Edible plant extracellular vesicles: An emerging tool for bioactives delivery.

The extracellular vesicles (EVs) in edible food have a typical saucer-like structure and are nanoparticles released by numerous cells. They have different components and interact with other biological samples in diverse ways. Therefore, these nanoparticles could be used to develop bioactives delivery nanoplatforms and anti-inflammatory treatments to meet the stringent demands of current clinical challenges. This review aims to summarize current researches into EVs from edible plants, particularly those that can protect siRNAs or facilitate drug transportation. We will discuss their isolation, characterization and functions, their regulatory effects under various physiological and pathological conditions, and their immune regulation, anti-tumor, regeneration, and anti-inflammatory effects. We also review advances in their potential application as bioactives carriers, and medicinal and edible plants that change their EVs compositions during disease to achieve a therapy propose. It is expected that future research on plant-derived EVs will considerably expand their application.

Etanercept treatment of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis.

BACKGROUND: Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN) is a severe cutaneous adverse reaction to drugs with considerable morbidity and mortality. Immunomodulators for SJS/TEN including systemic corticosteroids and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) have been widely used in clinical practice. Emerging evidence suggested the therapeutic effects of tumor necrosis factor-α antagonists on SJS/TEN. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy and safety of IVIG and systemic steroids in conjunction with or without etanercept, a tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitor, for patients with SJS/TEN. METHODS: We undertook a retrospective review of 41 patients with SJS/TEN admitted to our institution from 2015 to February 2021. A total of 25 patients with integrated data were involved in this study, of which 14 patients were treated with IVIG and corticosteroids and 11 were in addition given etanercept. The clinical characteristics, duration of hospitalization, exposure time to high-dose steroids, and the total amount of systemic steroids were analyzed. RESULTS: In comparison to conventional therapy, conjunction with etanercept reduced the duration of hospitalization (13.5 vs 19.0 days; P = .01), the exposure time of high-dose steroids (7.1 vs 14.9 days; P = .01), and the overall amount of systemic steroid (925 mg vs 1412.5 mg; P = .03) in patients with SJS/TEN. No pronounced adverse effects were observed within 6 months of follow-up after the treatment. CONCLUSION: The add-in of etanercept at the time of initiating conventional therapy could be a superior option to accelerate disease recovery and reduce the high dose and total amount of systemic steroids without pronounced adverse events in patients with SJS/TEN.

[Relationships of three microsatellite loci with GSH-Px, SOD and Na+/K+-ATP enzyme activities and daily milk yield in different seasons in Holstein cows].

Genetic variation of three microsatellite loci BMS2258, SOD1, and BM723, which were closely correlated with GSH-Px, SOD, and Na+/K+-ATPase genes, was analyzed in 130 Holstein cows by PCR and nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel-electrophoresis. Polymorphic information content, effective number of alleles and heterozygosity of these microsatellite loci were determined. Relationships of the three microsatellite loci with enzyme activities and daily milk yields in Holstein cows were analyzed by least squares linear model. The results showed significant correlations of the three microsatellite loci with their corresponding enzyme activities and daily milk yield in summer and fall (Plt;0.05). The least square means of GSH-Px activities and daily milk yields for BMS2258 (182 bp/164 bp), SOD activities for SOD1 (148 bp/148 bp), and daily milk yields for SOD1 (148 bp/146 bp), Na+/K+-ATPase activities and daily milk yields for BM723 (161 bp/111 bp) were relatively higher. These genotypes were the most favorable genotypes for enzyme activity and daily milk yields in summer and fall, which could be references for marker assisted selection in heat resistance traits in dairy cattle.

[Inhibitory effect of dexamethasone on myeloid differentiation factor 88 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha expressions in mouse peritoneal macrophages].

OBJECTIVE: To study the inhibitory effect of dexamethasone (DEX) on myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) expression in mouse peritoneal macrophages in innate immune response to Penicillium marneffei (PM). METHODS: Mouse peritoneal macrophages were cultured in the presence of heat-inactivated yeast-phase PM with or without DEX, and the protein and mRNA expressions of MyD88 in the macrophages were detected using Western blotting and real-time PCR, respectively. TNF-alpha in the cell culture supernatant was measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: DEX suppressed TNF-alpha production by the macrophages co-cultured with PM. The expressions of MyD88 were up-regulated by PM stimulation, whose effect was inhibited by the application of DEX. CONCLUSION: The inhibitory effect of DEX on PM-induced proinflammatory responses of the macrophage is directly associated with the inhibition of MyD88 expression.

[Differential expression of isocitrate lyase in P. marneffei phagocytized by nonstimulated and stimulated murine macrophages].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the differential expression of isocitrate lyase in Penicillium marneffei phagocytized by nonstimulated and stimulated murine macrophages, and explore the role of glyoxylate pathway in pathogenesis of Penicilliosis marneffei. METHODS: Penicillium marneffei conidia and Raw264.7 cells were incubated in 16 cultures, which were divided to 4 groups for treatment with N-monomethyl-L-arginine (LNMMA, CI group), murine interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) plus lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (T group), IFN-gamma plus LPS and LNMMA (TI group), or the same volume of culture medium (C group). The transcriptional levels of isocitrate lyase were detected using real-time RT-PCR, and its expression levels detected biochemically. RESULTS: The transcriptional levels of isocitrate lyase in C, CI, T, TI groups were 1.00, 1.42, 33.09, and 74.88 (P<0.05), while the expression levels were 0.06, 0.07, 0.18, and 0.93, respectively (P<0.05). The content of nitric oxide in T group was significantly higher than that in the other groups (P<0.01), but the CFU of T group was the lowest (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Reactive nitrogen intermediates induced by stimulated murine macrophages restrain the expression of isocitrate lyase of Penicillium marneffei and development of Penicillium marneffei, in which process the glyoxylate pathway may play an important role.