[Long-term evaluation and physical and mental effects of residual tinnitus following treatment of sudden hearing loss].

Objective: To clarify the long-term characteristics of tinnitus following treatment of sudden deafness and its long-term physical and mental effects on patients. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on 88 patients (46 males and 42 females; Age from 11 to 89 years) with sudden deafness treated in Department of Otoscope Surgery of Peoples's Libration Army General Hospital in Beijing from April 2020 to January 2021, and the occurrence of tinnitus and treatment effect of all patients were analyzed. Follow-up was conducted for patients with residual tinnitus after treatment for more than 1 year by the investigation and filling in the survey information collection form, Tinnitus Evaluation Questionnaire (TEQ) and Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI). Descriptive statistics and SPSS 22.0 software were used for statistical data analysis. Results: In this study, 93.2% (82/88) of patients with sudden deafness were accompanied by tinnitus at the onset, and the proportion of long-term tinnitus after treatment was 90.2% (74/82). After 1 year of treatment for sudden deafness, the improvement of tinnitus was significant in low-frequency sudden deafness compared with those of high-frequency, flat and total deafness sudden deafness (χ2 value was 6.801, 4.568 and 4.038, all P<0.05). In patients with residual tinnitus, 9 (12.2%) patients felt minimal loudness or even no loudness, 34 (46.0%) patients felt slight loudness, 28 (37.8%) patients felt tinnitus was relatively loud, and 3 (4.1%) patients felt tinnitus was loud or noisy. Nine (12.2%) patients's sleep was often affected, 41 (55.4%) patients's sleep was sometimes affected, 9 (12.2%) patients's sleep was rarely affected, 15 (20.3%) patients's sleep was almost not affected. Twenty-eight (37.8%) patients basically completely adapted to tinnitus and 46 (62.2%) patients did not completely adapted to residual tinnitus. Eight (10.8%) patients had no impact on life, 39 (52.7%) patients had slight impact, 22 (29.7%) patients had moderate impact, and the other 5 (6.8%) patients had greater impact. According to tinnitus evaluation questionnaire(TEQ), there were 12 cases (16.2%) of grade Ⅰ, 26 cases (35.1%) of grade Ⅱ, 28 cases (37.8%) of grade Ⅲ, 7 cases (9.5%) of grade Ⅳ and 1 case (1.4%) of grade Ⅴ. According to tinnitus handicap inventory(THI), tinnitus disability was classified into grade Ⅰ, 22 cases (29.7%), grade Ⅱ, 14 cases (18.9%), Grade Ⅲ, 27 cases (36.5%) and grade Ⅳ, 11 cases (14.9%). Conclusion: The rate of residual tinnitus following treatment of sudden deafness is high. Some of the patients can completely adapt residual tinnitus after one year, but some of them will be affected when sleep, work and study. Residual tinnitus can lead to tinnitus disability in different degrees.

[Numerical simulation modeling of middle ear-eustachian tube ventilation based on Chinese digital visual human body].

Objective: To establish a three-dimensional model of middle ear-eustachian tube based on Chinese digital visual human dataset, and the deformation and pressure changes of the middle ear-eustachian tube system after eustachian tube opening are simulated by computer numerical simulation. Methods: The first female Chinese Digital Visual Human data was adopted. The images were imported by Amira image processing software, and the images were segmented by Geomagic software to form a three-dimensional model of middle ear-eustachian tube system, including eustachian tube, tympanum, tympanic membrane, auditory ossicles, and mastoid air cells system. The 3D model was imported into Hypermesh software for meshing and analysis. The structural mechanics calculation was carried out by Abaqus, and gas flow was simulated by Xflow. The tissue deformation and middle ear pressure changes during eustachian tube opening were numerically simulated by fluid-solid coupling algorithm. Several pressure monitoring points including tympanum, mastoid, tympanic isthmus, and external auditory canal were set up in the model, and the pressure changes of each monitoring point were recorded and compared. Results: In this study, a three-dimensional model of middle ear-eustachian tube and a numerical simulation model of middle ear ventilation were established, including eustachian tube, tympanum, mastoid air cells, tympanic membrane, and auditory ossicles. The dynamic changes of the model after ventilation could be divided into five stages according to the pressure. In addition, the pressure changes of tympanum and tympanic isthmus were basically synchronous, and the pressure changes of mastoid air cells system were later than that of tympanum and tympanic isthmus, which verified the pressure buffering effect of mastoid. The extracted pressure curve of the external auditory canal was basically consistent with that of tympanometry in terms of value and trend, which verified the effectiveness of the model. Conclusions: The numerical simulation model of middle ear-eustachian tube ventilation established in this paper can simulate the tissue deformation and middle ear pressure changes after eustachian tube opening, and its accuracy and effectiveness are also verified. This not only lays a foundation for further research, but also provides a new research method for the study of middle ear ventilation.

