Primary Plasmablastic Lymphoma of The Paranasal Sinuses: A Rare Case Report.

Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) is a rare and highly invasive type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. It is usually associated with immunosuppression and human immunodeficiency virus infection. PBL most commonly occurs in the oral cavity, lymph nodes, and in other extranodal sites. However, it rarely originates from bilateral sinuses. Herein, we report the case of a 59-year-old man diagnosed with primary PBL of the sinuses confirmed by endoscopic biopsy, imaging materials, histopathological examination, and immunohistochemistry. The patient underwent 4 cycles of chemotherapy and 22 rounds of radiation therapy for 8 months. Re-examination by sinus computed tomography revealed no obvious tumor tissue in the nasal cavity and sinuses, suggesting that treatment was effective. No local recurrence or distant metastasis was detected at 6-month follow-up after the end of treatment.

The involvement of translationally controlled tumor protein during lamb rumen epithelium development.

Early weaning is usually applied to improve the reproductive efficiency of sheep in mutton production, while the development of rumen is of vital importance for sheep weaning age. Translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) is a highly conserved protein which participates in multiple tissue and organ development. Thus, we hypothesized that TCTP was involved in sheep rumen development. Histological analyses of sheep rumen epithelium showed that the epithelium formed tough shaped papillae without growing from birth to day 15 of age, after which it rapidly developed to functional epithelia on day 45 of age. We then found TCTP expressed in stratum basale, stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum of rumen epithelium. TCTP protein expression remained at a relative low level from day 0 to day 15 of age, it then significantly increased on day 30 (p < 0.05) and gradually decreased until day 60. Furthermore, to explore the role of TCTP in sheep rumen and its regulation, we found the ratio of Ki67 positive cell in stratum basale cells followed the similar pattern as the expression of TCTP. We also found the ratio of acetate:propionate in rumen fluid decreased from day 30 to day 60 of age (p < 0.05). To conclude, our data indicated that TCTP participated in rumen papillae growth by promoting rumen stratum basale cell proliferation.

The RyR-ClCa -VDCC axis contributes to spontaneous tone in urethral smooth muscle.

Current therapies including pharmaceutical intervention and surgery have limited efficacy on stress urinary incontinence (SUI). One type of SUI is due to low intraurethral pressure caused by the disabled contraction of urethral smooth muscle (USM). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the motility of USM remain unknown. Here, we show that USM represents spontaneous tone after stretching in humans and mice. Deletion of TMEM16A in the smooth muscle of mice abolishes spontaneous urethral tone. Furthermore, ClCa currents and [Ca2+ ]i in TMEM16ASMKO mice were largely impaired. Inhibitors of ryanodine receptor (RyR), TMEM16A encoded calcium-activated chloride channel (ClCa ) and L-type voltage-dependent calcium channel (VDCC) fully prevented spontaneous tone accompanied by a significant decrease of intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+ ]i ). In summary, RyR-ClCa -VDCC signaling contributes to spontaneous USM tone. This finding may provide a new promising approach for women with stress SUI who reject surgery.

Thyroid hormones alter estrous cyclicity and antioxidative status in the ovaries of rats.

To expand our understanding of the roles of thyroid hormones on female reproduction, we induced hypo- and hyper-T rat models to investigate the roles of thyroid hormones on estrous cyclicity, as well as the antioxidative status in the ovaries of rats. In the current study, our data show that hypothyroidism (hypo-T) and hyperthyroidism (hyper-T) led to significantly reduced body weights and ovarain weights and delayed vaginal opening day. For hyper-T, thyroxine (T4), tri-iodothyronine (T3), progesterone (P4) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were significantly increased, while estradiol (E2) and luteinizing hormone (LH) were significantly decreased. For hypo-T rats, serum levels of total T4 and T3, E2, P4, FSH and LH were significantly increased, while concentrations of E2 and LH were significantly decreased. For ovary morphology, the numbers of secondary and antral follicles were significantly decreased with more atretic antral follicles and less corpora lutea in both hyper- and hypo-T groups. Both hyper-T and hypo-T treatment significantly decreased the expressions of thyroid hormone receptor α1 in the ovary. Hypo-T significantly reduced nitric oxide (NO), total NO synthase (tNOS), inducible NOS and constitutive NOS activities, but hyper-T increased them. For antioxidative parameters, hypo-T and hyper-T treatment significantly increased malondialdehyde (MDA) contents. The activities of both glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase (CAT) significantly decreased in the hypo-T group but increased in the hyper-T group. Total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activity was significantly increased in the hyper-T group. In summary, thyroid hormones alter estrous cyclicity and antioxidative status in the ovary of the rat may act through the NOS signaling pathway.

