A rare complication of an Arteriovenous shunt after bimaxillary surgery.

The most common complications following bimaxillary surgery are inferior alveolar nerve damage, hemorrhage, and relapse. Severe complications are rare, but few cases of vascular arteriovenous malformation, cavernous sinus thrombosis, formation of an aneurysm or arteriovenous shunting are reported in literature. We present a case of a 20-year-old male patient who developed a right sided tinnitus and visible pulsations close to the mandibular angle on the right side after bimaxillary surgery. CT-angiography and subsequent digital subtraction angiography (DSA) six months after surgery showed an arteriovenous fistula (AVF) from the external carotid artery to the external jugular vein. The AVF was treated by endovascular coil embolization. At six months after intervention there were no residual complaints. We discuss the possible etiology and trauma mechanisms that might have caused this pathology and present recommendations to avoid this type of complications.

Augmented reality in craniomaxillofacial surgery: added value and proposed recommendations through a systematic review of the literature.

This systematic review provides an overview of augmented reality (AR) and its benefits in craniomaxillofacial surgery in an attempt to answer the question: Is AR beneficial for craniomaxillofacial surgery? This review includes a description of the studies conducted, the systems used and their technical characteristics. The search was performed in four databases: PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Web of Science. All journal articles published during the past 11 years related to AR, mixed reality, craniomaxillofacial, and surgery were considered in this study. From a total of 7067 articles identified using AR- and surgery-related keywords, 39 articles were finally selected. Based on these articles, a classification of study types, surgery types, devices used, metrics reported, and benefits were collected. The findings of this review indicate that AR could provide various benefits, addressing the challenges of conventional navigation systems, such as hand-eye coordination and depth perception. However, three main concerns were raised while performing this study: (1) it is complicated to aggregate the metrics reported in the articles, (2) it is difficult to obtain statistical value from the current studies, and (3) user evaluation studies are lacking. This article concludes with recommendations for future studies by addressing the latter points.