Association of systemic inflammatory markers with postoperative arrhythmias in esophageal cancer: a propensity score matching.

BACKGROUND: The severity and prognosis of an array of inflammatory diseases have been predicted using systemic inflammatory indices, such as the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR), derived neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (dNLR), and systemic immune inflammation index (SII). The purpose of this study was to examine the association between systemic inflammatory markers and postoperative arrhythmias (PA) in esophageal cancer patients. METHODS: In the study, laboratory-related parameters were gathered and examined in 278 patients (non-PA = 221, PA = 57). Fit separate propensity score matching (PSM) within subgroup strata (surgery approaches); match within strata, and aggregate for main analysis. Finally, we established a 1:1(57:57) model. The ability of inflammatory makers on the first post-esophagectomy day to distinguish PA from postoperative non-arrhythmia (non-PA) by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. RESULTS: On the first post-esophagectomy day, there was a greater difference between PA and non-PA in terms of white blood cell (WBC) and neutrophil (NE), Neutrophil percentage (NE%), NLR, dNLR, LMR, and SII. After PSM, the following variables were substantially different between non-PA and PA: NE%, NLR, dNLR, and SII. It was found that WBC, NE, NE%, NLR, dNLR, LMR, and SII had the area under the curve (AUC) that was higher than 0.500 in ROC analysis, with NLR and SII having the highest AUC (AUC = 0.661). The indicators were subjected to binary logistic regression analysis, which increased the indicators' predictive ability (AUC = 0.707, sensitivity = 0.877). CONCLUSION: On the first post-esophagectomy day, systemic inflammatory indicators were significantly correlated with both PA and non-PA, and high SII and NLR are reliable markers of PA.

Feedback activation of CD73-Adenosine axis attenuates the antitumor immunity of STING pathway.

The cGAS-STING pathway, a crucial component of innate immunity, has garnered attention as a potential therapeutic target for tumor treatment, but targeting this pathway is complicated by diverse feedback mechanisms of the cGAS-STING pathway. In this study, we demonstrated that STING activation enhanced the expression of CD73 and the subsequent production of adenosine in immune cells and cancer cells. Mechanistically, the feedback activation of CD73 depended on the type I IFN/IFNAR axis induced by STING activation. Furthermore, the combination of STING agonist and anti-CD73 mAb markedly blocked tumor growth in vivo by promoting the infiltration of CD8+ T cells and reducing the accumulation of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the tumor microenvironment. Our work provides a rationale for the combination of STING agonists and CD73 inhibitors in cancer immunotherapy.

Dual-correlate optimized coarse-fine strategy for monocular laparoscopic videos feature matching via multilevel sequential coupling feature descriptor.

Feature matching of monocular laparoscopic videos is crucial for visualization enhancement in computer-assisted surgery, and the keys to conducting high-quality matches are accurate homography estimation, relative pose estimation, as well as sufficient matches and fast calculation. However, limited by various monocular laparoscopic imaging characteristics such as highlight noises, motion blur, texture interference and illumination variation, most exiting feature matching methods face the challenges of producing high-quality matches efficiently and sufficiently. To overcome these limitations, this paper presents a novel sequential coupling feature descriptor to extract and express multilevel feature maps efficiently, and a dual-correlate optimized coarse-fine strategy to establish dense matches in coarse level and adjust pixel-wise matches in fine level. Firstly, a novel sequential coupling swin transformer layer is designed in feature descriptor to learn and extract multilevel feature representations richly without increasing complexity. Then, a dual-correlate optimized coarse-fine strategy is proposed to match coarse feature sequences under low resolution, and the correlated fine feature sequences is optimized to refine pixel-wise matches based on coarse matching priors. Finally, the sequential coupling feature descriptor and dual-correlate optimization are merged into the Sequential Coupling Dual-Correlate Network (SeCo DC-Net) to produce high-quality matches. The evaluation is conducted on two public laparoscopic datasets: Scared and EndoSLAM, and the experimental results show the proposed network outperforms state-of-the-art methods in homography estimation, relative pose estimation, reprojection error, matching pairs number and inference runtime. The source code is publicly available at https://github.com/Iheckzza/FeatureMatching.