Nitric oxide and thyroid hormone receptor alpha 1 contribute to ovarian follicular development in immature hyper- and hypo-thyroid rats.

Thyroid dysfunction can cause ovarian cycle and ovulatory disturbances, however, the molecular link(s) between these two disorders remains largely unknown. In the current study, we examined the roles of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and thyroid hormone receptor alpha 1 (TRα1) in these disorders using immature hyper-thyroid (hyper-T) and hypo-thyroid (hypo-T) rats. In comparison to controls, hyper-T rats had higher serum concentrations of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), whereas hypo-T rats had lower serum T3 and T4. Serum estradiol (E2) level was decreased in both hyper-T and hypo-T animals and serum E2 in hyper-T rats were lower than in hypo-T rats. We found that neuronal NOS (nNOS) and TRα1 were present in oocytes, granulosa cells and theca cells of all examined rat groups. Ovarian nitric oxide (NO) content and the constitutive NOS (cNOS) activity in hyper-T rats were significantly decreased compared with control or hypo-T rats. Moreover, the number of large antral follicles was reduced in hyper-T rats, and number of primordial follicles was decreased in hypo-T rats compared with control rats. In conclusion, we observed an association between thyroid hormone and NO signaling pathways during the process of ovarian follicular development in immature rats. In hyperthyroidism, thyroid hormones induced an estrogen deficiency that inhibited the function of nNOS, resulting in the inhibition of NO synthesis and suppressed development of large antral follicles, while in hypothyroidism only development of primordial follicles was inhibited.

Roles of thyroid hormones in follicular development in the ovary of neonatal and immature rats.

Thyroid hormones (TH) play a critical role in ovarian follicular development, maturation and the maintenance of various endocrine functions. However, whether TH can affect ovarian follicular development in neonatal and immature rats remains unclear. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to elucidate the effect of TH on ovarian follicular development in neonatal and immature rats. Thirty female post-lactation mothers of Sprague-Dawley rat pups were randomly divided into three groups: control, hyperthyroid (hyper), and hypothyroid (hypo). On postnatal days (PND) 10 and 21, body weights, serum hormones, ovarian histologic changes, and immunohistochemistry of thyroid hormone receptor alpha 1 (TRα1) and nitric oxide synthase types (NOS), and NOS activities, were determined. The data showed that body weights significantly decreased in both hyper and hypo groups compared with the control group (P < 0.05). In addition, the hyper group had increased serum concentrations of T3, T4, and E2; whereas the hypo group manifested reduced serum concentrations of T3, T4, and E2 on PND 10 and 21. The hyper and hypo groups showed significantly reduced total number of primordial, primary and secondary follicles on PND 10 and 21 compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Similarly, antral follicle numbers in the hyper and hypo groups were significantly decreased on PND 21 compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Immunostaining indicated that TRα1 and NOS were expressed in ovarian surface epithelium and oocytes of growing and antral follicles, with strong staining of the granulosa and theca cells of follicles. NOS activities were significantly augmented in the hyper, but diminished in the hypo groups on PND 10 and 21. In summary, our findings suggest that TH play important roles in ovarian functions and in the regulation of NOS activity. Our results also indicate that a relationship exists between the TH and NO signaling pathways during the process of ovarian follicular development in neonatal and immature rats.