[Retracted] Downregulation of CKS1B restrains the proliferation, migration, invasion and angiogenesis of retinoblastoma cells through the MEK/ERK signaling pathway.

Following the publication of the above paper, it has been drawn to the Editors' attention by a concerned reader that certain of the lumen formation assay data shown in Fig. 5A on p. 112 were strikingly similar to data appearing in different form in another article written by different authors at different research institute, which had already been published in the journal Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy prior to the submission of this paper to International Journal of Molecular Medicine, and which has also subsequently been retracted. In view of the fact that the contentious data had already apparently been published previously, the Editor of International Journal of Molecular Medicine has decided that this paper should be retracted from the Journal. After having been in contact with the authors, they agreed with the decision to retract the paper. The Editor apologizes to the readership for any inconvenience caused. [International Journal of Molecular Medicine 44: 103­114, 2019; DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4183].

MiR-22-3p suppresses NSCLC cell migration and EMT via targeting RAC1 expression.

Previous studies have demonstrated the tumor-suppressive function of microRNA-22-3p (miR-22-3p) in several cancers, whereas the significance of miR-22-3p in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains unclear. In this study, we explored the biological function and molecular mechanism of miR-22-3p in NSCLC cells. First, we assessed the expression of miR-22-3p in NSCLC tissues and cells based on RT-qPCR and TCGA database. Compared with normal lung tissues and cells, miR-22-3p expression was dramatically decreased in lung cancer tissues and cells. miR-22-3p expression was also correlated with lymph node metastasis and tumor size, but not TNM stages. We further explored the in vitro function of miR-22-3p on the migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of NSCLC cells. The results showed that overexpression of miR-22-3p suppressed the migration and EMT of NSCLC cells, whereas silencing miR-22-3p showed the opposite effect. Luciferase assay demonstrated that RAS-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (RAC1) was the target gene for miR-22-3p. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that miR-22-3p suppressed the cell migration and EMT via downregulation of RAC1 because the inhibitory effect of miR-22-3p on cell migration and EMT of NSCLC cells was reversed by RAC1 overexpression. Based on these novel data, the miR-22-3p/RAC1 axis may be an alternative target in the therapeutic intervention of NSCLC.

Evaluation of an ex vivo fibrogenesis model using human lung slices prepared from small tissues.

BACKGROUND: In recent years, there have been breakthroughs in the preclinical research of respiratory diseases, such as organoids and organ tissue chip models, but they still cannot provide insight into human respiratory diseases well. Human lung slices model provides a promising in vitro model for the study of respiratory diseases because of its preservation of lung structure and major cell types. METHODS: Human lung slices were manually prepared from small pieces of lung tissues obtained from lung cancer patients subjected to lung surgery. To evaluate the suitability of this model for lung fibrosis research, lung slices were treated with CdCl2 (30 µM), TGF-ß1 (1 ng/ml) or CdCl2 plus TGF-ß1 for 3 days followed by toxicity assessment, gene expression analysis and histopathological observations. RESULTS: CdCl2 treatment resulted in a concentration-dependent toxicity profile evidenced by MTT assay as well as histopathological observations. In comparison with the untreated group, CdCl2 and TGF-ß1 significantly induces MMP2 and MMP9 gene expression but not MMP1. Interestingly, CdCl2 plus TGF-ß1 significantly induces the expression of MMP1 but not MMP2, MMP7 or MMP9. Microscopic observations reveal the pathogenesis of interstitial lung fibrosis in the lung slices of all groups; however, CdCl2 plus TGF-ß1 treatment leads to a greater alveolar septa thickness and the formation of fibroblast foci-like pathological features. The lung slice model is in short of blood supply and the inflammatory/immune-responses are considered minimal. CONCLUSIONS: The results are in favor of the hypothesis that idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is mediated by tissue damage and abnormal repair. Induction of MMP1 gene expression and fibroblast foci-like pathogenesis suggest that this model might represent an early stage of IPF.