Right upper lobectomy after immunotherapy for primary malignant melanoma of the lung: a case report and literature review.

Background: Malignant melanoma is a malignant tumor of melanocytes. All body organs can be invaded by it; however, the skin is the most common site of invasion. Melanomas involving the lungs are almost always metastatic and it is extremely rare to find a true primary malignant melanoma of the lung (PMML). Compared to cutaneous melanoma, mucosal melanoma has a different biology and clinical appearance. Since there are no standards for the diagnosis and treatment of PMML, it is treated differently. We reported a patient with PMML underwent surgery after programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) immunotherapy. Case Description: A 62-year-old female patient presented with an occupying lesion in the right upper lung lobe found on physical examination. A computed tomography (CT) scan was done, and the results showed a lobulated soft tissue mass shadow of roughly 54 mm × 50 mm in the upper lobe of the right lung. The histological results of a CT-guided percutaneous lung biopsy were consistent with malignant melanoma. She was identified as having primary melanoma of the lung after undergoing a full physical examination to rule out occult primary tumor metastases. The patient received a total of 33 cycles of immunotherapy (PD-1). We did a right upper lung lobectomy after shrinking the melanoma in the right lung's upper lobe to a size of 16 mm × 10 mm. After the operation, the patient was monitored for 6 months and made a full recovery without recurrence. Conclusions: The preoperative immune system in combination with a surgical procedure may boost patients' chances of survival. These findings need to be confirmed in more clinical research.

The Optimal Layer for Breast Augmentation in an Autologous Fat Grafting Murine Model.

BACKGROUND: Fat grafting is an effective procedure for breast augmentation, but the variations in this technique result in unpredictable fat retention. Therefore, animal models are needed to simulate the operation and the optimal layer for fat retention. OBJECTIVES: An autologous fat grafting murine model for breast augmentation was built to detect a new layer for fat grafting in the chest. METHODS: The left side of the female rat inguinal fat flap was harvested, dissected into small pieces, and autotransplanted into 3 different layers of the breast. Retention rate and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining were measured at 1, 4, 8 12, and 16 weeks. Immunofluorescence staining was utilized to detect adipocytes and endothelial cells, and immunohistochemistry was conducted to evaluate the expression of integrins ß1 and α6. RESULTS: The volume of fat grafts slightly grew in the intramuscular and submuscular layers at Week 4. Retention rates in the subcutaneous layer and submuscular layer were significantly higher than the intramuscular layer at Week 16. H&E staining showed that oil cysts existed in the subcutaneous layer throughout the 16 weeks. At the terminal time point, well-vascularized mature adipose structures were observed in intramuscular and submuscular layers, with smaller adipocytes in intramuscular layers. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that integrin ß1 was identically expressed in every adipocyte in all the layers, whereas integrin α6 selectively expressed in bigger adipocytes in the intramuscular layer. The expression intensities of integrin ß1 and α6 were significantly higher in the intramuscular layer than in the subcutaneous and submuscular layers. CONCLUSIONS: The angiogenic and moderate mechanical environment makes the submuscular layer the optimal layer for fat retention.

Complications of Injected Exogenous Growth Factor for Cosmetic Facial Rejuvenation: A Case Series and Sequential Therapy.

