Williamsia aurantiacus sp. nov. a novel actinobacterium producer of antimicrobial compounds isolated from the marine sponge.

An antibiotic-producing actinobacterium, designated isolate B375T, was isolated from marine sponge Glodia corticostylifera collected from Praia Guaecá, São Paulo, Brazil (23°49S; 45°25W), and its taxonomic position established using data from a polyphasic study. The organism showed a combination of morphological, physiological, biochemical and chemotaxonomic characteristics consistent with its classification in the genus Williamsia. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that the strain B375T was most closely related to Williamsia serinedens DSM 45037T and Williamsia spongiae DSM 46676T and having 99.43% and 98.65% similarities, respectively, but was distinguished from these strains by a low level of DNA-DNA relatedness (53.2-63.2%) and discriminatory phenotypic properties. Chemotaxonomic investigations revealed the presence of cell-wall chemotype IV and N-glycolated muramic acid residues present in the wall cells. The cells contained C16:0 (23.3%), C18:0 10-methyl (23.2%) and C18:1 ω9c (21.6%) as the major cellular fatty acids. The strain B375T inhibited growing of Staphylococcus aureus and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides strains and was considered a producer of antimicrobial compounds. Based on the data obtained, the isolate B375T (= CBMAI 1090T = DSM 46677T) should, therefore, be classified as the type strain of a novel species of the genus Williamsia, for which the name Williamsia aurantiacus sp. nov. is proposed.

Rhodococcus psychrotolerans sp. nov., isolated from rhizosphere of Deschampsia antarctica.

A novel actinobacterium, designated strain CMAA 1533T, was isolated from the rhizosphere of Deschampsia antarctica collected at King George Island, Antarctic Peninsula. Strain CMAA 1533T was found to grow over a wide range of temperatures (4-28 °C) and pH (4-10). Macroscopically, the colonies were observed to be circular shaped, smooth, brittle and opaque-cream on most of the culture media tested. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain CMAA 1533T belongs to the family Nocardiaceae and forms a distinct phyletic line within the genus Rhodococcus. Sequence similarity calculations indicated that the novel strain is closely related to Rhodococcus degradans CCM 4446T, Rhodococcus erythropolis NBRC 15567T and Rhodococcus triatomae DSM 44892T (≤ 96.9%). The organism was found to contain meso-diaminopimelic acid, galactose and arabinose in whole cell hydrolysates. Its predominant isoprenologue was identified as MK-8(H2) and the polar lipids as diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol mannosides. The major fatty acids were identified as Summed feature (C16:1 ω6c and/or C16:1 ω7c), C16:0, C18:1 ω9c and 10-methyl C18:0. The G+C content of genomic DNA was determined to be 65.5 mol%. Unlike the closely related type strains, CMAA 1533T can grow at 4 °C but not at 37 °C and was able to utilise adonitol and galactose as sole carbon sources. Based on phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and physiological data, it is concluded that strain CMAA 1533T (= NRRL B-65465T = DSM 104532T) represents a new species of the genus Rhodococcus, for which the name Rhodococcus psychrotolerans sp. nov. is proposed.

Pseudomonas aestus sp. nov., a plant growth-promoting bacterium isolated from mangrove sediments.

Strain CMAA 1215T, a Gram-reaction-negative, aerobic, catalase positive, polarly flagellated, motile, rod-shaped (0.5-0.8 × 1.3-1.9 µm) bacterium, was isolated from mangrove sediments, Cananéia Island, Brazil. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain CMAA 1215T forms a distinct phyletic line within the Pseudomonas putida subclade, being closely related to P. plecoglossicida ATCC 700383T, P. monteilii NBRC 103158T, and P. taiwanensis BCRC 17751T of sequence similarity of 98.86, 98.73, and 98.71%, respectively. Genomic comparisons of the strain CMAA 1215T with its closest phylogenetic type strains using average nucleotide index (ANI) and DNA:DNA relatedness approaches revealed 84.3-85.3% and 56.0-63.0%, respectively. A multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) performed concatenating 16S rRNA, gyrB and rpoB gene sequences from the novel species was related with Pseudomonas putida subcluster and formed a new phylogenetic lineage. The phenotypic, physiological, biochemical, and genetic characteristics support the assignment of CMAA 1215T to the genus Pseudomonas, representing a novel species. The name Pseudomonas aestus sp.nov. is proposed, with CMAA 1215T (=NRRL B-653100T = CBMAI 1962T) as the type strain.

