Global review of phthalates in edible oil: An emerging and nonnegligible exposure source to human.

This work investigated the presence of seven major phthalates in nine different kinds of edible oils (i.e. olive, rapeseed, peanut, sesame, tea seed, corn, soybean, sunflower, and blended oil) and their potential impacts on human. The respective total average phthalates concentrations in the oils studied were found to be 6.01, 2.79, 2.63, 2.03, 1.73, 1.66, 1.57, 1.26, and 0.72 mg/kg. On the other hand, the seven main phthalates in the edible oils with the average concentration ranked from high to low were in order of DiNP, DEHP, DiDP, DBP, DiBP, DEP, and BBP, with 0.90, 0.81, 0.79, 0.71, 0.22, 0.17, and 0.10 mg/kg, respectively. The estimated maximum human daily intakes (EDI) of DEHP, DBP, DiBP, DiNP, BBP, DEP, and DiDP via edible oils were determined to be 552, 2996, 121, 356, 268, 66, and 563 µg/p/d, respectively. It was further revealed that the maximum human EDI of DEHP, DBP, BBP, and DiBP through consumption of edible oils were 2.92, 6.79, 1.24, and 1.06 times higher than those via bottled water. The calculated average estrogenic equivalence (EEQ) values of the seven major phthalates in edible oils fell into the range of 2.7-958.1 ng E2/L, which were 45-396 times of those in bottled water. With published works, the complete distributions of 15 phthalates in nine kinds of edible oils were established and assessed for the health risks based on EDI and EEQ. This work provided the first evidence that edible oil is a potential source of phthalates, thus the potential adverse estrogenic effects on human health should need to be assessed in a holistic manner.

[Analysis and Characterization of Multi-modified Anodes via Nitric Acid and PPy/AQDS in Microbial Fuel Cells].

The properties of anode material are crucial for high performances in microbial fuel cells (MFCs). Hereby, a biocompatible, conductive, and high electron transfer ability anode was fabricated by electrodepositing polypyrrole/anthraquinone-2, 6-disulphonic disodium salt (PPy/AQDS) onto nitric acid-soaked carbon felt. The results showed that the multi-modified anode outperformed the pristine one in biomass, electrical conductivity, and exchange current density with between 2.4 and 3.3 times better performance. The multi-modified anode (applied with 0.12 C·cm-2 total charge density) showed the highest peak current density (2.86 mA), the largest amount of biomass loading (0.44 mg·cm-2), the most favoured electrical conductivity (0.33 S·cm-1), and exchange current density (3.65×10-3 A·m-2), as a result, the maximum power density of the MFC equipped with the anode delivered a 2.2-fold increase over that of the control (1060.7 mW·m-2vs. 477.6 mW·m-2), and thus has great potential to be used as an anode for high-power MFCs. Further investigation revealed that the increased energy output might be attributed to the bridging of the carbon fibers by electrically conductive PPy/AQDS composite films, which provided a uniform connection throughout the nitric treated carbon felt as well as the synergetic effects between the newly formed functional groups like pyrrolic N and PPy/AQDS. It was proposed that integrating biocompatibility (BCB) with electrical conductivity (EC) and electron transfer efficiency (ETE) through multi-modification could form high-performance anode. Future efforts to be made for realizing more extraordinary high-performance MFCs anodes were also outlined. This work may also provide a novel universal approach for the development of other types of anode for high-performance MFCs through integrating the BCB with EC and ETE simultaneously.

Decolorization of anthraquinone dye Reactive Blue 19 by the combination of persulfate and zero-valent iron.

Decolorization of anthraquinone dye Reactive Blue 19 (RB19) with sulfate radicals generated in situ from persulfate and zero-valent iron (ZVI) was investigated. The effects of initial solution pH, initial concentration of RB19, ZVI and persulfate, reaction temperature and common dissolved anions were studied. 100% color removal efficiency and 54% TOC removal efficiency were achieved in 45 min with an initial RB19 concentration of 0.1 mM under typical conditions (pH 7.0, 0.8 g L(-1) ZVI, 10 mM persulfate and 30 C). The decolorization efficiency of RB19 increased with higher iron dosage, higher initial persulfate concentration, and higher reaction temperature. It is also an acid driven process. The decolorization process followed pseudo-first order kinetics and the activation energy was 98.1 kJ mol-1. RB19 decolorization was inhibited by common dissolved anions such as CL-, NO3-, H2PO4- and HCO3- since they reacted with sulfate radicals that retarded the oxidation process. The experiment demonstrated that the combination of persulfate and ZVI was a promising technology for the decolorization of dye wastewater.