RESUMO
Prostate transmembrane androgen inducible protein 1 (PMEPA1) can promote or inhibit prostate cancer cell growth based on the cancer cell response to the androgen receptor (AR). Further, it can be upregulated by transforming growth factor (TGF), which downregulates transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß) signaling by interfering with R-Smad phosphorylation to facilitate TGF-ß receptor degradation. Studies have indicated the increased expression of PMEPA1 in some solid tumors and its functioning as a regulator of multiple signaling pathways. This review highlights the multiple potential signaling pathways associated with PMEPA1 and the role of the PMEPA1 gene in regulating prognosis, including transcriptional regulation and epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT). Moreover, the relevant implications in and outside tumors, for example, as a biomarker and its potential functions in lysosomes have also been discussed.
RESUMO
AIM: The relationship between bone mineral density (BMD) and osteoarthritis (OA) remains controversial. This study aimed to explore the cross-sectional associations between BMD at the total body, hip and spine and joint structural abnormalities including cartilage defects and bone marrow lesions (BMLs) in patients with knee OA. METHOD: One hundred and eight-five subjects with symptomatic knee OA were included in this study. T2-weighted fast spin echo magnetic resonance imaging was used to assess knee cartilage defects and BMLs. Total body, hip and spine BMD were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS: After adjustment for potential confounders, total hip BMD was negatively associated with medial tibial cartilage defects, lateral femoral cartilage defects, medial tibial BMLs and lateral tibial BMLs. Spine and total body BMD were negatively associated with lateral femoral cartilage defects, but not with BMLs. CONCLUSION: We concluded that BMD particularly at the hip was negatively associated with knee cartilage defects and BMLs.