[Application of artificial intelligence-assisted diagnosis for cervical liquid-based thin-layer cytology].

Objective: To explore the application value of artificial intelligence-assisted diagnosis system for TBS report in cervical cancer screening. Methods: A total of 16 317 clinical samples and related data of cervical liquid-based thin-layer cell smears, which were obtained from July 2020 to September 2020, were collected from Southern Hospital, Guangzhou Huayin Medical Inspection Center, Shenzhen Bao'an People's Hospital(Group) and Changsha Yuan'an Biotechnology Co., Ltd. The TBS report artificial intelligence-assisted diagnosis system of cervical liquid-based thin-layer cytology jointly developed by Southern Medical University and Guangzhou F. Q. PATHOTECH Co., Ltd. based on deep learning convolution neural network was used to diagnose all clinical samples. The sensitivity,specificity and accuracy of both artificial intelligence-assisted diagnosis system and cytologists using artificial intelligence-assisted diagnosis system were analyzed based on the evaluation standard(2014 TBS). The time spent by the two methods was also compared. Results: The sensitivity of artificial intelligence-assisted diagnosis system in predicting cervical intraepithelial lesions and other lesions (including endometrial cells detected in women over 45 years old and infectious lesions) under different production methods, different cytoplasmic staining and different scanning instruments was 92.90% and 83.55% respectively, and the specificity of negative samples was 87.02%, while that of cytologists using artificial intelligence-assisted diagnosis system was 99.34%, 97.79% and 99.10%, respectively. Moreover, cytologists using artificial intelligence-assisted diagnosis system could save about 6 times of reading time than manual. Conclusions: Artificial intelligence-assisted diagnosis system for TBS report of cervical liquid-based thin-layer cytology has the advantages of high sensitivity, high specificity and strong generalization. Cytologists can significantly improve the accuracy and work efficiency of reading smears by using artificial intelligence-assisted diagnosis system.

[Research progress on the role of IL-33/ST2 axis in pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis].

SummaryThe binding of IL-33 and its receptor ST2 plays a key role in the development of cardiovascular diseases, chronic inflammation, allergic diseases and fibrosis related diseases. The study of the relationship between IL-33/ST2 signaling pathway and these diseases may provide new ideas and methods for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Although many high-quality studies have been done on the role of IL-33/ST2 signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis, there is still a lack of comprehensive and clear explanation. This paper reviews the role of IL-33/ST2 signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis on the basis of literature review. This signaling pathway can be used to guide the treatment of allergic rhinitis in theory.

[Comparison of clinical efficacy between first-generation and second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors based regimen in the treatment of patients with BCR-ABL positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia].

