Severe Obesity in Women Can Lead to Worse Memory Function and Iron Dyshomeostasis Compared to Lower Grade Obesity.

Objective: Obesity is one of the modifiable risk factors for dementia. Insulin resistance, the abundance of advanced glycated end-products, and inflammation are some of the mechanisms associated with the lower cognitive performance observed in obesity. This study aims to evaluate the cognitive function of subjects with distinct degrees of obesity, comparing class I and II obesity (OBI/II) to class III obesity (OBIII), and to investigate metabolic markers that can distinguish OBIII from OBI/II. Study Design. This is a cross-sectional study, in which 45 females with BMI varying from 32.8 to 51.9 kg/m2 completed a set of 4 cognitive tests (verbal paired-associate test, stroop color, digit span, and Toulouse-Pieron cancellation test) and their plasma metabolites, enzymes, and hormones related to glycemia, dyslipidemia, and liver function, as well as the biomarkers of iron status, were concomitantly analyzed. Results: OBIII showed lower scores in the verbal paired-associate test compared to OBI/II. In other cognitive tests, both groups showed similar performance. OBIII presented a lower iron status compared to OBI/II based on total iron binding capacity, degree of transferrin saturation, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin. The levels of indicators for glycemia, liver function, and lipid metabolism were similar in both groups. Analysis of plasma metabolites showed that OBIII had lower levels of pyroglutamic acid, myoinositol, and aspartic acid and higher levels of D-ribose than OBI/II. Conclusion: Iron is an essential micronutrient for several metabolic pathways. Thus, iron dyshomeostasis observed in severe obesity may aggravate the cognitive impairment by altering metabolic homeostasis and enhancing oxidative stress. These findings can contribute to searching for biomarkers that indicate cognitive performance in the population with obesity.

The influence of social isolation on the incidence of positivity in COVID-19 tests in a metropolitan region of São Paulo, Brazil / A influência do isolamento social na incidência de positividade nos testes de COVID-19 em região metropolitana de São Paulo, Brasil

INTRODUCTION: With the arrival of the SARS-CoV-2 (Coronavirus 2 of severe acute respiratory syndrome) pandemic in Brazil, especially in the city of São Paulo, there was a need to apply social isolation policies associated with testing, covering all municipalities. The Clinical Analysis Laboratory of Centro Universitário FMABC was one of the first laboratories to receive certification and qualification to perform RT-PCR (reverse transcriptase reaction followed by polymerase chain reaction) tests in the metropolitan region of São Paulo OBJECTIVE: Aim to analyze the influence of adopting social isolation on the incidence of positivity in COVID-19 tests in the metropolitan region of São Paulo, Brazil METHODS: a descriptive study carried out from March to May 2020, epidemiological data were collected from each unit served and organized by the data controllership team of the Clinical Analysis Laboratory of FMABC. Epidemiological, demographic, and laboratory data were extracted from the Matrix® outpatient data management system. Clinically suspected cases and confirmed by laboratory tests (RT-PCR and serological tests) were entered. The tests were divided into serological tests using the RT-PCR molecular test, on samples of nasopharyngeal mucosal scrapings collected with sterile Swab RESULTS: It were evaluated PCR test and antibody presence (IgA, IgM and IgG) in blood samples of 16.297 patients. 22.718 tests were performed for the diagnosis of COVID-19, both RT-PCR (10.410 tests) and serological tests to detect anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, IgA, IgM and IgG, a total of 16.297 patients were assessed, 63% women and 37% men. It was observed that the social isolation policies adopted during this period contained the massive expansion of contamination, at least while the social isolation rates were above 55% CONCLUSION: The data of this study demonstrated the effectiveness of social isolation in containing the positive contamination of SARS-CoV-2 in the metropolitan region of São Paulo, at least for the first three months