Saccharopolyspora spongiae sp. nov., a novel actinomycete isolated from the marine sponge Scopalina ruetzleri (Wiedenmayer, 1977).

A novel marine actinomycete, designated strain CMAA 1452T, was isolated from the sponge Scopalina ruetzleri collected from Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago, in Brazil, and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic investigation. The organism formed a distinct phyletic line in the Saccharopolyspora 16S rRNA gene tree and had chemotaxonomic and morphological properties consistent with its classification in this genus. It was found to be closely related to Saccharopolyspora dendranthemae KLBMP 1305T (99.5% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity) and shared similarities of 99.3, 99.2 and 99.0 % with 'Saccharopolyspora endophytica' YIM 61095, Saccharopolyspora tripterygii YIM 65359T and 'Saccharopolyspora pathumthaniensis' S582, respectively. DNA-DNA relatedness values between the isolate and its closest phylogenetic neighbours, namely S. dendranthemae KLBMP 1305T, 'S. endophytica' YIM 61095 and S. tripterygii YIM 65359T, were 53.5, 25.8 and 53.2 %, respectively. Strain CMAA 1452T was also distinguished from the type strains of these species using a range of phenotypic features. On the basis of these results, it is proposed that strain CMAA 1452T (=DSM 103218T=NRRL B-65384T) merits recognition as the type strain of a novel Saccharopolyspora species, Saccharopolyspora spongiae sp. nov.

Williamsia spongiae sp. nov., an actinomycete isolated from the marine sponge Amphimedon viridis.

A novel actinobacterium, designated isolate B138T, was isolated from the marine sponge, Amphimedon viridis, which was collected from Praia Guaecá (São Paulo, Brazil), and its taxonomic position was established using data from a polyphasic study. The organism showed a combination of chemotaxonomic and morphological characteristics consistent with its classification in the genus Williamsia and it formed a distinct phyletic line in the Williamsia 16S rRNA gene tree. It was most closely related to Williamsia serinedens DSM 45037T and Williamsia deligens DSM 44902T (99.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity) and Williamsia maris DSM 44693T (97.5 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), but was distinguished readily from these strains by the low DNA-DNA relatedness values (62.3-64.4 %) and by the discriminatory phenotypic properties. Based on the data obtained, the isolate B138T (=CBMAI 1094T=DSM 46676T) should be classified as the type strain of a novel species of the genus Williamsia, for which the name Williamsia spongiae sp. nov. is proposed.

Streptomyces atlanticus sp. nov., a novel actinomycete isolated from marine sponge Aplysina fulva (Pallas, 1766).

The taxonomic position of a novel marine actinomycete isolated from a marine sponge, Aplysina fulva, which had been collected in the Archipelago of Saint Peter and Saint Paul (Equatorial Atlantic Ocean), was determined by using a polyphasic approach. The organism showed a combination of morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics consistent with its classification in the genus Streptomyces and forms a distinct branch within the Streptomyces somaliensis 16S rRNA gene tree subclade. It is closely related to Streptomyces violascens ISP 5183T (97.27 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity) and Streptomyces hydrogenans NBRC 13475T (97.15 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity). The 16S rRNA gene similarities between the isolate and the remaining members of the subclade are lower than 96.77 %. The organism can be distinguished readily from other members of the S. violacens subclade using a combination of phenotypic properties. On the basis of these results, it is proposed that isolate 103T (=NRRL B-65309T = CMAA 1378T) merits recognition as the type strain of a new Streptomyces species, namely Streptomyces atlanticus sp. nov.

Mass spectrometric approaches for the identification of anthracycline analogs produced by actinobacteria.

Anthracyclines are a well-known chemical class produced by actinobacteria used effectively in cancer treatment; however, these compounds are usually produced in few amounts because of being toxic against their producers. In this work, we successfully explored the mass spectrometry versatility to detect 18 anthracyclines in microbial crude extract. From collision-induced dissociation and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, we proposed structures for five new and identified three more anthracyclines already described in the literature, nocardicyclins A and B and nothramicin. One new compound 8 (4-[4-(dimethylamino)-5-hydroxy-4,6-dimethyloxan-2-yl]oxy-2,5,7,12-tetrahydroxy-3,10-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydrotetracene-1,6,11-trione) was isolated and had its structure confirmed by (1) H nuclear magnetic resonance. The anthracyclines identified in this work show an interesting aminoglycoside, poorly found in natural products, 3-methyl-rhodosamine and derivatives. This fact encouraged to develop a focused method to identify compounds with aminoglycosides (rhodosamine, m/z 158; 3-methyl-rhodosamine, m/z 172; 4'-O-acethyl-3-C-methyl-rhodosamine, m/z 214). This method allowed the detection of four more anthracyclines. This focused method can also be applied in the search of these aminoglycosides in other microbial crude extracts. Additionally, it was observed that nocardicyclin A, nothramicin and compound 8 were able to interact to DNA through a DNA-binding study by mass spectrometry, showing its potential as anticancer drugs. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Gordonia didemni sp. nov. an actinomycete isolated from the marine ascidium Didemnum sp.