Objective: To explore the clinical efficacy and prognostic factors of first-generation and second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) based regimen in the treatment of patients with BCR-ABL positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) . Methods: Retrospectively analyze the clinical characteristics and prognostic factors of 89 patients with BCR-ABL positive ALL from April 2012 to June 2018 in our hospital, the clinical efficacy of first-generation and second-generation TKI was compared. Results: 60 patients were classified into the first-generation TKI (imatinib) group, and 29 patients were in the second-generation TKI (dasatinib) group. There were no significant differences in gender, age, WBC, hemoglobin concentration, PLT, chromosomal karyotype, the types of fusion genes, allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) and TKI initiation time between the two groups. The first-generation and second-generation TKI groups, for which the complete remission (CR) rate at the fourth week of induction therapy was 83.3% and 89.7% (P=0.637) , respectively, and the complete molecular remission (CMR) was 48.3%and 58.6% (P=0.363) , respectively, the difference was not statistically significant. The 2-year overall survival (OS) rate of first-generation and second-generation TKI group was 34.9% and 64.0% (χ(2)=4.743, P=0.029) , the 2-year relapse free survival (RFS) rate was 17.2% and 55.0% (χ(2)=8.801, P=0.003) , respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that complete molecular remission (HR=0.281, 95%CI 0.151-0.523, P<0.001) was independent favorable prognostic factor for overall survival (OS) , complete molecular remission (HR=0.209, 95%CI 0.112-0.390, P<0.001) and second-generation TKI (HR=0.318, 95%CI 0.158-0.641, P=0.001) were independent favorable prognostic factors for RFS. Conclusion: For TKI-based regimen of BCR-ABL positive ALL, second-generation TKI is superior to first-generation TKI in OS and RFS time.

[Application of machine learning models in predicting early stone-free rate after flexible ureteroscopic lithotripsy for renal stones].

OBJECTIVE: To establish predictive models based on random forest and XGBoost machine learning algorithm and to investigate their value in predicting early stone-free rate (SFR) after flexible ureteroscopic lithotripsy (fURL) in patients with renal stones. METHODS: The clinical data of 201 patients with renal stones who underwent fURL were retrospectively investigated. According to the stone-free standard, the patients were divided into stone-free group (SF group) and stone-residual group (SR group). We compared a number of factors including patient age, body mass index (BMI), stone number, stone volume, stone density and hydronephrosis between the two groups. For low calyceal calculi, renal anatomic parameters including infundibular angle (IPA), infundibular width (IW), infundibular length (IL) and pelvic calyceal height (PCH), would be measured. We brought above potential predictive factors into random forest and XGBoost machine learning algorithm respectively to develop two predictive models. The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC curve) was established in order to test the predictive ability of the model. Clinical data of 71 patients were collected prospectively to validate the predictive models externally. RESULTS: In this study, 201 fURL operations were successfully completed. The one-phase early SFR was 61.2%. We built two predictive models based on random forest and XGBoost machine learning algorithm. The predictive variables' importance scores were obtained. The area under the ROC curve (AUROC) of the two predictive models for early stone clearance status prediction was 0.77. In the study, 71 test samples were used for external validation. The results showed that the total predictive accuracy, predictive specificity and predictive sensitivity of the random forest and XGBoost models were 75.7%, 82.6%, 60.0%, and 81.4%, 87.0%, 68.0%, respectively. The first four predictive variables in importance were stone volume, mean stone density, maximal stone density and BMI in both random forest and XGBoost predictive models. CONCLUSION: The predictive models based on random forest and XGBoost machine learning algorithm can predict postoperative early stone status after fURL for renal stones accurately, which will facilitate preoperative evaluation and clinical decision-making. Stone volume, mean stone density, maximal stone density and BMI may be the important predictive factors affecting early SFR after fURL for renal stones.

[Construction of mouse CCR3 gene RNAi lentivirus vector and its expression on mast cells].