INTRODUÇÃO: com a chegada da pandemia de SARS-CoV-2 (Coronavirus 2 da síndrome respiratória aguda grave) ao Brasil, especialmente na cidade de São Paulo, houve a necessidade de aplicar medidas de distanciamento social associado a testagem, que abrangesse todos os municípios. A região metropolitana de São Paulo compreende 39 municípios e possui uma rede de laboratórios habilitados a realizar a testagem para a detecção do coronavírus, tanto testes sorológicos quanto moleculares. O Laboratório de Análises Clínicas do Centro Universitário ABC/FMABC foi um dos primeiros laboratórios a receber a certificação e habilitação para realizar os testes RT-PCR (reação da transcriptase reversa seguida pela reação em cadeia da polimerase) na região metropolitana de São Paulo OBJETIVO: analisar a influência da adoção do isolamento social na incidência de positividade nos testes de COVID-19 em região metropolitana de São Paulo, Brasil MÉTODO: estudo descritivo realizado no período de março a maio de 2020, os dados epidemiológicos foram coletados de cada unidade atendida e organizada pela equipe de controladoria de dados do Laboratório de Análises Clínicas da FMABC. Os dados epidemiológicos, demográficos e laboratoriais foram extraídos do sistema Matrix® de gerenciamento de dados ambulatoriais. Foram inseridos os casos clinicamente suspeitos e confirmados por testes de laboratório (RT-PCR e testes sorológicos). Os testes foram divididos em testes sorológicos no teste molecular RT-PCR, em amostras de raspado de mucosa nasofaríngea coletada com Swab estéril RESULTADOS: foram avaliados o teste de RT-PCR e a presença de anticorpos (IgA, IgM e IgG) em amostras de sangue de 16.297 pacientes. Foram realizados 22.718 testes para o diagnóstico de COVID-19, tanto RT-PCR (10.410 testes), quanto testes sorológicos para detecção de anticorpos anti-SARS-CoV-2, IgA, IgM e IgG, um total de 16.297 pacientes foram avaliados, 63% mulheres e 37% homens. Observou-se que as políticas de isolamento social adotadas nesse período continham a expansão massiva da contaminação, pelo menos enquanto as taxas de isolamento social eram superiores a 55% CONCLUSÃO: nossos dados demonstraram a efetividade do isolamento social na retenção da positividade da contaminação do SARS-CoV-2 nas cidades contempladas pelo serviço de testagem do Centro Universitário Saúde ABC, pelo menos nos três primeiros meses

COVID-19 Associated Rhino-Orbital Mucormycosis Complicated by Gangrenous and Bone Necrosis-A Case Report from Honduras.

BACKGROUND: Mucormycosis is a life-threatening invasive fungal infection most commonly observed in immunocompromised patients. Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, a growing number of Mucorales associated infections, now termed COVID-19 associated mucormycosis (CAM), have been reported. Despite an increase in fatality reports, no cases of rhino-orbital CAM complicated with gangrenous bone necrosis have been described in the literature to date. CASE: A 56-year-old male with a recent COVID-19 diagnosis developed rhino-orbital mucormycosis after 22 days of treatment with dexamethasone. Cultures and histopathological assessment of tissue biopsy confirmed the diagnosis. The patient survived after treatment with amphotericin B. CONCLUSIONS: Mucormycosis is an invasive fungal infection affecting mostly immunocompromised patients. Along with the COVID-19 pandemic, the inappropriate use of steroids, in addition to concurrent risk factors, such as diabetes, has led to an increase in the occurrence of these devastating mycoses, leading to the development of severe presentations and complications, as observed in many cases. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are crucial in order to avoid dissemination and fatal outcomes.

Dietary pattern analysis among stone formers: resemblance to a DASH-style diet / Análise do padrão alimentar de pacientes litiásicos: similaridades com o padrão de dieta DASH