BACKGROUND: Exogenous growth factor presents promising soft tissue regeneration, but the complications from injectable exogenous growth factor seem to be growing. However, there is no detailed summary of complications and sequential treatment protocols. It is noted that the injection of exogenous growth factor into the soft tissue is an unreasonable or even illegal procedure, which could cause uncontrollable tissue growth and some other complications. METHODS: A total of 65 patients underwent analysis retrospectively for complications related to the injection of exogenous growth factor from 2017to 2022 at Xijing Hospital in China. Initially the symptoms mainly consisted of redness, skin temperature arisen, itching, tissue hypertrophy, localized swelling, mass, and lump, with later manifestations including ulcerations and purulent discharge. A comprehensive treatment scheme was formulated based on the location and size of the lumps as well as the type of complication. Post-treatment satisfaction was evaluated over a mean 16-month follow-up (range 6-39 months). RESULTS: A total of 65 patients participated in the treatment. Drug injection therapy was initially performed on all patients. If injections were not effective, surgical treatment (debridement/excision/liposuction) was performed. Twenty-eight patients were managed with intralesional injections alone. Patients reported improved satisfaction in 23 cases (82.14%), full symptom resolution in 3 cases (10.72%), and no improvement in 2 cases (7.14%). Surgery was required for 37 patients. Postoperative improved satisfaction was reported in 30 cases (81.08%), full symptom resolution was recorded in 4 cases (10.82%), and no improvement was seen in 3 cases (8.10%). CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the management of complications arising from exogenous growth factor injections through the implementation of a sequential therapy approach. Specifically, this approach involves the initial administration of drug injection therapy, and if drug injection therapy proves ineffective, then surgical treatment is pursued. In conclusion, the injection of exogenous growth factors into soft tissues should be forbidden. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

First report on establishment and characterization of the extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma sarcoma cell line CBC2T-2.

BACKGROUND: Extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma sarcoma is extremely rare in clinical practice. These cells consist of both epithelial and mesenchymal cells. Patient-derived cell lines that maintain tumor characteristics are valuable tools for studying the molecular mechanisms associated with carcinosarcoma. However, cholangiocarcinoma sarcoma cell lines are not available in cell banks. AIM: To establish and characterize a new extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma sarcoma cell line, namely CBC2T-2. METHODS: We conducted a short tandem repeat (STR) test to confirm the identity of the CBC2T-2 cell line. Furthermore, we assessed the migratory and invasive properties of the cells and performed clonogenicity assay to evaluate the ability of individual cells to form colonies. The tumorigenic potential of CBC2T-2 cells was tested in vivo using non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient (NOD/SCID) mice. The cells were injected subcutaneously and tumor formation was observed. In addition, immunohistochemical analysis was carried out to examine the expression of epithelial marker CK19 and mesenchymal marker vimentin in both CBC2T-2 cells and xenografts. The CBC2T-2 cell line was used to screen the potential therapeutic effects of various clinical agents in patients with cholangiocarcinoma sarcoma. Lastly, whole-exome sequencing was performed to identify genetic alterations and screen for somatic mutations in the CBC2T-2 cell line. RESULTS: The STR test showed that there was no cross-contamination and the results were identical to those of the original tissue. The cells showed round or oval-shaped epithelioid cells and mesenchymal cells with spindle-shaped or elongated morphology. The cells exhibited a high proliferation ratio with a doubling time of 47.11 h. This cell line has migratory, invasive, and clonogenic abilities. The chromosomes in the CBC2T-2 cells were polyploidy, with numbers ranging from 69 to 79. The subcutaneous tumorigenic assay confirmed the in vivo tumorigenic ability of CBC2T-2 cells in NOD/SCID mice. CBC2T-2 cells and xenografts were positive for both the epithelial marker, CK19, and the mesenchymal marker, vimentin. These results suggest that CBC2T-2 cells may have both epithelial and mesenchymal characteristics. The cells were also used to screen clinical agents in patients with cholangiocarcinoma sarcoma, and a combination of paclitaxel and gemcitabine was found to be the most effective treatment option. CONCLUSION: We established the first human cholangiocarcinoma sarcoma cell line, CBC2T-2, with stable biogenetic traits. This cell line, as a research model, has a high clinical value and would facilitate the understanding of the pathogenesis of cholangiocarcinoma sarcoma.

Particles of Different Sizes Affect the Retention Pattern of the Fat Grafts in a Mouse Model.