Semaphorin 4B promotes tumor progression and associates with immune infiltrates in lung adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Semaphorins have been found to play important roles in multiple malignancy-related processes. However, the role of Semaphorin 4B (SEMA4B) in lung cancer remains unclear. Here, we aimed to explore the biological functions of SEMA4B in through bioinformatic analysis, in vitro and in vivo assays. In the present study, the possible mechanism by which SEMA4B affected the tumor growth and microenvironment of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) were investigated. METHODS: The expression of SEMA4B in LUAD was analyzed by bioinformatic analysis and verified by the immunohistochemistry staining. The prognostic value of SEMA4B in LUAD was investigated using the Kaplan-Meier survival and Cox's regression model. After silencing SEMA4B expression, the functions of SEMA4B in LUAD cells were investigated by in vitro experiments, including CCK-8 and plate clone formation. And the effect of SEMA4B on tumor growth and immune infiltration was explored in C57BL/6 mice tumor-bearing models. RESULTS: SEMA4B expression was upregulated in LUAD tissues and correlated with later pathological stages and poor prognosis of LUAD patients. Further study found that SEMA4B silencing suppressed the proliferation of lung cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. Bioinformatic analysis showed that SEMA4B expression was correlated with the increased infiltration of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), T-regs and the decreased infiltration of CD8+ T cell in LUAD. Importantly, in vivo study verified that the infiltration of T-regs and MDSCs in tumor microenvironment (TME) of Xenograft tissues was decreased after SEMA4B silencing. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrated SEMA4B might play an oncogenic role in LUAD progression, and be a promising therapeutic target for lung cancer.

HDAC7 promotes NSCLC proliferation and metastasis via stabilization by deubiquitinase USP10 and activation of ß-catenin-FGF18 pathway.

BACKGROUND: Histone deacetylases (HDACs) play crucial roles in cancers, but the role and mechanism of HDAC7 in NSCLC have not been fully understood. METHODS: A total of 319 patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who underwent surgery were enrolled in this study. Immunohistochemistry and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis were performed to investigate the relationship between HDAC7, fibroblast growth factor 18 (FGF18) expression, and clinicopathologic characteristics. Cell functional experiments were implemented both in vivo and in vitro to investigate the effects on NSCLC cell proliferation and metastasis. Recombinant lentivirus-meditated in vivo gene overexpression or knockdown, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), western blotting, and coimmunoprecipitation assays were applied to clarify the underlying molecular mechanism of HDAC7 in promoting NSCLC progression. RESULTS: The elevated expression of HDAC7 or FGF18 was positively correlated with poor prognosis, tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage, and tumor differentiation of NSCLC patients. NSCLC patients with co-expressed HDAC7 and FGF18 suffered the worst prognosis. HDAC7 overexpression promoted NSCLC proliferation and metastasis by upregulating FGF18. Conversely, overexpression of FGF18 reversed the attenuated ability in tumor growth and metastasis mediated by downregulating HDAC7. In terms of mechanism, our results suggested that the interaction of HDAC7 with ß-catenin caused decreased ß-catenin acetylation level at Lys49 and decreased phosphorylation level at Ser45. As a consequence, the HDAC7-mediated posttranslational modification of ß-catenin facilitated nuclear transfer and activated FGF18 expression via binding to TCF4. Furthermore, deubiquitinase USP10 interacted with and stabilized HDAC7. The suppression of USP10 significantly accelerated the degradation of HDAC7 and weakened NSCLC growth and migration. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings reveal that HDAC7 promotes NSCLC progression through being stabilized by USP10 and activating the ß-catenin-FGF18 pathway. Targeting this novel pathway may be a promising strategy for further developments in NSCLC therapy.

STYK1/NOK Promotes Metastasis and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer by Suppressing FoxO1 Signaling.