Abstract Recent epidemiological studies have shown that dietary patterns may have a more persistent impact on the risk of stone formation than single nutrients of the diet. Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), a low-sodium and fruits/vegetables-rich diet, has been associated with a lower risk of nephrolithiasis, due to altered urinary biochemistry. This observational study aimed to investigate whether the dietary pattern of stone formers (SF) resembled a DASH-diet and its influence on urinary lithogenic parameters. Anthropometric data, fasting serum sample, 24-h urine samples, and a 3-day food intake record under an unrestricted diet were obtained from 222 SF and compared with 136 non-SF subjects (controls). The DASH-diet food portions were determined from the food records whereas intakes of sodium chloride (NaCl) and protein (protein equivalent of nitrogen appearance, PNA) were estimated from 24-hr urinary sodium and urea. A dietary profile close to a DASH-diet was not observed in any of the groups. NaCl intake and PNA were significantly higher in SF versus non-SF (12.0 ± 5.2 v.s. 10.1 ± 3.4 g/day, p = 0.01 and 1.8 ± 0.1 v.s. 1.4 ± 0.1 g/kg/day, p = 0.03). SF exhibited a positive correlation of NaCl intake and PNA with urinary calcium, oxalate and uric acid, and of PNA with urinary sodium. SF consumed more vegetables and legumes, but less fruits and low-fat dairy items than non-SF. The present series presented a dietary profile characterized by low calcium and high salt and protein contents, not reflecting an ideal DASH-style diet pattern.

Resumo Estudos epidemiológicos recentes mostraram que os padrões alimentares podem ter um impacto mais persistente sobre o risco de formação de cálculos do que apenas os nutrientes da dieta. A dieta DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension), uma dieta pobre em sódio e rica em frutas/vegetais, tem sido associada a um menor risco de nefrolitíase, devido às alterações metabólicas urinárias. Este estudo observacional teve como objetivo investigar se o padrão alimentar de pacientes litiásicos (Lit) se assemelhava a uma dieta estilo DASH e sua influência nos parâmetros litogênicos urinários. Dados antropométricos, amostra de soro em jejum, amostras de urina de 24 horas e um registro de ingestão alimentar de 3 dias sob dieta irrestrita foram obtidos de 222 Lit e comparados com 136 indivíduos não-Lit (controles). As porções de alimentos do padrão de dieta DASH foram determinadas a partir dos registros alimentares, enquanto a ingestão de cloreto de sódio (NaCl) e proteína (Equivalente Protéico do Aparecimento de Nitrogênio Urinário, PNA) foram estimadas a partir da uréia e sódio urinários de 24 horas. Um perfil alimentar próximo a uma dieta estilo DASH não foi observado em nenhum dos grupos. A ingestão de NaCl e PNA foram significativamente maiores nos Lit versus não-Lit (12,0 ± 5,2 v.s. 10,1 ± 3,4 g/dia, p = 0,01 e 1,8 ± 0,1 v.s. 1,4 ± 0,1 g/kg/dia, p = 0,03). Os Lit exibiram uma correlação positiva entre a ingestão de NaCl e PNA com cálcio, oxalato e ácido urinários, e de PNA com sódio urinário. Os Lit consumiram mais vegetais e leguminosas, mas menos frutas e lácteos com teor reduzido de gordura do que os não-Lit. A presente série apresentou um padrão alimentar caracterizado por reduzido consumo de cálcio e elevado em sal e proteínas, não refletindo um padrão ideal de dieta DASH.

A review of the main histopathological findings in coronavirus disease 2019.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus, has been declared by the World Health Organization as an emerging public health problem of global importance and classified as a pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 infection can result in diverse, multiorgan pathology, the most significant being in the lungs (diffuse alveolar damage in its different phases, microthrombi, bronchopneumonia, necrotizing bronchiolitis, viral pneumonia), heart (lymphocytic myocarditis), kidney (acute tubular injury), central nervous system (microthrombi, ischemic necrosis, acute hemorrhagic infarction, congestion, and vascular edema), lymph nodes (hemophagocytosis and histiocytosis), bone marrow (hemophagocytosis), and vasculature (deep vein thrombosis). An understanding of the spectrum and frequency of histologic findings in COVID-19 is essential for gaining a better understanding of disease pathophysiology and its ongoing impact on public health. To this end, we conducted a systematic meta-analysis of histopathologic observations to date and review the reported findings.

NGAL and SMAD1 gene expression in the early detection of diabetic nephropathy by liquid biopsy.