Objective:The aim of this study is to screen the targeting chemokine receptor 3-RNA interference (CCR3-RNAi) lentiviral expression vector, infect mouse mast cells,observe the expression of this gene in mast cells and the interference efficiency of the virus vector.The pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis lays the foundation.Method:Three pairs of CCR3-shRNA sequences were constructed,and three pairs of double-stranded shRNA oligo were inserted into shRNA lentiviral vectors to construct three shRNA lentiviral recombinant plasmids.The recombinant vector and virus-packed auxiliary plasmids were co-transfected into 293T cells to obtain lentiviral plasmids.The lentiviral plasmids were then transfected into mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells in vitro and purified. The expression level of CCR3 mRNA in mast cells was verified by qRT-PCR,and the expression level of CCR3 protein in mast cells was detected by Western Blot.Result: It was confirmed by sequencing that the lentiviral vector of CCR3 shRNA was successfully constructed, transfected into 293T cells and packaged with virus. Finally the high purity PDSO19-PL-CCR3 lentiviral plasmid was obtained with a virus titer of 3.7×108TU/ml.The lentiviral plasmid was used to infect mouse mast cells.RT-PCR and Western Blot detection assay showed that CCR3shRNA reduced the expression of CCR3 gene in mouse mast cells at the level of mRNA and protein.Conclusion: The CCR3 gene RNAi lentivirus expression vector was successfully constructed.It was found that it downregulated the expression level of CCR3 gene mRNA and protein in mouse mast cells,which laid the foundation for further research on its role in the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis.

ß4GalT1 promotes inflammation in human osteoarthritic fibroblast-like synoviocytes by enhancing autocrine TNF-α activity.

OBJECTIVE: Synovial inflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA), and ß4GalT1 has been reported to be involved in the inflammatory process. The aim of our study was to investigate the role of ß4GalT1 in the progression of inflammation and analyze the association between ß4GalT1 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in human OA fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Primary cultured FLS isolated from OA synovial tissues were cultured, and the levels of ß4GalT1, TNF-α, MMP-3, p/t-ERK, p/t-JNK, and p/t-P38 were analyzed by Western blotting. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed to measure the secretion of TNF-α, interleukin (IL)-1ß, and IL-6 in OA-FLS. Immunofluorescence staining was used to examine the co-localization of ß4GalT1 and TNF-α or THY1. RT-PCR was used to detect the transfection efficiency of ß4GalT1. RESULTS: The expression of ß4GalT1 was increased in OA-FLS. ß4GalT1 promoted cell invasion, MMP-3 production, and the secretion of TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6. si-TNF-α attenuated the ß4GalT1-enhanced cell invasion and inflammatory factor secretion in OA-FLS. Furthermore, ß4GalT1 increased autocrine TNF-α signaling in OA-FLS. ß4GalT1 knockdown successfully decreased autocrine TNF-α activity, while ß4GalT1 overexpression increased autocrine TNF-α activity in OA-FLS. Moreover, ß4GalT1 enhanced the ERK, JNK, and P38 MAPK signaling pathways through the induction of autocrine TNF-α signaling in OA-FLS. CONCLUSIONS: ß4GalT1 may promote the inflammatory progression of OA-FLS by enhancing autocrine TNF-α signaling.

[Application of U-shaped convolutional neural network in auto segmentation and reconstruction of 3D prostate model in laparoscopic prostatectomy navigation].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the efficacy of intraoperative cognitive navigation on laparoscopic radical prostatectomy using 3D prostatic models created by U-shaped convolutional neural network (U-net) and reconstructed through Medical Image Interaction Tool Kit (MITK) platform. METHODS: A total of 5 000 pieces of prostate cancer magnetic resonance (MR) imaging discovery sets with manual annotations were used to train a modified U-net, and a set of clinically demand-oriented, stable and efficient full convolutional neural network algorithm was constructed. The MR images were cropped and segmented automatically by using modified U-net, and the segmentation data were automatically reconstructed using MITK platform according to our own protocols. The modeling data were output as STL format, and the prostate models were simultaneously displayed on an android tablet during the operation to help achieving cognitive navigation. RESULTS: Based on original U-net architecture, we established a modified U-net from a 201-case MR imaging training set. The network performance was tested and compared with human segmentations and other segmentation networks by using one certain testing data set. Auto segmentation of multi-structures (such as prostate, prostate tumors, seminal vesicles, rectus, neurovascular bundles and dorsal venous complex) were successfully achieved. Secondary automatic 3D reconstruction had been carried out through MITK platform. During the surgery, 3D models of prostatic area were simultaneously displayed on an android tablet, and the cognitive navigation was successfully achieved. Intra-operation organ visualization demonstrated the structural relationships among the key structures in great detail and the degree of tumor invasion was visualized directly. CONCLUSION: The modified U-net was able to achieve automatic segmentations of important structures of prostate area. Secondary 3D model reconstruction and demonstration could provide intraoperative visualization of vital structures of prostate area, which could help achieve cognitive fusion navigation for surgeons. The application of these techniques could finally reduce positive surgical margin rates, and may improve the efficacy and oncological outcomes of laparoscopic prostatectomy.