A novel actinobacterium, designated isolate B204(T), was isolated from a marine ascidian Didemnum sp., collected from São Paulo, Brazil, and its taxonomic position established using data from a polyphasic study. The organism showed a combination of chemotaxonomic and morphological characteristics consistent with its classification in the genus Gordonia and formed a distinct phyletic line in the Gordonia 16S rRNA gene tree. It was closely related to Gordonia terrae DSM 43249(T) (99.9 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity) and Gordonia lacunae DSM 45085(T) (99.3 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity) but was distinguished from these strains by a moderate level of DNA-DNA relatedness (63.0 and 54.7 %) and discriminatory phenotypic properties. Based on the data obtained, the isolate B204(T) (=CBMAI 1069(T) = DSM 46679(T)) should therefore be classified as the type strain of a novel species of the genus Gordonia, for which the name Gordonia didemni sp. nov. is proposed.

Marmoricola aquaticus sp. nov., an actinomycete isolated from a marine sponge.

A novel marine actinomycete, designated B374(T), was isolated from a marine sponge, Glodia corticostylifera, which was collected from São Paulo, Brasil. The taxonomic position of B374(T) was established by using data derived from a polyphasic approach. The organism showed a combination of chemotaxonomic and morphological characteristics consistent with its classification in the genus Marmoricola and it formed a distinct phyletic line in the clade of the genus Marmoricola, based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. Strain B374(T) was most closely related to Marmoricola aequoreus SST-45(T) (98.5% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), but was distinguished from this strain and from the other type strains of species of the genus Marmoricola on the basis of a combination of phenotypic properties. The data obtained, therefore, indicates that isolate B374(T) ( = CBMAI 1089(T) = DSM 28169(T)) should be classified as a novel species of the genus Marmoricola, for which the name Marmoricola aquaticus sp. nov. is proposed.

Actinospica durhamensis sp. nov., isolated from a spruce forest soil.

Seven acidophilic actinobacteria isolated from humus and mineral layers of a spruce forest soil were examined using a polyphasic approach. Chemotaxonomic properties of the isolates were found to be consistent with their classification in the genus Actinospica. The strains formed a distinct phyletic line in the Actinospica 16S rRNA gene tree being most closely related to Actinospica robiniae DSM 44927(T) (98.7-99.3 % similarity). DNA:DNA relatedness between isolate CSCA57(T) and the type strain of A. robiniae was found to be low at 40.8 (±6.6) %. The isolates were shown to have many phenotypic properties in common and were distinguished readily from the type strains of Actinospica acidiphila and A. robiniae using a range of phenotypic features. On the basis of these data the seven isolates were considered to represent a new species for which the name Actinospica durhamensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the species is CSCA 57(T) (=DSM 46820(T) = NCIMB 14953(T)).

Amycolatopsis rhabdoformis sp. nov., an actinomycete isolated from a tropical forest soil.

Strain SB026T was isolated from Brazilian rainforest soil and its taxonomic position established using data from a polyphasic study. The organism showed a combination of chemotaxonomic and morphological features consistent with its classification in the genus Amycolatopsis and formed a branch in the Amycolatopsis 16S rRNA gene tree together with Amycolatopsis bullii NRRL B-24847T, Amycolatopsis plumensis NRRL B-24324T, Amycolatopsis tolypomycina DSM 44544T and Amycolatopsis vancoresmycina NRRL B-24208T. It was related most closely to A. bullii NRRL B-24847T (99.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), but was distinguished from this strain by a low level of DNA-DNA relatedness (~46 %) and discriminatory phenotypic properties. Based on the combined genotypic and phenotypic data, it is proposed that the isolate should be classified in the genus Amycolatopsis as representing a novel species, Amycolatopsis rhabdoformis sp. nov. The type strain is SB026T ( = CBMAI 1694T = CMAA 1285T = NCIMB 14900T).

Chromobacterium amazonense sp. nov. isolated from water samples from the Rio Negro, Amazon, Brazil.