INTRODUCTION: Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a disease that progresses with the slow and progressive decline of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR); the installation of this pathology is silent and one of the major causes of death in patients with diabetes. AIMS: To identify new molecular biomarkers for early identification of the onset of DN in patients with type II diabetes mellitus (DM2). We studied the expression profile of the genes; suppressor of mothers against decapentaplegic type 1 (SMAD1), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and type IV collagen (COLIV1A) in peripheral blood and urine sediment samples. METHODS: Ninety volunteers, 51 with DM2 and 39 healthy, were recruited from the Faculdade de Medicina do ABC outpatient clinic. We conducted an interview and collected anthropometric data, as well as blood and urine samples for biochemical evaluation and real-time PCR amplification of the genes of interest. RESULTS: Gene expression data: peripheral blood NGAL (DM2 0.09758±0.1914 vs CTL 0.02293±0.04578), SMAD1 (blood: DM2 0.01102±0.04059* vs CTL 0.0001317±0.0003609; urine: DM2 0.7195±2.344* vs CTL 0.09812±0.4755), there was no significant expression of COLIV1A. These genes demonstrated good sensitivity and specificity in the receiving operating characteristic curve evaluation. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest the potential use of NGAL and SMAD1 gene expression in peripheral blood and urine samples as early biomarkers of DN.

Estudio histopatológico comparativo del nervio frénico proveniente de cadáveres con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica y sin esta condición / Comparative Histopathological Study Of The Phrenic Nerve From Corpses With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease And Without This Condition

Introducción: Los cambios funcionales resultantes de la evolución de la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) son progresivos e irreversibles, lo que provoca un aumento del trabajo del diafragma debido a la hiperinflación. Los nervios frénicos promueven la inervación del diafragma y pueden verse comprometidos en la condición de EPOC.Objetivo: Comparar la morfología de los nervios frénicos de los cadáveres con y sin EPOC, mediante microscopía óptica. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, transversal y comparativo de muestras, tanto de los pulmones como de los nervios frénicos de 38 cadáveres, con diagnóstico de EPOC y sin esta condición. Las muestras de tejido fueron fijadas y procesadas por histología convencional con láminas histológicas de hematoxilina-eosina. Las muestras fueron compuestas por pacientes con EPOC (EPOC) y sin EPOC (CTR). Esta clasificación se realizó después del análisis histológico. Las láminas histológicas se analizaron mediante microscopía óptica por un patólogo, que fue un evaluador ciego al estudio. Resultados: De acuerdo con los criterios de inclusión, se incluyeron 31 cadáveres en el grupo de EPOC y 7 cadáveres en el grupo CTR. En el análisis de los nervios frénicos, 8 cadáveres, es decir 25,8% del grupo de EPOC, tuvieron cambios histopatológicos como edema perineural (75%, n=6), atrofia nerviosa (12,5%, n=1) e infiltrado eosinofílico perineural (12,5%, n=1). Conclusión: Los nervios frénicos de los cadáveres con EPOC tienen tendencia a alteraciones histopatológicas, siendo el edema perineural la principal modificación encontrada

Introducción: Los cambios funcionales resultantes de la evolución de la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) son progresivos e irreversibles, lo que provoca un aumento del trabajo del diafragma debido a la hiperinflación. Los nervios frénicos promueven la inervación del diafragma y pueden verse comprometidos en la condición de EPOC.Objetivo: Comparar la morfología de los nervios frénicos de los cadáveres con y sin EPOC, mediante microscopía óptica. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, transversal y comparativo de muestras, tanto de los pulmones como de los nervios frénicos de 38 cadáveres, con diagnóstico de EPOC y sin esta condición. Las muestras de tejido fueron fijadas y procesadas por histología convencional con láminas histológicas de hematoxilina-eosina. Las muestras fueron compuestas por pacientes con EPOC (EPOC) y sin EPOC (CTR). Esta clasificación se realizó después del análisis histológico. Las láminas histológicas se analizaron mediante microscopía óptica por un patólogo, que fue un evaluador ciego al estudio. Resultados: De acuerdo con los criterios de inclusión, se incluyeron 31 cadáveres en el grupo de EPOC y 7 cadáveres en el grupo CTR. En el análisis de los nervios frénicos, 8 cadáveres, es decir 25,8% del grupo de EPOC, tuvieron cambios histopatológicos como edema perineural (75%, n=6), atrofia nerviosa (12,5%, n=1) e infiltrado eosinofílico perineural (12,5%, n=1). Conclusión: Los nervios frénicos de los cadáveres con EPOC tienen tendencia a alteraciones histopatológicas, siendo el edema perineural la principal modificación encontrada