BACKGROUND: Autologous fat grafting is an effective form of soft tissue regeneration. However, the optimal fat particle size and graft retention pattern need more research. METHODS: The mouse inguinal fat pad was harvested and cut into fat particles of different diameters: ≥ 5 mm, 3-4 mm, 2-3 mm, 1-2 mm and 1 mm (micro-fat). A volume of 0.2 ml fat was transplanted into another mouse dorsum. Volume and retention rate were measured at 1, 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Histology analysis was performed. Immunofluorescence staining was used to evaluate M1 and M2 macrophage infiltration and graft angiogenesis. RESULTS: Fat retention was highest in the "> 5 mm" group and lowest in the "micro-fat" group. Large vacuoles were more common in larger-diametered fat particles. There was less collagen accumulation in the well-vascularized connective tissue in the "1-2 mm" group. The infiltrated nucleated cells peak at week 4 in groups of fat particles under 3 mm and at week 8 in in groups with fat particles above 3 mm. The number of M1 macrophages peaked at week 1 and then declined in all groups except for the "5 mm" group. The number of M2 macrophages peaked at week 4 and gradually decreased through 12 weeks in the groups below 3 mm, but increased through 12 weeks in the groups above 3 mm. Vascular intensity was similar to M2 macrophage prevalence. CONCLUSIONS: Fat particles of different sizes may posses different retention patterns. Larger grafts have higher retention rate but worse quality. Meanwhile, smaller grafts have better quality with lower retention rate. NO LEVEL ASSIGNED: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each submission to which Evidence-Based Medicine rankings are applicable. This excludes Review Articles, Book Reviews, and manuscripts that concern Basic Science, Animal Studies, Cadaver Studies, and Experimental Studies. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Enhanced non-layer-dependent piezo-response in sailboat-like vertical molybdenum disulfide nanosheets for piezo-catalytic hydrogen evolution and dye degradation: Effect of microstructure and phase composition.

The piezo-response of two-dimensional molybdenum disulfide(MoS2) only exists at the edge of odd-number layers. It's crucial to design reasonable micro/nano-structures and construct tight interfaces to weaken layer-dependence, enhance energy harvesting, charge transfer and active sites exposure to improve piezoelectricity. The novel sailboat-like-vertical-MoS2-nanosheets(SVMS), in which abundant vertical MoS2 nanosheets(∼20 nm, 1-5 layers) are uniformly distributed on horizontal substrate of MoS2, with abundant vertical interfaces and controllable phase composition are prepared by facile method. The larger geometric-asymmetry enhances mechanical energy capture. Experiment and theory revealed the enhanced in-/out-of-plane polarization, higher piezo-response in multi-directions and abundant active edge sites of SVMS, thereby eliminating the layer-dependence and generating higher piezo-potential. Cooperating with the Mo-S bonds at vertical interfaces, free electrons-holes are efficiently separated and migrated. The piezo-degradation of Rhodamine B(RhB) and hydrogen evolution rate under ultrasonic/stirring are 0.16 min-1 and 1598 µmolg-1h-1 for SVMS(2H) with the highest piezo-response (under ultrasonic wave, stirring and water flow), which are over 1.6 and 3.1 times than few-layer MoS2 nanosheets. 94% RhB(500 mL) is degraded under water-flow(60 min). The mechanism was proposed. Overall, the design of SVMS with enhanced piezoelectricity was studied and modulated by regulating microstructure and phase composition, which has excellent application potential in fields of environment, energy and novel materials.

Efficacy of autologous platelet-rich plasma for long-term glucocorticoids caused chronic wound: a case report.

The repair of bone explore wounds is one of the difficult problems in plastic and reconstruction surgery. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a safe and efficient therapeutic option for various trauma, including Osteoarticular, musculoskeletal, and Wound injuries. However, the preparation and storage of PRP becomes challenging for patients with poor systemic status and requiring multi-use of PRP. The availability of safe, reliable tissue bank makes it possible. We report a case of a 42-year-old woman patient with a chronic hip wound combined with ischium bone exploration. And the patient who was treated with long-term glucocorticoids for rheumatoid arthritis has been through the experience of extensive conservative management. Thereafter necrosectomy and Vacuum-Assisted Closure (VAC) surgical procedure failed, and a PRP daily injection was performed at the ischial muscle and soft tissue. Neo-muscle appeared around the explored ischium bone after 8 weeks of injection and Complete wound healing was obtained in 3 months.

