutyl nitrosoamine, N-piperidinitrozoamine, N-pyrrolidinin nitrosoamine, N-morpholinithrosamine and N-diphenyl nitrosoamine. It was demonstrated that the results of quantitative determination of the content of N-nitrosoamines in canned meat of Vietnam producers obtained in different laboratories are comparable and have good validation characteristics for the determination of N-nitrosoamines in baby food. Thus, N-nitrosodimethylamine was detected by both methods in all analyzed samples in the concentration range from 0.00045 to 0.00077 mg/kg. Values exceeding the maximum permissible level of N-nitrosoamines (N-nitrosodimethylamine and N-nitrosodiethylamine) in canned meat and vegetable samples (0.001 mg/kg according to Technical Regulations of the Customs Union TR TC 021/ 2011 "On Food Safety") were not found. The application of low-resolution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and the use of an automatic SPE system made it possible to achieve high comparability of the results in chemical analysis of N-nitrosoamines in canned products obtained in the laboratory of the Center and the National Institute for Food Control of Vietnam. Conclusion. The executed studies indicate the need for further monitoring of the content of chemicals in baby products in order to justify methodological approaches to the analysis of the risk of the simultaneous effect of chemical contaminants on the health of children. In this regard, it seems extremely important and relevant issue of hygienic regulation of the content of the studied compounds in products for baby food.

Analysis of the Role of Carriership of Polymorphic Genotypes of ESR1, eNOS, and APOE4 Genes in the Development of Arterial Hypertension in Men.

We studied the role of the carrier status for polymorphic loci of genes encoding estrogen receptors (ESR1), endothelial NO synthase (eNOS), and apolipoprotein E (APOE4) and products of their expression nitrogen oxide (NO) and apolipoprotein (ApoE) in the development of arterial hypertension in men. Conventionally healthy volunteers and 149 men with clinical manifestations of stage I-II arterial hypertension were examined. In men with arterial hypertension, the frequency of minor allele A of ESR1 gene was higher (27.5 vs. 9.5% in the reference group; χ2=4.43, p=0.04). The level of NO in the peripheral blood was also higher in the main group (χ2=3.93, p=0.047). The increase in NO concentration did not depend on the presence of polymorphic genotypes (GG and GT) of eNOS gene, but the decrease in ApoE level in blood serum was associated with TC genotype of APOE4 gene (p=0.04). Our results suggest that minor allele A of ESR1 gene is associated with the development of arterial hypertension in men. Reduced content of ApoE in blood serum of men with arterial hypertension was associated with APOE4 gene polymorphism. However, increased level of NO did not depend on polymorphic genotypes GG and GT of eNOS gene. These polymorphisms are of specific interest as additional markers of genetic predisposition to the development of arterial hypertension in middle-age men.

Diagnostics of Early Changes in the Immune System Due to Low Concentration of N-Nitrosamines in the Blood.

The concentration of N-nitrosamines (N-nitrosodimethylamine and N-nitrosodiethylamine) was measured in blood samples from children after consumption of drinking water with high content of nitrates (main group) or water meeting health standards (reference group). N-nitrosodimethylamine level in the blood from children of the main group differed from that in the reference group by 2.6 times (0.00026±0.00012 and 0.0001±0.00092 mg/dm3, respectively; p<0.05). The specific immune response to N-nitrosodimethylamine exposure was manifested in an increase in the level of specific serum IgG (2 times higher than that in the reference group). An increase in the specific sensitivity to N-nitrosodimethylamine (by the criterion of IgG) was observed in 60.7% subjects. A correlation was found between an increase in the level of IgG to N-nitrosodimethylamine and rise in the concentration of N-nitrosodimethylamine in the blood (R 2 =0.35; p=0.021). Under these conditions the spontaneous and induced production of arachidonic acid metabolites (leukotrienes) increased by 2.1 times, while the expression of p53 transcription factor (responsible for oncosuppression) decreased by 1.9 times as compared to those in the reference group (p<0.05).

A Multiphase Flow in the Antroduodenal Portion of the Gastrointestinal Tract: A Mathematical Model.