AIMS: Serine/threonine/tyrosine kinase 1 (STYK1) has been previously shown to have oncogenic properties, and emerging evidence suggests that STYK1 expression correlates with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). However, the mechanism of STYK1 involvement in oncogenesis remains unknown. The present study aimed to elucidate how STYK1 expression level relates to the metastasis, migration, invasion, and EMT in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and to determine the molecular mechanism of STYK1 effects. METHODS: Serine/threonine/tyrosine kinase 1 (STYK1) expression level and its relationship with the prognosis of NSCLC were determined using the ONCOMINE database and clinical cases. Non-small cell lung cancer cell lines with the overexpression or knockdown of STYK1 were established to determine whether STYK1 promotes cell migration, invasion, and EMT in vitro and in vivo. In addition, a constitutively active FoxO1 mutant (FoxO1AAA) was used to examine the role of FoxO1 in the STYK1-mediated upregulation of metastasis and EMT in NSCLC. RESULTS: Serine/threonine/tyrosine kinase 1 (STYK1) was upregulated in NSCLC tissues and cell lines, and its overexpression correlated with poor prognosis in patients with NSCLC after surgery. Enhanced expression of STYK1 potentiated the migration, invasion, and EMT in SW900 cells, thereby promoting metastasis, whereas knockdown of STYK1 inhibited these cellular phenomena in Calu-1 cells. Furthermore, STYK1 expression was positively related to the level of phosphorylated-FoxO1, whereas the constitutively active FoxO1 mutant protected against the positive effect of STYK1 overexpression on cell migration, invasion, and EMT. CONCLUSION: Serine/threonine/tyrosine kinase 1 (STYK1) was upregulated in NSCLC and correlated with poor clinical outcomes. In addition, STYK1 suppressed FoxO1 functions, thereby promoting metastasis and EMT in NSCLC.

Changes of angle Kappa and corneal morphology changes in myopic patients after Sub-Bowman-Keratomileusis. / è¿‘è§†æ‚£è€ å‰å¼¹åŠ›å±‚ä¸‹æ¿€å ‰è§’è†œç£¨å‰Šæœ¯åŽKappa角及角膜形态变化.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate angle Kappa and diopter distribution in myopic patients and the changes of angle Kappa and corneal morphology after Sub-Bowman-Keratomileusis (SBK), and to analyze the effects of the surgery on corneal morphologic changes and the patients' near fixation characteristics. METHODS: The clinical data of 134 myopic patients (268 eyes) undergoing SBK from August 2015 to August 2016 were retrospectively analyzed. Angle Kappa, corneal curvature in the central corneal region of 3 mm, and post-corneal Diff value were measured by Orbscan IIz Corneal Topography System before operation, 1 month and 6 months after operation. According to the values of angle Kappa before SBK, the patients were divided into 2 groups: the large K group (angle Kappa≥5°, 71 eyes) and the small K group (angle Kappa<5°, 197 eyes). Correlation analysis of the factors influencing angle Kappa at 6 months after operation was performed. RESULTS: In the large K group, angle Kappa was (5.67±0.65)°, spherical equivalent was (-4.84±2.32) D, and angle Kappa was decreased after operation (both P<0.05) with the increased decreasing range over time. In the small K group, angle Kappa was (3.51±1.08)°, spherical equivalent was (-5.78±2.63) D, angle Kappa was increased after operation with decreased increasing range over time, and the difference was statistically significant between 6 months after operation and before operation (P<0.05).The post-corneal Diff value of the 2 groups was increased after operation (all P<0.001), and was decreased from 1 month to 6 months after surgery. The corneal curvature in the central corneal region of 3 mm of the 2 groups 1 month after operation was decreased significantly (both P<0.001). From 1 month to 6 months after operation, the corneal curvature of the large K group tended to be stable, while the corneal curvature of the small K group tended to increase. There was no significant correlation between the changes of angle Kappa 6 months after operation and the changes of the corneal central curvature or the post-corneal Diff value (both P>0.05), but the changes of angle Kappa 6 months after operation was positively correlated with corneal cutting thickness (rlarge K group=0.398, rsmall K group=0.218, both P<0.05) and it was negatively correlated with preoperative diopter (rlarge K group=-0.283, rsmall K group=-0.233, both P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The angle Kappa is decreased in low-moderate myopia patients with large angle Kappa, while is increased in high myopia patients with small angle Kappa after SBK. Myopia patients after SBK will look for the new balance of the binocular accommodation and vergence function for improving the comfort in the near-work situations.

Abnormally high HIP1 expression is associated with metastatic behaviors and poor prognosis in ESCC.