Label-Free Separation of Circulating Tumor Cells and Clusters by Alternating Frequency Acoustic Field in a Microfluidic Chip.

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) play an important role in the prognosis and efficacy evaluation of metastatic tumors. Since CTCs are present in very low concentrations in the blood and the phenotype is dynamically changing, it is a great challenge to achieve efficient separation while maintaining their viability. In this work, we designed an acoustofluidic microdevice for CTCs separation based on the differences in cell physical properties of size and compressibility. Efficient separation can be achieved with only one piece of piezoceramic working on alternating frequency mode. The separation principle was simulated by numerical calculation. Cancer cells from different tumor types were separated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), with capture efficiency higher than 94% and a contamination rate of about 1% was obtained. Furthermore, this method was validated to have no negative effect on the viability of the separated cells. Finally, blood samples from patients with different cancer types and stages were tested, with measured concentrations of 36-166 CTCs per milliliter. Effective separation was achieved even when the size of CTCs is similar to that of PBMCs, which has the prospect of clinical application in cancer diagnosis and efficacy evaluation.

Bayesian inference for Cox proportional hazard models with partial likelihoods, nonlinear covariate effects and correlated observations.

We propose a flexible and scalable approximate Bayesian inference methodology for the Cox Proportional Hazards model with partial likelihood. The model we consider includes nonlinear covariate effects and correlated survival times. The proposed method is based on nested approximations and adaptive quadrature, and the computational burden of working with the log-partial likelihood is mitigated through automatic differentiation and Laplace approximation. We provide two simulation studies to show the accuracy of the proposed approach, compared with the existing methods. We demonstrate the practical utility of our method and its computational advantages over Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods through the analysis of Kidney infection times, which are paired, and the analysis of Leukemia survival times with a semi-parametric covariate effect and spatial variation.

[Berberine hydrochloride attenuates liver injury induced by acute hypoxic exposure by inhibiting TNF-α/caspase-8/caspase-3 signaling pathway].

Objective To investigate the protective effect and mechanism of berberine hydrochloride (BBR) on liver after acute hypoxic exposure. Methods C57BL/6 mice were divided into three groups consisting of normoxic group, hypoxic exposure group, and hypoxic exposure combined with BBR group. On the 7th day of the experiment, mice were sacrificed and liver tissue was collected. The pathological changes of liver tissue were observed by HE staining. The mRNA levels of interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in liver tissue were detected by real time quantitative PCR. The protein levels of TNF-α, cleaved-caspase-3 (c-caspase-3), and caspase-8 in liver tissue were detected by Western blotting. The apoptosis of mouse liver tissue was detected by TUNEL. Results After 7 days of hypoxic exposure, the body mass and liver mass of mice decreased significantly, and the liver tissue damage was obvious; the mRNA levels of TNF-α and IL-1ß and the protein levels of caspase-8 and c-caspase-3 in liver tissue cells significantly increased, and the apoptosis level of liver tissue cells markedly increased as well. BBR treatment significantly increased the body mass and liver mass of mice exposed to hypoxia for 7 days, decreased the mRNA level of TNF-α and the protein expressions of caspase-8 and c-caspase-3, and reduced the apoptosis of liver tissue cells. Conclusion BBR may attenuate liver injury induced by hypoxic exposure by inhibiting TNF-α/caspase-8/caspase-3 signaling pathway.

