Bivalent vaccines effectively protect mice against influenza A and respiratory syncytial viruses.

Influenza and Respiratory Syncytial virus (RSV) infections together contribute significantly to the burden of acute lower respiratory tract infections. Despite the disease burden, no approved RSV vaccine is available. While approved vaccines are available for influenza, seasonal vaccination is required to maintain protection. In addition to both being respiratory viruses, they follow a common seasonality, which warrants the necessity for a concerted vaccination approach. Here, we designed bivalent vaccines by utilizing highly conserved sequences, targeting both influenza A and RSV, as either a chimeric antigen or individual antigens separated by a ribosome skipping sequence. These vaccines were found to be effective in protecting the animals from challenge by either virus, with mechanisms of protection being substantially interrogated in this communication.

Synthetic vaccine affords full protection to mice against lethal challenge of influenza B virus of both genetic lineages.

A quarter of all seasonal influenza cases are caused by type B influenza virus (IBV) that also dominates periodically. Here, we investigated a recombinant adenovirus vaccine carrying a synthetic HA2 representing the consensus sequence of all IBV hemagglutinins. The vaccine fully protected mice from lethal challenges by IBV of both genetic lineages, demonstrating its breadth of protection. The protection was not mediated by neutralizing antibodies but robust antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and cell-mediated immune responses. Complete protection of the animals required the entire codon-optimized HA2 sequence that elicited a balanced immune response, whereas truncated vaccines without either the fusion peptide or the transmembrane domain reduced the efficacy of protection. Finally, the vaccines did not demonstrate any sign of disease exacerbation following lung pathology and morbidity monitoring. Collectively, these data suggest that it could be worth further exploring this prototype universal vaccine because of its considerable efficacy, safety, and breadth of protection.

Identification of immunodominant CD8 epitope in the stalk domain of influenza B viral hemagglutinin.

Human infections by type B influenza virus constitute about 25% of all influenza cases. The viral hemagglutinin is comprised of two subunits, HA1 and HA2. While HA1 is constantly evolving in an unpredictable fashion, the HA2 subunit is highly conserved, making it a potential candidate for a universal vaccine. However, immunodominant epitopes in the HA2 subunit remain largely unknown. To delineate MHC Class I epitopes, we first identified 9-mer H-2Kd-restricted CD8 T cell epitopes in the HA2 domain by in silico analyses, followed by evaluating the immunodominance of these peptides in mice challenged with the virus. Of three peptides selected through in silico analysis, the universally conserved peptide, YYSTAASSL (B/HA2-190), possessed the highest predicted binding affinity to MHC Class I and was most effective in inducing IL-2 and TNF-α in mouse splenocytes. Importantly, the peptide demonstrated best capability of stimulating peptide-specific ex-vivo cytotoxicity against target cells. Taken together, this finding would be of value for assessment of cell-mediated immune responses elicited by vaccines based on the highly conserved HA2 stalk domain.