Huntingtin interacting protein 1 (HIP1) is overexpressed in several human malignancies. However, the biological function of HIP1 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), and its effect on the prognosis of patients remain unclear. The present study aimed to investigate HIP1 expression in ESCC via immunohistochemistry, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blot analyses. The association between HIP1 expression and the clinicopathological characteristics of 173 patients with ESCC was statistically analyzed. The effect of HIP1 expression on patient prognosis was assessed via Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses. Lentivirus-delivered RNA interfering technique was used to overexpress and downregulate HIP1 expression in ESCC cell lines. The results demonstrated that HIP1 expression was significantly higher in ESCC tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues, and HIP1 expression was associated with histological differentiation, tumor-node-metastasis stage and lymph node metastasis. Furthermore, the overall survival time of patients with high HIP1 expression was significantly shorter than those with low HIP1 expression. Cellular mobility demonstrated that overexpressing HIP1 increased ESCC proliferation, migration and invasion, whereas silencing HIP1 decreased ESCC proliferation, migration and invasion. Furthermore, overexpressing HIP1 induced ESCC cells to enter the S and G2 phases from the G1 phase, whereas HIP1 knockdown arrested the cell cycle in the G1 phase. Taken together, the results of the present study suggest that HIP1 is associated with proliferation and metastatic behaviors in ESCC, and thus may be used as a potential prognostic indicator for patients with ESCC.

Evaluation of the Effect of Lymph Node Status on the Survival of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients With Brain Metastases: Applications of a Novel Grade Prognostic Assessment Score Model Involving N Stage.

BACKGROUND: Grade prognostic assessment (GPA) is widely used to evaluate the prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with brain metastases (BMs). This study aimed to investigate whether lymph node status (LNS) could be included as one of the GPA variables for NSCLC with BMs. METHODS: Overall, 586 patients with NSCLC and BMs were retrospectively analyzed. Overall survival stratified by LNS was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Multivariate analysis was also performed to identify independent prognostic factors using the Cox proportional hazards progression model. In the updated GPA index, prognostic factors and criteria of GPA score were weighted by effect magnitude relative risk (RR) and statistical significance. RESULTS: In NSCLC patients with BMs, those with lymph node involvement had worse overall survival (mOS, 13.4 months vs. 25.9 months, P <0.001) than those without lymph node involvement. Multivariate analysis showed that LNS might be an independent prognostic factor (RR: 1.702, CI: 1.340-2.162, P <0.001). Finally, five prognostic factors including LNS, the age of the patient, Karnofsky performance status (KPS), the number of BMs, and extracranial metastases were enrolled in our novel GPA index. With the updated GPA index involving the N stage, survival analysis was also performed. Prognostic results were significantly different among these four subgroups (Class A vs. Class B, P=0.047; Class B vs. Class C, P<0.001; Class C vs. Class D, P=0.007). CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that LNS might be an indispensable prognostic factor in NSCLC with BM. The novel GPA model involving the N stage could provide more reliable evidence to estimate the survival of NSCLC patients with BMs.

Optimal Adjuvant Therapy in Resected Stage IIIA-N2 Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Harboring EGFR Mutations.

BACKGROUND: Some non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients are unexpectedly diagnosed with stage IIIA-N2 disease at the time of thoracoscopy or thoracotomy. Because of the limited statistical evidence of induction chemotherapy for these patients, it is necessary to develop more profound treatment strategies. METHODS: The demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with stage IIIA-N2 NSCLC harboring epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations after radical resection were retrospectively reviewed. The patients were divided into 3 groups based on treatment: EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs, erlotinib or gefitinib), adjuvant chemotherapy (docetaxel plus cisplatin), and combination treatment (chemotherapy plus EGFR-TKIs). The effect of adjuvant therapy on survival rate was assessed using univariate and Cox regression analyses. RESULTS: Patients receiving EGFR-TKIs alone showed significantly improved disease-free survival (DFS; p = 0.025) when compared to those receiving chemotherapy alone. Compared to chemotherapy alone, the combination of chemotherapy and EGFR-TKIs resulted did not significantly improve DFS (p < 0.001) and overall survival (OS p < 0.001). The combination of EGFR-TKIs with chemotherapy as adjuvant therapy led to improvements in both DFS (p = 0.116) and OS (p = 0.039) compared to patients receiving a EGFR-TKI monotherapy. Toxicities were mild in the 3 treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated that adjuvant EGFR-TKI treatment significantly increased the DFS of patients with stage IIIA-N2 NSCLC when compared with cisplatin-based chemotherapy. The use of EGFR-TKIs and chemotherapy is recommended in the setting of combined-modality therapy.