DENSE-INception U-net for medical image segmentation.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) play an important role in the field of medical image segmentation. Among many kinds of CNNs, the U-net architecture is one of the most famous fully convolutional network architectures for medical semantic segmentation tasks. Recent work shows that the U-net network can be substantially deeper thus resulting in improved performance on segmentation tasks. Though adding more layers directly into network is a popular way to make a network deeper, it may lead to gradient vanishing or redundant computation during training. METHODS: A novel CNN architecture is proposed that integrates the Inception-Res module and densely connecting convolutional module into the U-net architecture. The proposed network model consists of the following parts: firstly, the Inception-Res block is designed to increase the width of the network by replacing the standard convolutional layers; secondly, the Dense-Inception block is designed to extract features and make the network more deep without additional parameters; thirdly, the down-sampling block is adopted to reduce the size of feature maps to accelerate learning and the up-sampling block is used to resize the feature maps. RESULTS: The proposed model is tested on images of blood vessel segmentations from retina images, the lung segmentation of CT Data from the benchmark Kaggle datasets and the MRI scan brain tumor segmentation datasets from MICCAI BraTS 2017. The experimental results show that the proposed method can provide better performance on these two tasks compared with the state-of-the-art algorithms. The results reach an average Dice score of 0.9857 in the lung segmentation. For the blood vessel segmentation, the results reach an average Dice score of 0.9582. For the brain tumor segmentation, the results reach an average Dice score of 0.9867. CONCLUSIONS: The experiments highlighted that combining the inception module with dense connections in the U-Net architecture is a promising approach for semantic medical image segmentation.

External Volume Expansion Adjusted Adipose Stem Cell by Shifting the Ratio of Fibronectin to Laminin.

External volume expansion (EVE) is an effective method of adipose tissue regeneration. However, it remains unclear how EVE induces adipose tissue regeneration. In this study, we developed EVE devices to generate expanded prefabricated adipose tissue (EPAT) in rats and investigated cell proliferation, adipogenesis, and the expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins during the 12 weeks suction. In addition, EPAT-generated decellularized adipose tissue (DAT) was used to assess the role of ECM proteins in cell proliferation and differentiation. Matrix deposition was significantly increased after EVE suction, with fibronectin and laminin showing the most dramatic changes. Fibronectin expression peaked during weeks 1-4, when Ki67 cells in EPAT peaked. Laminin expression peaked during weeks 8-12, when peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ expression also peaked. In vitro, adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) displayed a higher proliferation rate in week 1 DAT, when fibronectin expression was highest, whereas ASC adipogenesis was significantly higher on week 12 DAT, when laminin expression was abundant. These results showed that EVE device enhanced ECM deposition, which is closely related to cell proliferation and differentiation. Impact Statement Large soft tissue defects caused by cancer, trauma, or deformity remain a major challenge for reconstructive surgery. External volume expansion (EVE) successfully induces adipose tissue regeneration and shows great therapeutic potential in correction for soft tissue defect. This study showed that EVE enhanced the secretion of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and regulated ASC proliferation and differentiation through shifting matrix synthesis from fibronectin to laminin. These findings revealed the relation between ECM modulation and ASC behavior, indicating that EVE can induce adipose regeneration by regulating matrix synthesis.

Temperature responsive fluorescent polymer nanoparticles (TRFNPs) for cellular imaging and controlled releasing of drug to living cells.

Recent studies have demonstrated that drug delivery by using functional nanomaterials with imaging capability could afford plenty of insightful information for the better control of the delivery process. In this work, we developed temperature responsive fluorescent nanoparticles (TRFNPs) for drug delivery and cellular imaging. The TRFNP was fabricated by one-pot co-precipitation of thermal sensitive amphiphilic block copolymers polystyrene-b-poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) (PS-b-PNIPAM) and fluorescent conjugated polymer poly [(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-alt-co-(1,4-benzo(2,1',3)-thiadiazole)] (PFBT) in the presence of desired small guest molecules. The dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements verified that this functional nanoparticle exhibited temperature dependent size variation, which could therefore regulate the releasing rate of loaded guest molecules (e.g. drugs) inside the polymer core. Besides, the TRFNPs displayed good photostability in terms of optical characterization. The cellular cytotoxicity characterization demonstrated that this nanoparticle exhibited good biocompatibility even under the mass concentration of 10µg/mL. By using Nile Red as a model molecule, the temperature-controlled releasing process from TRFNPs in solution as well as inside living cells was monitored directly according to the spectroscopic and microscopic characterizations. Furthermore, anti-cancer drug was successfully delivered into living cells via TRFNPs and released in a temperature dependent manner. As a consequence, owing the attractive merits as mentioned above, this nanostructure would find broad applications in nanomedicine in the future.