Hallazgos microscópicos del tejido pulmonar y los músculos respiratorios en la Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica (EPOC) / Microscopic Findings Of Lung Tissue And Respiratory Muscles In Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

Introducción: En la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC), el diafragma y los músculos respiratorios esternocleidomastoideos (ECOM) funcionan contra el aumento de las cargas mecánicas debido a la limitación del flujo de aire y los cambios en la conformación del tórax debido a la condición de hiperinflación pulmonar. Objetivo: Evaluar los cambios histopatológicos presentes en los pulmones y los músculos respiratorios (diafragma y ECOM) de los cadáveres con Diagnostico de EPOC. El Estudio: Este es un estudio ciego y descriptivo con análisis de imágenes histológicas de biopsia. El historial de tabaquismo asociado con la presencia de antracosis pulmonar, engrosamiento septal y bullas enfisematosas comprendió los criterios de inclusión del estudio. La muestra consistió en biopsias de pulmón, diafragma y ECOM. El estudio se realizó mediante análisis microscópico óptico de lâminas histológicas obtenidas de 36 cadáveres con EPOC. El diagnóstico histopatológico fue realizado por un patólogo que desconocía los objetivos del estudio. Hallazgos: En el diafragma, hubo la presencia de tejido adiposo interpuesto, atrofia muscular, eliminación de las fibras musculares y fibrosis. En el ECOM, también se evidenció la eliminación de las fibras musculares, la atrofia muscular, el tejido adiposo interpuesto, la hipertrofia muscular y el engrosamiento de los tendones. Conclusiones: Los cambios encontrados en las biopsias musculares de diafragma y ECOM de los cadáveres con EPOC se evidenciaron como un mecanismo de compensación y/o disfunción del sistema respiratorio debido a alteraciones biomecánicas promovidas por la enfermedad.

Introduction: In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the diaphragm and sternocleidomastoid respiratory muscles (ECOM) work against increased mechanical loads due to limited air flow and changes in chest conformation due to the condition of pulmonary hyperinflation. Objective: To evaluate the histopathological changes present in the lungs and respiratory muscles (diaphragm and ECOM) of the corpses affected by COPD. Materials and methods: This is a blind and descriptive study with analysis of histological images of biopsy. The history of smoking associated with the presence of pulmonary anthracosis, septal thickening and emphysematous bullae included the inclusion criteria of the study. The study was conducted by optical microscopic analysis of histological sheets obtained from 36 corpses with COPD. The histopathological diagnosis was made by a pathologist who did not know the objectives of the study. Results: In the diaphragm, there was the presence of interposed adipose tissue, muscle atrophy, removal of muscle fibers and fibrosis. In ECOM, the elimination of muscle fibers, muscular atrophy, interposed adipose tissue, muscle hypertrophy and thickening of the tendons were also evident. Conclusions: The changes found in the diaphragm and ECOM muscle biopsies of the bodies with COPD were evidenced as a mechanism of compensation and / or dysfunction of the respiratory system due to biomechanical alterations promoted by the disease.

Validez de criterio de las escalas de medición de esfuerzo percibido en niños sanos: una revisión sistemática y metaanálisis / Criterion-related validity of perceived exertion scales in healthy children: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Introducción. Los parámetros fisiológicos para medir la intensidad de ejercicio son el consumo de oxígeno y la frecuencia cardíaca. Sin embargo, la medición del esfuerzo percibido (EP) también es, a menudo, utilizada. El objetivo del estudio es determinar la validez asociada a criterio de las escalas de EP en niños durante una prueba de ejercicio incremental. Métodos. Siete bases de datos electrónicas fueron utilizadas. Se incluyeron estudios destinados a evaluar la validez de criterio de las escalas de EP en niños sanos durante un test de ejercicio incremental. Los coeficientes de correlación fueron transformados a valores z y evaluados por un metaanálisis mediante un modelo de efectos fijos o efectos aleatorios, dependiendo de si el I² fue menor o mayor de 50%, respectivamente. Resultados. Veinticinco artículos, que consideraron 1418 niños (49,2% varones), cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. El promedio de edad fue 10,5 años. Los modos de ejercicio observados fueronbicicleta, carrera y ejercicios de escalón. El coeficiente de correlación ponderado fue de 0,835 (IC 95%: 0,762-0,887) y 0,874 (IC 95%: 0,794-0,924) considerando frecuencia cardíaca y consumo de oxígeno como criterio de referencia. El paradigma de producción y aquellas escalas sin adaptaciones para niños mostraron el menor rendimiento de medición (p < 0,05). Conclusión. La medición de EP sería válida en niños sanos durante un test de ejercicio incremental. Las escalas de medición específicas para niños mostraron mejor rendimiento que aquellas escalas no adaptadas. Estudios con mejor calidad metodológica deben ser realizados para confirmar estos resultados.