Highly-selective detection of EGFR mutation gene in lung cancer based on surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy and asymmetric PCR.

The evaluation of EGFR mutation genes in circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in blood sample is key for patients with lung cancer. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has potential for trace detection of DNA or RNA. The detection rate offered by current methods can not meet clinical demand. By combining asymmetric polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and SERS, a highly-selective detection for EGFR mutation genes in lung cancer was developed. Sea-urchin like Au nanoclusters (AuNCs) were synthesized via Ag seed-mediated growth. AuNCs with a diameter of 120 nm were covered with 79 nanopricks (20 nm). Then, EGFR mutation specific molecular beacons (MBs) labeled with Cy3 were coated on the surface of AuNCs. The loading amount of MBs was calculated as 5720 ± 740 on one AuNCs. These AuNCs probes had good efficiency (equilibrium time: 20 minutes) with high sensitivity (detection limit: 5.8 nM), high specificity (capable of single-base mismatch recognition) and good stability against nucleases. Following this, asymmetric PCR was performed to obtain large numbers of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA, E746-A750del). The ssDNA was incubated with the AuNCs probes and tested quantitatively based on the SERS signals of the AuNCs probes. This combined asymmetric PCR-SERS method had a very high detection threshold (4.24 fM). The asymmetric PCR-SERS method was shown to have an overall sensitivity of 75% and specificity of 100% in a further 15 clinical blood samples. This method is proved to be promising for non-invasive and sensitive detection of EGFR mutations in ctDNA.

BCAP31, a cancer/testis antigen-like protein, can act as a probe for non-small-cell lung cancer metastasis.

Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) represents most of lung cancers, is often diagnosed at an advanced metastatic stage. Therefore, exploring the mechanisms underlying metastasis is key to understanding the development of NSCLC. The expression of B cell receptor-associated protein 31 (BCAP31), calreticulin, glucose-regulated protein 78, and glucose-regulated protein 94 were analyzed using immunohistochemical staining of 360 NSCLC patients. It resulted that the high-level expression of the four proteins, but particularly BCAP31, predicted inferior overall survival. What's more, BCAP31 was closely associated with histological grade and p53 status, which was verified by seven cohorts of NSCLC transcript microarray datasets. Then, three NSCLC cell lines were transfected to observe behavior changes BCAP31 caused, we found the fluctuation of BCAP31 significantly influenced the migration, invasion of NSCLC cells. To identify the pathway utilized by BCAP31, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis was firstly performed, showing Akt/m-TOR/p70S6K pathway was the significant one, which was verified by immunofluorescence, kinase phosphorylation and cellular behavioral observations. Finally, the data of label-free mass spectroscopy implied that BCAP31 plays a role in a fundamental biological process. This study provides the first demonstration of BCAP31 as a novel prognostic factor related to metastasis and suggests a new therapeutic strategy for NSCLC.

CHCHD2 is a potential prognostic factor for NSCLC and is associated with HIF-1a expression.

