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Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common endocrine disease resulting from interactions between genetic and environmental factors. Type II DM (T2DM) accounts for approximately 90% of all DM cases. Current medicines used in the treatment of DM have some adverse or undesirable effects on patients, necessitating the use of alternative medications. Methods: To overcome the low bioavailability of plant metabolites, all entities were first screened through pharmacokinetic, network pharmacology, and molecular docking predictions. Experiments were further conducted on a combination of antidiabetic phytoactive molecules (rosmarinic acid, RA; luteolin, Lut; resveratrol, RS), along with in vitro evaluation (α-amylase inhibition assay) and diabetic mice tests (oral glucose tolerance test, OGTT; oral starch tolerance test, OSTT) for maximal responses to validate starch digestion and glucose absorption while facilitating insulin sensitivity. Results: The results revealed that the combination of metabolites achieved all required criteria, including ADMET, drug likeness, and Lipinski rule. To determine the mechanisms underlying diabetic hyperglycemia and T2DM treatments, network pharmacology was used for regulatory network, PPI network, GO, and KEGG enrichment analyses. Furthermore, the combined metabolites showed adequate in silico predictions (α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and pancreatic lipase for improving starch digestion; SGLT-2, AMPK, glucokinase, aldose reductase, acetylcholinesterase, and acetylcholine M2 receptor for mediating glucose absorption; GLP-1R, DPP-IV, and PPAR-γ for regulating insulin sensitivity), in vitro α-amylase inhibition, and in vivo efficacy (OSTT versus acarbose; OGTT versus metformin and insulin) as nutraceuticals against T2DM. Discussion: The results demonstrate that the combination of RA, Lut, and RS could be exploited for multitarget therapy as prospective antihyperglycemic phytopharmaceuticals that hinder starch digestion and glucose absorption while facilitating insulin sensitivity.
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Background/purpose: Secretory carcinoma (SC) is a rare salivary gland tumor that featured by ETV6::NTRK3 gene fusion, and was included in the WHO Classification of Head and Neck Tumors since 2017. Nevertheless, the description of SCs by WHO is still vague. This study examined 18 SC cases by using both histomorphology and molecular pathology for diagnostic determination, especially immunohistochemical features of SCs. Materials and methods: Based on WHO characteristics, 18 patients with SC admitted between 2001 and 2022 were included in this study. Main histomorphological patterns, FISH analyses of the ETV6::NTRK3 gene fusion, and immunohistochemical analyses of S100, mammaglobin, DOG1, ADFP, CA6 and Ki-67 were performed. Results: Among the 18 SC patients, the median age of onset was 39.22 years. Grossly, the average tumor size in 2.96 cm with various texture from soft to tough. The majority patients were positive for S100, mammaglobin, and negative for DOG1, except for one patient negative for S100 (Case 18). All patients were positive for ADFP, and the majority patients were negative for CA6, except for Case 9. Two cases were found recurrence, and the tumor were found both in parotid gland with local invasion. Conclusion: Combined with the results of previous studies, we proposed that the combination of all five markers, S100, mammaglobin, DOG1, ADFP and CA6, could contribute more to differential diagnosis of SCs with other salivary carcinomas, especially with AciCC. The prognosis of SCs is optimistic in most cases, but larger patient cohort and long-term follow-up are still needed.
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Warthin-like mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) is a recently identified MEC variant of the salivary gland. MEC morphologically mimics Warthin tumor (WT) but harbors the same chromosomal translocation t (11; 19) (q21; p13) as MEC. Thus, differential diagnosis is crucial. MEC involving WT is extremely rare in salivary glands. In this study, we reported a case of Warthin-like MEC, a case of MEC co-existing with WT, and a case of mucinous metaplasia in WT. We also discussed the possible link between WT and MEC.
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As an aggressive subtype of squamous cell carcinoma, basaloid squamous cell carcinoma (BSCC) rarely occurs in the oral and maxillofacial region. The gingiva is an unusual site of BSCC. This study reported a 78-year-old male who presented with left maxillary pain. Clinical examination revealed a gingival mass in the left maxilla. Under microscope, the lesion showed typical comedo necrosis and peripheral palisading. Areas of glandular-like structures were also observed. Immunohistochemistry results revealed that the Ki-67 score of BSCC in this case was 28%, and S-100 was positive in some areas. However, P16 and CK7 were negative. Finally, a diagnosis of BSCC was made based on the pathological and immunohistochemical characteristics. The patient underwent subtotal maxillectomy. After 12 months later, the patient was alive with no evidence of disease. Combined with relevant literature, this article analyzed the clinicopathological features, differential diagnosis, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of BSCC. Although surgery remains the main treatment in the head and neck region, radiation-chemotherapy should be considered in some human papilloma virus-positive cases.