Li(Cd,Mn)P: a new cadmium based diluted ferromagnetic semiconductor with independent spin & charge doping.

We report a new diluted ferromagnetic semiconductor Li1+y(Cd,Mn)P, wherein carrier is doped via excess Li while spin is doped by isovalence substitution of Mn2+ into Cd2+. The extended Cd 4d-orbitals lead to more itinerant characters of Li1+y(Cd,Mn)P than that of analogous Li1+y(Zn,Mn)P. A higher Curie temperature of 45 K than that for Li1+y(Zn,Mn)P is obtained in Li1+y(Cd,Mn)P polycrystalline samples by Arrott plot technique. The p-type carriers are determined by Hall effect measurements. The first principle calculations and X-ray diffraction measurements indicate that occupation of excess Li is at Cd sites rather than the interstitial site. Consequently holes are doped by excess Li substitution. More interestingly Li1+y(Cd,Mn)P shows a very low coercive field (<100 Oe) and giant negative magnetoresistance (~80%) in ferromagnetic state that will benefit potential spintronics applications.

CAFs secreted exosomes promote metastasis and chemotherapy resistance by enhancing cell stemness and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are key stroma cells that play dominant roles in tumor progression. However, the CAFs-derived molecular determinants that regulate colorectal cancer (CRC) metastasis and chemoresistance have not been fully characterized. METHODS: CAFs and NFs were obtained from fresh CRC and adjacent normal tissues. Exosomes were isolated from conditioned medium and serum of CRC patients using ultracentrifugation method and ExoQuick Exosome Precipitation Solution kit, and characterized by transmission electronic microscopy, nanosight and western blot. MicroRNA microarray was employed to identify differentially expressed miRNAs in exosomes secreted by CAFs or NFs. The internalization of exosomes, transfer of miR-92a-3p was observed by immunofluorescence. Boyden chamber migration and invasion, cell counting kit-8, flow cytometry, plate colony formation, sphere formation assays, tail vein injection and primary colon cancer liver metastasis assays were employed to explore the effect of NFs, CAFs and exosomes secreted by them on epithelial-mesenchymal transition, stemness, metastasis and chemotherapy resistance of CRC. Luciferase report assay, real-time qPCR, western blot, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemistry staining were employed to explore the regulation of CRC metastasis and chemotherapy resistance by miR-92a-3p, FBXW7 and MOAP1. RESULTS: CAFs promote the stemness, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), metastasis and chemotherapy resistance of CRC cells. Importantly, CAFs exert their roles by directly transferring exosomes to CRC cells, leading to a significant increase of miR-92a-3p level in CRC cells. Mechanically, increased expression of miR-92a-3p activates Wnt/ß-catenin pathway and inhibits mitochondrial apoptosis by directly inhibiting FBXW7 and MOAP1, contributing to cell stemness, EMT, metastasis and 5-FU/L-OHP resistance in CRC. Clinically, miR-92a-3p expression is significantly increased in CRC tissues and negatively correlated with the levels of FBXW7 and MOAP1 in CRC specimens, and high expression of exosomal miR-92a-3p in serum was highly linked with metastasis and chemotherapy resistance in CRC patients. CONCLUSIONS: CAFs secreted exosomes promote metastasis and chemotherapy resistance of CRC. Inhibiting exosomal miR-92a-3p provides an alternative modality for the prediction and treatment of metastasis and chemotherapy resistance in CRC.