BACKGROUND: CHCHD2 was identified a novel cell migration-promoting gene, which could promote cell migration and altered cell adhesion when ectopically overexpressed in NIH3T3 fibroblasts, and it was identified as a protein necessary for OxPhos function as well. However, the clinic relevance of CHCHD2 expression in NSCLC remains unclear. Here we assumed that CHCHD2 expression would accompanies the expression of HIF-1α to response hypoxia in the occurrence of NSCLC. METHODS: In order to verify this hypothesis, correlations among the expression levels of CHCHD2 and HIF-1α were detected and analyzed in 209 pair cases of NSCLC. The expression and location of these molecules were assessed using Immunohistochemistry, immunohistofluorescence, qRT-PCR and western blotting. The differences and correlations of the expression of these two molecules with clinical pathological characteristics in NSCLC were statistically analyzed using Wilcoxon (W) text, Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis H and cross-table tests. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the effect of the expression of CHCHD2 and HIF-1α on the patients' survival. RESULTS: Data showed that CHCHD2 and HIF-1α expression were higher in NSCLC than in normal tissues (all P = 0.000). CHCHD2 expression was significantly related with smoking, tumor size, differentiation degree, TNM Stage, lymph metastasis (all P<0.05). The HIF-1α expression was significantly associated with smoking, tumor category, differentiation degree, TNM Stage, Lymph metastasis (all P<0.05). There was a marked correlation of CHCHD2 and HIF-1α expression with histological type, differentiation and lymph metastasis of NSCLC (all P<0.05, rs>0.3). Immunohistofluorescence showed that there were co-localization phenomenon in cytoplasm and nucleus between CHCHD2 and HIF-1α expression. NSCLC patients with higher CHCHD2 and HIF-1α expression had a significantly worse prognosis than those with lower CHCHD2 and HIF-1α expression (all P = 0.0001; log-rank test). The multivariate analysis indicated that CHCHD2 expression was an independent prognostic factor in NSCLC (hazard ratio [HR], 0.492, P = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that over-expression of CHCHD2 would promote the expression of HIF-1α to adapt the hypoxia microenviroment in NSCLC and CHCHD2 could serves as a prognostic biomarker in NSCLC.

Aberrantly High Expression Of NOK/STYK1 Is Tightly Associated With The Activation Of The AKT/GSK3ß/N-Cadherin Pathway In Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

PURPOSE: High metastasis is a leading risk factor for the survival of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a vital step of metastasis. The expression of novel oncogene with kinase domain (NOK) has been observed in some human malignancies, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC); however, the biological function of NOK in NSCLC remains unclear. In the study, we explored the function of NOK in NSCLC, with an aim to elucidate the relevant underlying mechanisms. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We investigate the expression of NOK, p-Akt, p-GSK-3ß, E-cadherin and N-cadherin expression by immunohistochemical analysis using tissue microarrays of 72 paired NSCLC samples of cancerous and adjacent normal tissues. The associations between NOK expression and clinicopathological factors, overall survival, other proteins were assessed. Immunofluorescence analysis of NSCLC tissues was performed to study the location of NOK, Akt and GSK-3ß. Up or down-regulated of NOK were conducted in two NSCLC cell lines to analyze its impact on AKT/GSK3ß pathway. RESULTS: Statistical analysis revealed NOK expression increased in NSCLC tissues compared with normal tissues (P<0.05). It also showed that low NOK expression were associated with a higher possibility of non-lymphatic metastasis, an early pN stage and clinical stage (P<0.05). Moreover, NOK expression was positively correlated with the expression of oncogene p-Akt (Thr308), p-GSK-3ß (Ser9) and N-cadherin (P<0.05). Immunofluorescence analysis of NSCLC tissues revealed that NOK is co-located with Akt and GSK-3ß. Further study in NSCLC cell lines revealed that NOK overexpression can activate the AKT/GSK3ß pathway. Conversely, knockdown of NOK can suppress the AKT/GSK3ß pathway. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that NOK overexpression correlated significantly with lymphatic metastasis, advanced pN and clinical stage in NSCLC. And NOK may promote EMT by activating the AKT/GSK3ß/N-cadherin pathway in NSCLC.

STYK1/NOK correlates with ferroptosis in non-small cell lung carcinoma.