The taxonomic position of a bacterium isolated from water samples from the Rio Negro, in Amazon, Brazil, was determined by using a polyphasic approach. The organism formed a distinct phyletic line in the Chromobacterium 16S rRNA gene tree and had chemotaxonomic and morphological properties consistent with its classification in this genus. It was found to be closely related to Chromobacterium vaccinii DSM 25150(T) (98.6 % 16S rRNA gene similarity) and shared 98.5 % 16S rRNA gene similarity with Chromobacterium piscinae LGM 3947(T). DNA-DNA relatedness studies showed that isolate CBMAI 310(T) belongs to distinct genomic species. The isolate was readily distinguished from the type strain of these species using a combination of phenotypic and chemotaxonomic properties. Thus, based on genotypic and phenotypic data, it is proposed that isolate CBMAI 310(T) (=DSM 26508(T)) be classified in the genus Chromobacterium as the type strain of a novel species, namely, Chromobacterium amazonense sp. nov.

Biological control of phytopathogenic fungi by endophytic actinomycetes isolated from maize (Zea mays L.)

This work aimed a survey on the biodiversity of maize endophytic actinomycete, and an evaluation of their potential to control the phytopathogenic fungi. From several regions of São Paulo state, 40 strains were isolated from the healthy maize plants. The identification of these strains, based on morphological properties and fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profile showed that most of them belonged to the Streptomyces genus. These isolates were first screened for the growth inhibition of phytopathogenic fungi and results showed that all the isolate were able to inhibit the development of at least one tested pathogen. Two selected isolates were then evaluated for the control of P. aphanidermatum in cucumber (Cucumis sativa L.) under greenhouse conditions. Isolate 16R3B was able to reduce up to 71% damping-off incidence whereas isolate 14F1D/2 reduced the disease incidence by 36%. Damping- off control in cucumber, mainly for the isolate 16R3B, suggested for its use in greenhouse cucumber producing fields and to be tested in field trials.

Streptomyces araujoniae sp. nov.: an actinomycete isolated from a potato tubercle.

The taxonomic position of a streptomycete isolated from a potato tubercle was determined by using a polyphasic approach. The organism had chemotaxonomic and morphological properties consistent with its classification in the genus Streptomyces and formed a distinct phyletic line in the Streptomyces 16S rRNA gene tree. It was found to be closely related to Streptomyces celluloflavus NRRL B-2493(T) (99.4 % 16S rRNA gene similarity) and shared a 99.0 % 16S rRNA gene similarity value with Streptomyces albolongus NRRL B-3604(T) and Streptomyces cavourensis subsp. cavourensis NBRC 13026(T); low levels of DNA-DNA relatedness with these organisms showed that the isolate belonged to a distinct genomic species. The isolate was distinguished readily from the type strains of these species using a combination of morphological and other phenotypic properties. On the basis of these results, it is proposed that isolate ASBV-1(T) (= CBMAI 1465(T) = CCMA 894(T) = NRRL B-24922(T)) be classified as the type strain of Streptomyces araujoniae sp. nov.

Actinomadura xylanilytica sp. nov., an actinomycete isolated from soil.

The taxonomic position of a soil isolate, strain BK147(T), was established using data from a polyphasic study. The organism showed a combination of chemotaxonomic and morphological characteristics consistent with its classification in the genus Actinomadura. It formed a distinct phyletic line in the phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences of members of the genus Actinomadura and was most closely, albeit loosely, related to Actinomadura bangladeshensis DSM 45347(T), Actinomadura meyerae DSM 44715(T) and Actinomadura napierensis NRRL B-24319(T) but was readily distinguished from these strains using a range of phenotypic properties. Based on the combined genotypic and phenotypic data it is proposed that isolate BK147(T) ( = KACC 20919(T) = NCIMB 14771(T) = NRRL B-24852(T)) be classified as the type strain of a novel species of the genus Actinomadura, for which the name Actinomadura xylanilytica sp. nov. is proposed.

Verrucosispora fiedleri sp. nov., an actinomycete isolated from a fjord sediment which synthesizes proximicins.