A group of authors has developed a multilevel mathematical model that focuses on functional disorders in a human body associated with various chemical, physical, social, and other factors. At this point, the researchers have come up with structure, basic definitions and concepts of a mathematical model at the "macrolevel" that allow describing processes in a human body as a whole. Currently we are working at the "mesolevel" of organs and systems. Due to complexity of the tasks, this paper deals with only one meso-fragment of a digestive system model. It describes some aspects related to modeling multiphase flow in the antroduodenal portion of the gastrointestinal tract. Biochemical reactions, dissolution of food particles, and motor, secretory, and absorbing functions of the tract are taken into consideration. The paper outlines some results concerning influence of secretory function disorders on food dissolution rate and tract contents acidity. The effect which food density has on inflow of food masses from a stomach to a bowel is analyzed. We assume that the future development of the model will include digestive enzymes and related reactions of lipolysis, proteolysis, and carbohydrates breakdown.

[THE DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF THE GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY METHOD AND VALIDATION DEVELOPMENT FOR THE ORGANIC CYANIDE (CYANOETHYLENE) DETERMINATION IN EXPIRED AIR].

There are presented results of experimental studies on the development of gas chromatography method for the cyan ethylene determination in expired air During the process of the study there was chosen and proved the capillary gas chromatography method; there were investigated and elaborated optimal parameters of the gas chromatography separation of cyanoethylene with associated hydrocarbons together with the sample preparation and quantitative measurement methods. There was achieved the optimal level of gas chromatography quantification method for the cyan ethylene determination at 0, 00012 mg/m3, with the method uncertainty not more than 25%. The method was tried during the medical and biological examination of groups of 6-8 years old children, living in the territory of exposition from the moment of the birth and in the control territory.

[Methodological approaches to the substantiation of a harmonized mean year maximum permissible nickel concentration in ambient air].

In the article there are presented the results of the substantiation of a harmonized mean year maximum permissible nickel concentrations (MPNC) in ambient air according to the results of epidemiological studies and mathematical modeling of the evolution of risk Data of the analysis of hygienic standards of the nickel content in the air used both in Russia and abroad, as well as the results of the own research allow us to recommend as a harmonized mean year MPNC-0.00005 mg/m3, and as critical effects--disorders of the respiratory organs.

A mathematical model of the immune and neuroendocrine systems mutual regulation under the technogenic chemical factors impact.

The concept of the triad regulatory metasystem, which includes the neuroendocrine and immune regulation systems, is currently generally accepted. Changes occurring in each of the regulatory systems in response to the impact of technogenic chemical factors are also well known. This paper presents mathematical models of the immune and neuroendocrine system functioning, using the interaction between these systems in response to bacterial invasion as an example, and changes in their performance under exposure to chemical factors, taking into account the stage of functional disorders in a producing organ, using the performance of the bone marrow as an example.

[Justifying genetic and immune markers of efficiency and sensitivity under combined exposure to risk factors in mining industry workers].

The authors evaluated and justified immunologic and genetic markers under combined exposure to risk factors in mining industry workers. Analysis covered polymorphism features of 29 genes with variant alleles possibly participating in occupationally conditioned diseases formation and serving as sensitivity markers of these diseases risk. The genes association selected demonstrates reliably changed polymorphism vs. the reference group (SOD2 superoxidedismutase gene, ANKK1 dophamine receptor gene, SULT1A1 sulphtransaminase gene, MTHFR methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase gene, VEGF endothelial growth factor gene, TNF-alpha tumor necrosis factor gene). Under combined exposure to occupational hazards (sylvinite dust, noise) in mining industry, this association can serve as adequate marking complex of sensitivity to development of occupationally conditioned diseases. Increased-production of immune cytokine regulation markers: tumor necrosis factor and vascular endothelial growth factor. Genes SOD2, ANKK1, SULT1A1, VEGF, TNFalpha are recommended as sensitivity markers, and the coded cytokines (tumor necrosis factor and endothelial growth factor) are proposed as effect markers in evaluation of health risk for workers in mining industry.