Serine Threonine Tyrosine Kinase 1 (STYK1) presents oncogenic properties in many studies, and emerging evidence suggests that ferroptosis serve as a novel tumor suppressor. However, the interplay between STYK1 and ferroptosis in NSCLC remains unclear. Our aim is to illustrate the expression of ferroptotic regulator Glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) in NSCLC and the relationship between STYK1 and ferroptosis. Herein, results based on ONCOMINE database, clinical specimens, and cellular manipulation revealed GPX4 was upregulated in NSCLC tissues and cell lines, and high GPX4 expression predicted worse prognosis. High STYK1 expression predicted worse OS and was related to high GPX4 in NSCLC tissues; overexpression of STYK1 in lung cancer cell line SW900 upregulated the expression of GPX4, promoted proliferation, and attenuated diverse mitochondrial abnormalities specific to ferroptosis, whereas knockdown of GPX4 exacerbated such attenuations without affecting cell proliferation. Taken together, ferroptosis as an anti-tumor factor is inhibited in NSCLC, and targeting ferroptosis could be a novel therapeutic strategy for the management of NSCLC; furthermore, regulating ferroptosis could be another cancerous mechanism of STYK1.

STYK1 promotes tumor growth and metastasis by reducing SPINT2/HAI-2 expression in non-small cell lung cancer.

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying NSCLC progression remains not fully understood. In this study, 347 patients with complete clinicopathologic characteristics who underwent NSCLC surgery were recruited for the investigation. We verified that elevated serine threonine tyrosine kinase 1 (STYK1) or decreased serine peptidase inhibitor Kunitz type 2 (SPINT2/HAI-2) expression significantly correlated with poor prognosis, tumor invasion, and metastasis of NSCLC patients. STYK1 overexpression promoted NSCLC cells proliferation, migration, and invasion. STYK1 also induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition by E-cadherin downregulation and Snail upregulation. Moreover, RNA-seq, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and western blot analyses confirmed that STYK1 overexpression significantly decreased the SPINT2 level in NSCLC cells, and SPINT2 overexpression obviously reversed STYK1-mediated NSCLC progression both in vitro and in vivo. Further survival analyses showed that NSCLC patients with high STYK1 level and low SPINT2 level had the worst prognosis and survival. These results indicated that STYK1 facilitated NSCLC progression via reducing SPINT2 expression. Therefore, targeting STYK1 and SPINT2 may be a novel therapeutic strategy for NSCLC.

Downregulation of CKS1B restrains the proliferation, migration, invasion and angiogenesis of retinoblastoma cells through the MEK/ERK signaling pathway.

Retinoblastoma (RB) is a common neoplasm that is exhibited in individuals globally. Increasing evidence demonstrated that cyclin­dependent kinase regulatory subunit 1B (CKS1B) may be involved in the pathogenesis of various tumor types, including multiple myeloma and breast cancer. In the present study, the hypothesis that CKS1B downregulation would effectively inhibit the proliferation, invasion and angiogenesis of RB cells through the mitogen­activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal­regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway was examined. Initial investigation of the expression profile of CKS1B in RB and adjacent retina tissues was performed using reverse transcription­quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. A total of three RB cell lines, SO­RB50, Y79 and HXO­RB44, were examined for selection of the cell line with the highest expression of CKS1B, and human normal retinal vascular endothelial cells (ACBRI­181) were also evaluated. CKS1B short hairpin RNA (shRNA) sequences (shRNA CKS1B­1, shRNA CKS1B­2 and shRNA CKS1B­3) and negative control shRNA sequences were constructed and transfected into cells at the third generation to evaluate the role of shCKS1B and the MEK/ERK signaling pathway in RB. Furthermore, the effect of shCKS1B on cell proliferation, migration, invasion, apoptosis and angiogenesis was investigated. CKS1B was determined to be highly expressed in RB tissue, compared with adjacent retina tissue. SO­RB50 and HXO­RB44 cells treated with shRNA CKS1B­1 and shRNA CKS1B­2 were selected for the present experiments. Activation of the MEK/ERK signaling pathway increases the expression of MEK, ERK, B­cell lymphoma 2, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, cyclin D1, vascular endothelia growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor, enhances cell proliferation, migration, invasion and lumen formation, and decreases apoptosis. Following silencing CKS1B, the aforementioned conditions were reversed. The key observations of the present study demonstrated that shCKS1B can inhibit the proliferation, invasion and angiogenesis of RB cells by suppressing the MEK/ERK signaling pathway. Thus, CKS1B represents a potential research target in the development of therapeutics for RB.