Introduction. Physiological parameters used to measure exercise intensity are oxygen uptake and heart rate. However, perceived exertion (PE) is a scale that has also been frequently applied. The objective of this study is to establish the criterion-related validity of PE scales in children during an incremental exercise test. Methods. Seven electronic databases were used. Studies aimed at assessing criterion-related validity of PE scales in healthy children during an incremental exercise test were included. Correlation coefficients were transformed into z-values and assessed in a meta-analysis by means of a fixed effects model if I² was below 50% or a random effects model, if it was above 50%. Results. Twenty-five articles that studied 1418 children (boys: 49.2%) met the inclusion criteria. Children's average age was 10.5 years old. Exercise modalities included bike, running and stepping exercises. The weighted correlation coefficient was 0.835 (95% confidence interval: 0.762-0.887) and 0.874 (95% confidence interval: 0.794-0.924) for heart rate and oxygen uptake as reference criteria. The production paradigm and scales that had not been adapted to children showed the lowest measurement performance (p < 0.05). Conclusion. Measuring PE could be valid in healthy children during an incremental exercise test. Child-specific rating scales showed a better performance than those that had not been adapted to this population. Further studies with better methodological quality should be conducted in order to confirm these results.

Unsuspected Strongyloides stercoralis infection in hospital patients with comorbidity in need of proper management.

BACKGROUND: Investigate the role of latent strongyloidiasis infection in patients at the University Hospital, Honduras. METHODS: Prospective observational cohort study during 20 non consecutive months from March 2009 to February 2011. Epidemiological and clinical data obtained from patients excreting Strongyloides stercoralis larvae in stool who consulted at the hospital were recorded and analyzed. RESULTS: Thirty five (5 %) of 712 patients had S. stercoralis larvae in one stool sample; 62.8 % came from rural areas and 91.7 % were poor; 68.5 % (24/35) were 21 years old or older. Eight patients (22.8 %) had no predisposing illness; 3 (8.6 %) received steroid treatment, 29/35 (82.8 %) presented with persistent diarrhea and 24/35 (68.5 %) presented following comorbidities: HIV/AIDS (31.4 %), alcoholism alone (11.4 %) or with other associated illness (8.6 %), malignancy (8.6 %), renal failure (5.7 %) and hyperthyroidism (2.8 %). A combination of symptoms suggestive of strongyloidiasis but indistinguishable from those potentially associated to their comorbid condition included severe epigastric pain, diarrhea of weeks duration, peripheral eosinophilia, astenia, adynamia, fever, anemia and weight loss in 85.7 % of the cases, 3 of whom described skin lesions compatible with larva currens. None of the diagnostic clinical impressions mentioned Strongyloides infection. Ten strongyloidiasis patients received partial treatment with albendazole or ivermectin. Incomplete data, underestimation of the parasitic infection and no laboratory follow-up of the patients limited our observations. CONCLUSIONS: Strongyloides stercoralis is an unsuspected and neglected parasitic infection by health personnel in Honduras. Lack of awareness of its importance represents a strong barrier to proper treatment and follow-up, posing a threat of possible fatal complications in patients with comorbid conditions.