[Children's non-carcinogenic health risk assessment of heavy metals exposure to residential indoor dust around an e-waste dismantling area in South China].

Objective: To evaluate the non-carcinogenic health risk of heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn) in residential indoor dust for young children around an e-waste dismantling area in South China. Methods: A village around an e-waste dismantling area in South China was selected as a research site in October 2016. Convenience sampling method was used to select 36 houses in the village and 36 dust samples were collected by vacuum cleaner. The concentrations of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn) in each sample were determined and expressed by the average value. Non-carcinogenic health risk assessment was conducted using the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Health Risk Assessment (HRA) model, the American Toxicology and Disease Registry (ATSDR) Target-organ Toxicity Dose (TTD) approach and the ATSDR Binary Weight-of-Evidence (BINWOE) model. Results: The mean ± SD of concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn were (48.90±33.91), (5.95±3.89), (173.57±580.37), (412.71±1 190.00), (612.82±540.70), (297.41±293.22) and (1 052.81±1 156.48) mg/kg, respectively. The HI value of TTD (2.670) and BINWOE (2.933) were higher than the safety threshold of EPA recommended non-carcinogenic health risk. The HI value of TTD and BINWOE were 1.93 and 2.12 times higher than the HI value of HRA (1.386). Conclusion: There was non-carcinogenic health risk of heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn) via residential indoor dust around the e-waste dismantling area for local children.

MiR-122-5p suppresses cell proliferation, migration and invasion by targeting SATB1 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: Mounting evidence has suggested that microRNAs (miRNAs) play crucial roles in the progression of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). However, the molecular mechanism remains not fully understood. We aimed to examine the expression and biological function of miR-122-5p in NPC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Quantitative Real Time-Polymerase Chain Reaction was conducted to examine the expression of miR-122-5p. Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, colony formation assay, wound healing assay and transwell assay were performed to measure cell proliferation, colony formation, migration and invasion. Luciferase reporter assay and Western blot assay were used to confirm the target gene of miR-122-5p. RESULTS: The results showed that miR-122-5p was significantly downregulated in NPC cell lines. Additionally, it was demonstrated that special AT-rich sequence-binding protein 1 (SATB1) was targeted by miR-122-5p. Furthermore, our results revealed that miR-122-5p inhibits cell proliferation, colony formation, cell migration and cell invasion by targeting SATB1. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggested that miR-122-5p functions as a tumor suppressor and may be a therapeutic target for NPC.

[Analysis of changes in serological factors in the dose-increasing phase of allergic rhinitis rush immunotherapy].

Objective:To observe the changes of serological factors in the dose-increasing phase of allergic rhinitis and to explore the mechanism of short-term rush immunotherapy.Method:The clinical data of 110 patients with allergic rhinitis diagnosed by rush immunotherapy in our hospital were analyzed. According to the results of allergen test（sIgE）, they were divided into simple dust mite allergy group and multiple allergen allergy groups. The serum of the patients were taken before the start of rush immunotherapy and the first day after the end of the dose-increasing phase.Serum total IgE and IgG before and after rush immunotherapy were detected by Beekman specific protein detector. The serum levels of IFN-γ,IL-12,IL-10,IgG1 and IgG4 were measured by ELISA before and after rush immunotherapy. The changes of them were compared and analyzed.Result:①Serum total IgE and IgG were increased after rush immunotherapy, and the change of serum IgG concentration in the simple dust mite allergy group was statistically significant（P<0.05).②The levels of serum IFN-γ, IL-12 and IL-10 increased after rush immunotherapy. The changes of IL-12 and IFN-γ in multiple allergen allergy groups were not significant before and after treatment, while the changes in other groups were statistically significant（P<0.05).③Serum total IgG1 and IgG4 were increased after rush immunotherapy. The changes of serum IgG4 in the simple dust mite allergy group were statistically significant(P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in serum IgG1.Conclusion:The dose-increasing phase of rush immunotherapy can stimulate the production of IgG antibodies and the changes of related serological factors in a short period of time, especially in patients with simple dust mite allergy group. It indicates that dose-increasing phase of rush immunotherapy may play a role by regulating immunoglobulin and adjusting the dynamic balance of Th1/Th2 factors.