Histone deacetylase 9 downregulation decreases tumor growth and promotes apoptosis in non-small cell lung cancer after melatonin treatment.

Histone deacetylase 9 functions as an oncogene in a variety of cancers, but its role on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has not been reported. Melatonin was proven to possess anticancer actions, whereas its effect on NSCLC and underlying mechanisms remains poorly understood. In this study, 337 patients with complete clinicopathologic characteristics who underwent NSCLC surgery were recruited for the study. We found that NSCLC patients with high HDAC9 expression were correlated with worse overall survival and poor prognosis. HDAC9 knockdown significantly reduced NSCLC cell growth and induced apoptosis both in vivo and in vitro. Melatonin application also markedly inhibited cell proliferation, metastasis, and invasion and promoted apoptosis in NSCLC cells. Moreover, RNA-seq, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and western blot analyses showed that melatonin treatment decreased the HDAC9 level in NSCLC cells. A mechanistic study revealed that HDAC9 knockdown further enhanced the anticancer activities of melatonin treatment, whereas HDAC9 overexpression partially reversed the melatonin's anticancer effects. Additionally, the in vivo study found melatonin exerted anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects on xenograft tumors which were also strengthened by HDAC9 knockdown. These results indicated that HDAC9 downregulation mediated the anti-NSCLC actions of melatonin, and targeting HDAC9 may be the novel therapeutic strategy for NSCLC.

Rare paraneoplastic erythroderma associated with ectopic neuron-specific enolase deposition in basal cells.

The cutaneous symptom of the paraneoplastic erythroderma can be the only symptom of a malignancy. Although many cases associated with malignancies have been reported, the pathogenesis of cancer related erythroderma is still unclear. Herein we presented a patient with large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) of the lung and contemporary severe erythroderma. The patient suffered from skin erythema and scaling all over the body and the cutaneous lesions recovered completely after 3 weeks of surgery. Strong expression of neuron-specific enolase (NSE, 2+ positive) was found in both primary cancer and basal cells of the preoperative skin. Three months later, postoperative skin biopsy presented nearly normal skin tissues, accompanied with a negative expression of NSE. Nine months after surgery, cancer recurred in the liver and brain with the first symptom of skin erythema and scaling. The pathology of liver biopsy tissues illustrated the LCNEC and 3+ positive expression of NSE. The skin biopsy tissues showed 2+ positive stain of NSE. Evaluation after two cycles of chemotherapy showed marked improvement in erythroderma and reduction of tumor volume. However, the patient experienced recurrent worsening of erythroderma when chemotherapy was terminated due to severe myelosuppression. Eleven months after surgery, the patient died of cancer cachexia and multiple organ failure. To our knowledge, this was the first case of paraneoplastic erythroderma associated with LCNEC of lung. Furthermore, we firstly discovered that the deposition of NSE in basal cells might be a crucial pathogenic factor of erythroderma.

SUMO1 promotes the proliferation and invasion of non-small cell lung cancer cells by regulating NF-κB.

BACKGROUND: Our previous study showed that SUMO1 expression is closely related to progression in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC); however, the function of SUMO1 in NSCLC has not yet been well elucidated. METHODS: SUMO1 was enhanced or silenced in two NSCLC cell lines by using either forced SUMO1 expression or short hairpin RNA against SUMO1 lentiviral vectors, respectively. The biological functions of SUMO1 in NSCLC were investigated through colony-formation, cell proliferation, and invasion assays, and cell cycle analysis. NF-κB expression was detected in the overexpressed and silenced SUMO1 cell lines. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect an association between SUMO1 and NF-κB in the cancer and adjacent tissues of 168 patients with lung cancer. RESULTS: Overexpressed SUMO1 promoted the proliferation rate, colony formation ability, invasion, and NF-κB expression in an A549 cell line. Conversely, SUMO1 depletion inhibited the cell growth rate, colony formation ability, invasion, and NF-κB expression in a Calu-1 cell line. SUMO1 expression was significantly correlated with NF-κB expression in lung adenocarcinoma and squamous carcinoma patients (r > 0.5, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Our results provide evidence that SUMO1 promotes the proliferation and invasion of NSCLC cells by regulating NF-κB.