Caracterización clínica y hematológica de pacientes pediátricos con Dengue en Honduras / Clinical and hematological characterization of pediatric patients with Dengue in Honduras

Objetivo: Caracterizar de forma clínica y hematológica los casos de dengue en población pediátrica, en el año 2010. Lugar del estudio: Hospital Escuela Universitario (HEU), Tegucigalpa, Honduras. Diseño: estudio descriptivo. Pacientes: Pediátricos hospitalizados en HEU con diagnóstico de dengue. Mediciones: Se evaluaron variables demográficas, clínicas y hematológicas. Resultados: De un total de 2.428 pacientes, 1.220 (50,2%) fueron masculinos. Los grupos etarios predominantes fueron escolares 793 (32,7%) y adolescentes 1.164 (47,9%). Según el tipo de dengue fueron clasificados en dengue sin signos de alarma; 1.107 (45,6%), dengue con signos de alarma; 836 (34,4%) y dengue grave; 485 (20,0%). Las manifestaciones clínicas más frecuentes fueron fiebre 1956 (80,6%), mialgias 1.506 (62,0%), artralgias 1.351 (55,6%) y cefalea 1.242 (51,2%). Se confirmaron 48 (1,9%) fallecidos. Conclusión: El cuadro clínico mostró sintomatología muy inespecífica lo que dificulta un acertado diagnóstico, la trombocitopenia fue la prueba hematológica que podría ser útil para la evaluación inicial de los casos sospechosos dengue.

Objective: Characterize cases of dengue in clinic and hematological form of pediatric population in 2010. Place of study: Hospital Escuela Universitario, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. Design Study: Observational Descriptive retrospective. Measurements: Were evaluated demographic, clinic and hematologic variables. Results: Out of a total of 2428 patients, 1220 (50.2%) were males. For kind of dengue, were classificated without warnings signs 1107 (45.6%), with warnings signs 836 (34.4%) and severe dengue 485 (20.0%). The mostly frequent clinic manifestations were fever 1956 (80.6%), myalgia 1.506 (62.0%), arthralgia 1.351 (55.6%) and headache 1.242 (51.2%). Were confirmed 48 (1.9%) deaths. Conclusion: The clinic evaluation shown nonspecific symptoms, thereby is difficult get a good diagnostic, the thrombocytopenia was it hematologic test that could be useful in the initial evaluation with suspected cases of dengue.

Complicaciones temibles en un paciente con VIH/SIDA criptococosis, tuberculosis miliar, meningoencefalitis / Fearsome Complications in a Patient with HIV/AIDS: Cryptococcosis, Miliary Tuberculosis, Meningoencephalitis

Los criptococos son un grupo de hongos que se encuentran en el suelo donde hay aves, fundamentalmente palomas. De las diversas especies de criptococo, solamente resulta patógeno para el hombre Cryptoccocus neoformans. La manifestación más frecuente de esta infección es la meningoencefalitis, que afecta principalmente a pacientes inmuno comprometidos. La tuberculosis miliar representa una entidad poco frecuente dentro de las formas de presentación extrapulmonar de la tuberculosis, en pacientes inmunocompetentes. Sin embargo, en los pacientes infectados por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana, esta cifra oscila alrededor de 10%. Se presenta un reporte de caso, donde el paciente cursó con esta forma de Tuberculosis. Caso Clínico: Paciente masculino de 53 años, con cuadro de evacuaciones diarreicas crónicas intermitentes, fiebre diaria, vómitos postprandiales 4 a 5 veces al día, de 3 meses de evolución, cefalea intensa de 10 días, concomitantemente presentó una convulsión tónico clónica hace una semana. Además tos crónica con expectoración blanquecina y hemoptisis. Al examen físico se observó microadenopatías cervicales bilaterales, hipoventilación pulmonar bilateral, desviación de la lengua y comisura labial hacia lado derecho, disminución de fuerza en ambos miembros inferiores y superior derecho. Se realiza prueba para la detección de VIH, la cual resulta positiva, con conteo de 10 células CD4, punción lumbar en donde se obtiene líquido cefalorraquídeo ligeramente turbio, tinta china y antígena para criptococo positivo. Paciente es diagnosticado con VIH y SIDA, criptococosis del sistema nervioso central, tuberculosis miliar por rayos X, y meningoencefalitis. Se inicia cobertura antibiótica y antifímica a la cual el paciente respondió favorablemente...