[Research on immune regulation mechanism of immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis].

Immunotherapy, among all the treatments of allergic rhinitis, is the only one which aims directly at etiological factor.Even though, subcutaneous immunotherapy is a widely used and effective therapeutic method in clinical practice, there is no definite answer in the current research about how it regulates the immune mechanism of allergic rhinitis, that is, how to predict the curative effect according to its objective indicators. In order to have an insight into its clinical role in the immune mechanism of allergic rhinitis,this article will have an overview about it, on the basis of the pertinent medical literature.

[The roles of holothurian glycosaminoglycan combined with cisplatin on proliferation and chemotherapeutic response in A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cell].

Objective: To investigate the effects and mechanism of Holothurian Glycosaminoglycan (hGAG) alone in combination with cisplatin (DDP) on apoptosis of pulmonary adenocarcinoma cell A549. Methods: A549 cells were separately treated with blank, hGAG, DDP and hGAG combined with DDP (hGAG + DDP). The cell morphology in 4 groups was observed using light microscope. CCK8 assay was used to determine the cell viability. Flow cytometry by Hoechst 33258 and AnnexinV-FITC/PI staining was applied to detect cell apoptosis. Western blot was then used to detect the protein expression of Bax, Bcl-2, survivin and caspase-3. Results: After treatment for 24 h, the inhibitory rates of A549 cells in control, hGAG, DDP and hGAG + DDP groups were 0, (19.74±5.39)%, (42.01±2.57)% and (53.89±4.58)%, respectively. Moreover, after treatment for 48 h and 72 h, the inhibitory rates in each group were 0, (23.17±4.78)% and (29.17±4.21 )%, (54.00±7.64)% and (59.35±7.31)%, as well as (77.58±4.26)% and (79.94±4.58)%, respectively. The cell viability was significantly lower in drug treatment groups compared with those in control group at the same time point (P<0.05). Hochest 33258 staining showed that no obvious apoptotic cells were detected in the control group, while apoptotic cells were visible in hGAG, cisplatin and combination groups. Flow cytometry showed that cell apoptotic rates were (2.38±0.59)%, (12.59±4.22)%, (16.36±3.63)% and (44.60±5.45)% in the control, hGAG, DDP and hGAG + DDP groups, respectively. The cell apoptosis was significantly lower in drug treatment groups compared with those in control group at the same time point (P<0.05). Furthermore, western blot results showed that the expression of Bax and caspase-3 protein was increased (P<0.05), whereas Bcl-2 and survivin was decreased (P<0.05) in the hGAG+ DDP group compared with cisplatin alone (P<0.05). Conclusions: HGAG can inhibit the proliferation and promote the apoptosis of human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells. Meanwhile, it can strengthen the chemosensitivity of A549 cells to DDP via up-regulation of Bax, caspase-3 and down-regulation of Bcl-2 and survivin.

[Pharyngeal space carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma：a case report].

Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma is an epithelial malignant tumor of pleomorphic adenoma. This may be due to the accumulation of genetic instability caused by long-term pleomorphic adenomas. There are few reports of parapharyngeal space carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma in the literature study both at home and abroad. This article retrospectively summarized the clinical data of 1 case of pharyngeal space carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma and reviewed the literature. We strengthened the understanding of parapharyngeal space carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma, improve the accuracy of diagnosis and reduce misdiagnosis and mistreatment.