Substance misuse and sexual function in adolescents with chronic diseases / Uso indevido de drogas e função sexual em adolescentes com doenças crônicas

Abstract Objective: To evaluate alcohol/tobacco and/or illicit drug misuse in Chronic Diseases (CDs). Methods: A cross-sectional study with 220 CDs adolescents and 110 healthy controls including: demographic/anthropometric data; puberty markers; modified questionnaire evaluating sexual function, alcohol/smoking/illicit drug misuse and bullying; and the physician-conducted CRAFFT (car/relax/alone/forget/friends/trouble) screen tool for substance abuse/dependence high risk. Results: The frequencies of alcohol/tobacco and/or illicit drug use were similar in both groups (30% vs. 34%, p=0.529), likewise the frequencies of bullying (42% vs. 41%, p=0.905). Further analysis solely in CDs patients that used alcohol/tobacco/illicit drug versus those that did not use showed that the median current age [15 (11–18) vs. 14 (10–18) years, p <0.0001] and education years [9 (5–14) vs. 8 (3–12) years, p <0.0001] were significant higher in substance use group. The frequencies of Tanner 5 (p <0.0001), menarche (p <0.0001) and spermarche (p=0.001) were also significantly higher in patients with CDs that used alcohol/tobacco/illicit, likewise sexual activity (23% vs. 3%, p <0.0001). A trend of a low frequency of drug therapy was observed in patients that used substances (70% vs. 82%, p=0.051). A positive correlation was observed between CRAFFT score and current age in CD patients (p=0.005, r=+0.189) and controls (p=0.018, r=+0.226). Conclusions: A later age was evidenced in CDs patients that reported licit/ilicit drug misuse. In CDs adolescent, substance use was more likely to have sexual intercourse. Our study reinforces that these patients should be systematically screened by pediatricians for drug related health behavioral patterns.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar o uso indevido de álcool/tabaco e/ou de drogas ilícitas em doenças crônicas (DCs). Métodos: Estudo transversal com 220 adolescentes com DCs e 110 controles saudáveis, incluindo: dados demográficos/antropométricos; marcadores de puberdade; questionário modificado de avaliação da função sexual, abuso de álcool/tabagismo/drogas ilícitas e assédio moral; e o uso do instrumento CRAFFT (car/relax/alone/forget/friends/trouble) pelo médico para o abuso/dependência de substâncias de alto risco. Resultados: As frequências de uso de álcool/tabaco e/ou drogas ilícitas foram semelhantes em ambos os grupos (30% vs. 34%, p=0,529), assim como as frequências de assédio moral (42% vs. 41%, p=0,905). Uma análise mais aprofundada apenas em pacientes com DCs que usaram álcool/tabaco/droga ilícita versus aqueles que não usaram mostrou que a idade mediana atual [15 (11-18) vs. 14 (10-18) anos, p <0,0001] e os anos de escolaridade [9 (5-14) vs. 8 (3-12) anos, p <0,0001] foram significativamente maiores no grupo que fazia uso das substâncias. As frequências de Tanner 5 (p <0,0001), menarca (p <0,0001) e espermarca (p=0,001) também foram significativamente maiores em pacientes com DCs que usaram álcool/tabaco/drogas ilícitas, assim como a atividade sexual (23% vs. 3%, p <0,0001). A tendência de baixa frequência de terapia com medicamentos foi observada em pacientes que usaram substâncias (70% vs. 82%, p=0,051). Observou-se uma correlação positiva entre o score no CRAFFT e a idade atual em pacientes com DCs (p=0,005, r=+0,189) e controles (p=0,018, r=+0,226). Conclusões: A idade mais avançada foi demonstrada em pacientes com DCs que relataram uso indevido de drogas lícitas/ilícitas. Em adolescente com DCs, o uso das substâncias resultou em maior propensão à prática de relações sexuais. Nosso estudo reforça que esses pacientes devem ser sistematicamente avaliados pelos pediatras em relação a padrões de comportamento de saúde relacionados com drogas.