A novel filamentous actinobacterial organism, designated strain MG-37(T), was isolated from a Norwegian fjord sediment and examined using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. The organism was determined to have chemotaxonomic and morphological properties consistent with its classification in the genus Verrucosispora and formed a distinct phyletic line in the Verrucosispora 16S rRNA gene tree. It was most closely related to Verrucosispora maris DSM 45365(T) (99.5 % 16S rRNA gene similarity) and Verrucosispora gifhornensis DSM 44337(T) (99.4 % 16S rRNA gene similarity) but was distinguished from these strains based on low levels of DNA:DNA relatedness (~56 and ~50 %, respectively). It was readily delineated from all of the type strains of Verrucosispora species based on a combination of phenotypic properties. Isolate MG-37(T) (=NCIMB 14794(T) = NRRL-B-24892(T)) should therefore be classified as the type strain of a novel species of Verrucosispora for which the name Verrucosispora fiedleri is proposed.

Amycolatopsis bartoniae sp. nov. and Amycolatopsis bullii sp. nov., mesophilic actinomycetes isolated from arid Australian soils.

The status of two mesophilic filamentous actinomycetes isolated from an arid Australian soil sample was determined using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. The isolates had chemical and morphological properties consistent with their classification in the genus Amycolatopsis, assignments that were supported by analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequence data. Isolate SF26(T) formed a distinct phyletic line and hence was sharply separated from its nearest phylogenetic neighbour, Amycolatopsis sacchari DSM 44468(T). In contrast, isolate SF27(T) formed a subclade in the Amycolatopsis tree with Amycolatopsis vancoresmycina DSM 44592(T) but was separated readily from the latter by DNA:DNA pairing data. The two isolates were distinguished from one another and from their respective nearest phylogenetic neighbours using a range of phenotypic properties. These data indicate that the two isolates should be recognized as new species in the genus Amycolatopsis. The names proposed for these new taxa are Amycolatopsis bartoniae sp. nov. and Amycolatopsis bullii sp. nov. with isolates SF26(T) (=NCIMB 14706(T) = NRRL B-2846(T)) and SF27(T) (=NCIMB 14707(T) = NRRL B-24847(T)) as the respective type strains.

Streptomyces staurosporininus sp. nov., a staurosporine-producing actinomycete.

The taxonomic position of a staurosporine-producing actinomycete isolated from a hay meadow soil was determined using a polyphasic approach. The organism had chemical and morphological characteristics consistent with its classification in the genus Streptomyces and formed a distinct branch between the Streptomyces lydicus and Streptomyces noursei clades in the 16S rRNA Streptomyces gene tree. DNA-DNA relatedness values between the isolate and its nearest phylogenetic neighbours, namely Streptomyces lydicus NBRC 13058T and Streptomyces chattanoogensis NBRC 12754T, were 53 % and 40 %, respectively. The isolate was also readily distinguished from the type strains of these species using a combination of morphological and other phenotypic properties. On the basis of these results, it is proposed that isolate BK179T (=KACC 20912T=NRRL B-24850T) be classified as the type strain of Streptomyces staurosporininus sp. nov.

Streptomyces cocklensis sp. nov., a dioxamycin-producing actinomycete.

The taxonomic position of a streptomycete isolated from soil collected from Cockle Park Experimental Farm, Northumberland, UK, was determined by using a polyphasic approach. The organism had chemical and morphological features consistent with its classification in the genus Streptomyces. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis supported classification of the strain in the genus Streptomyces and showed that it formed a distinct phyletic line loosely associated with members of the Streptomyces yeochonensis clade. It was related most closely to Streptomyces paucisporeus 1413(T) (98.6 %16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), but could be distinguished from the latter based on the low level of DNA-DNA relatedness (40 %). It was readily distinguished from the type strains of all species assigned to the S. yeochonensis clade based on a combination of phenotypic properties. Strain BK168(T) ( = KACC 20908(T) = NCIMB 14704(T)) should therefore be classified as the type strain of a novel species of the genus Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomyces cocklensis sp. nov. is proposed. The organism produces the antibiotic dioxamycin.

Streptomyces brevispora sp. nov. and Streptomyces laculatispora sp. nov., actinomycetes isolated from soil.

The taxonomic positions of two actinomycetes isolated from a hay meadow soil sample were determined using a polyphasic approach. The isolates had chemical and morphological properties typical of streptomycetes and formed a distinct 16S rRNA gene subclade together with the type strain Streptomyces drozdowiczii NRRL B-24297(T). DNA-DNA relatedness studies showed that the three strains belonged to different genomic species. The organisms were also distinguished using a combination of phenotypic properties. On the basis of these data it is proposed that the isolates be assigned to the genus Streptomyces as Streptomyces brevispora sp. nov. and Streptomyces laculatispora sp. nov., with BK160(T) (=KACC 21093(T) =NCIMB 14702(T)) and BK166(T) (=KACC 20907(T) =NCIMB 14703(T)) as the respective type strains.