[Influence of dust load on oxidant activity and antioxidant defense parameters of workers in steel factories].

The article covers data on levels of oxidative and antioxidant processes under influence of low fibrogenous dust in workers at steel mills. Reliable differences were seen between groups of workers with different dust load, dust particles size in blood, acitvity level of lipid peroxidation products occurrence--that worsens inflammatory reaction and dysfunction of lower respiratory tract. Findings are that occupations--preparation of steelpouring mixtures, converter melters, batchers--with highest silicon content of blood, if compared to other occupations and to the reference group (1.6 and 2.9 times respectively), demonstrated more intense change in parameters of oxidation processes activation (increased level of lipid hydroperoxide and malonic dialdehyde) with depressed antioxidant defense (lower level of general antioxidant defense).

[Contrast-induced nephropathy in coronarography of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: risk factors, prognostic significance, prophylactic approaches].

AIM: To determine risk factors, prognostic implications and prophylaxis of contrast-inducible nephropathy (CIN) during coronarography (CG) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Records for 151 patients with type 2 DM and 50 non-diabetic patients examined with CG in A.N. Bakulev Research Center for Cardiovascular Surgery in 2000-2007 were analysed retrospectively. All the patients have undergone clinical examination including tests for blood serum creatinine before and after 48 hours after CG, standard ECG and echocardiography. Glomerular filtration rate was estimated by MDRD formula. Selective CG was made with application of contrast agent Omnipak-300 (iohexol). RESULTS: CIN after CG more frequently developed in diabetics than in non-diabetic patients matched for age, renal function, dose of contrast medium and hydration regime (40.4 and 16%, respectively; p < 0.002). Risk of CIN in patients with type 2 DM was associated with cardiac failure of NYHA class III-IV, anemia, dose of the contrast agent, intake of diuretic drugs before and after the procedure, multiple affection of the coronary vessels, necessity of intervention. Patients with type 2 DM and CIN showed more rapid decline of the renal function, more frequently developed severe cardiovascular events, had worse 1-year survival. CONCLUSION: High probability of CIN and its prognostic significance in type 2 DM patients necessitates assessment of an individual risk for taking preventive measures during conduction of contrast diagnostic procedures.

[Evaluation of the impact of emissions from the oil-refining plants on human health]. / Otsenka vozdeistviia vybrosov neftepererabatyvaiushchikh proizvodsstv na zdorov'e naseleniia.

The entry of complexes of organic compounds, the components of the emissions from petrochemical and oil-refining plants into the environment leads to its quality and can have an adverse impact on the health status of the population in the area adjacent to the petrochemical plant. This paper deals with the formation of an evidence base for evaluating the etiopathogenetic role of the chemical components of emissions from a petrochemical plant in the development of diseases in the population under environmental conditions. The files of data accumulated in the period of 1994-2001 were analytically generalized in the electron database in accordance with the content of the priority chemical components of emissions in the body of 250 children living in the industrial area where the study plant is situated. The estimation of the level and time course of changes in toxicants in the blood of children identified health indicators to optimize monitoring and to evaluate the efficiency of environment-protective and therapeutic-and-prophylactic programs. The findings suggest that the elevated level of some organic compounds that exert a polytropic toxic effect on the vital organs and systems is a risk factor for diseases and requires a systemic monitoring.

[Diagnosis of formaldehyde allergy]. / Diagnostika sensibilizatsii k formal'degidu.

Exposure to small-dose environmental agents is a risk factor of immunopathological reactions. The levels of formaldehyde-specific IgE were comparatively analyzed in 50 children of whom 25 live in the area exposed to formaldehyde. Children with varying respiratory allergic reactions comprised a study group. To identify allergen-specific IgE, the authors used a method that determined formaldehyde antibodies by using the tested allergen (formaldehyde on the paper). There were significant group-specific differences in the levels of formaldehyde antibodies (3.8 times higher in the study group than in the controls). Combined therapy substantially reduced specific IgE whose levels returned to the levels observed in the controls. The findings may recommend the use of this test for the diagnosis of immune-depended abnormalities and the evaluation of their effective treatment.