Substance use and sexual function in juvenile idiopathic arthritis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate alcohol/tobacco/illicit drug use and sexual function in adolescent juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and healthy controls. METHODS: 174 adolescents with pediatric rheumatic diseases were selected. A cross-sectional study with 54 JIA patients and 35 controls included demographic/anthropometric data and puberty markers assessments, physician-conducted CRAFFT (car/relax/alone/forget/friends/trouble) screen tool for substance abuse/dependence high risk and a questionnaire that evaluated sexual function, bullying and alcohol/tobacco/illicit drug use. Clinical/laboratorial data and treatment were also assessed in JIA. RESULTS: The median current age was similar between JIA patients and controls [15(10-19) vs. 15(12-18) years, p=0.506]. Frequencies of alcohol/tobacco/illicit drug use were high and similar in both JIA and controls (43% vs. 46%, p=0.829). However, age at alcohol onset was significantly higher in those with JIA [15(11-18) vs. 14(7-18) years, p=0.032], particularly in polyarticular onset (p=0.040). High risk for substance abuse/dependence (CRAFFT score≥2) was found in both groups (13% vs. 15%, p=1.000), likewise bullying (p=0.088). Further analysis of JIA patients regarding alcohol/tobacco/illicit drug use showed that the median current age [17(14-19) vs. 13(10-19)years, p<0.001] and education years [11(6-13) vs. 7(3-12)years, p<0.001] were significant higher in those that used substances. Sexual activity was significantly higher in the former group (48% vs. 7%, p<0.001). A positive correlation was evidenced between CRAFFT score and current age in JIA patients (p=0.032, r=+0.296). CONCLUSION: A high risk for substance abuse/dependence was observed in both JIA and controls. JIA substance users were more likely to have sexual intercourse. Therefore, routine screening is suggested in all visits of JIA adolescents.

Substance use and sexual function in juvenile idiopathic arthritis / Uso de substâncias e função sexual na artrite idiopática juvenil

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate alcohol/tobacco/illicit drug use and sexual function in adolescent juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and healthy controls. Methods: 174 adolescents with pediatric rheumatic diseases were selected. A cross-sectional study with 54 JIA patients and 35 controls included demographic/anthropometric data and puberty markers assessments, physician-conducted CRAFFT (car/relax/alone/forget/friends/trouble) screen tool for substance abuse/dependence high risk and a questionnaire that evaluated sexual function, bullying and alcohol/tobacco/illicit drug use. Clinical/laboratorial data and treatment were also assessed in JIA. Results: The median current age was similar between JIA patients and controls [15(10–19) vs. 15(12–18) years, p = 0.506]. Frequencies of alcohol/tobacco/illicit drug use were high and similar in both JIA and controls (43% vs. 46%, p = 0.829). However, age at alcohol onset was significantly higher in those with JIA [15(11–18) vs. 14(7–18) years, p = 0.032], particularly in polyarticular onset (p = 0.040). High risk for substance abuse/dependence (CRAFFT score ≥ 2) was found in both groups (13% vs. 15%, p = 1.000), likewise bullying (p = 0.088). Further analysis of JIA patients regarding alcohol/tobacco/illicit drug use showed that the median current age [17(14–19) vs. 13(10–19)years, p < 0.001] and education years [11(6–13) vs. 7(3–12)years, p < 0.001] were significant higher in those that used substances. Sexual activity was significantly higher in the former group (48% vs. 7%, p < 0.001). A positive correlation was evidenced between CRAFFT score and current age in JIA patients (p = 0.032, r = +0.296). Conclusion: A high risk for substance abuse/dependence was observed in both JIA and controls. JIA substance users were more likely to have sexual intercourse. Therefore, routine screening is suggested in all visits of JIA adolescents.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o uso de álcool/tabaco/drogas ilícitas e a função sexual em adolescentes com artrite idiopática juvenil (AIJ) e controles saudáveis. Métodos: Selecionaram-se 174 adolescentes com doenças reumatológicas pediátricas. Fez-se um estudo transversal com 54 pacientes com AIJ e 35 controles. Foram feitas avaliações de dados demográficos/antropométricos e marcadores da puberdade; a escala de triagem CRAFFT (carro/relaxar/sozinho/esquecer/amigos/problemas) foi aplicada por um médico para determinar o alto risco de uso abusivo/dependência de substâncias. Um questionário avaliou a função sexual, a ocorrência de bullying e o uso de álcool/tabaco/drogas ilícitas. Também foram avaliados dados clínicos/laboratoriais e de tratamento da AIJ. Resultados: A média da idade atual foi semelhante entre pacientes com AIJ e controles [15 (10 a 19) vs. 15 (12 a 18) anos, p = 0,506]. As frequências de uso de álcool/tabaco/drogas ilícitas foram elevadas e semelhantes entre pacientes com AIJ e controles (43% vs. 46%, p = 0,829). No entanto, a idade em que começou a usar álcool foi significantemente maior naqueles com AIJ [15 (11 a 18) vs. 14 (7 a 18 anos), p = 0,032], em particular na doença de início poliarticular (p = 0,040). Encontrou-se um alto risco de uso abusivo/dependência de substâncias (pontuação no CRAFFT ≥ 2) em ambos os grupos (13% vs. 15%, p = 1,000), do mesmo modo que o bullying (p = 0,088). Uma análise mais aprofundada dos pacientes com AIJ em relação ao uso de álcool/tabaco/drogas ilícitas mostrou que a média da idade atual [17 (14 a 19) vs. 13 (10 a 19) anos, p < 0,001] e os anos de escolaridade [11 (6 a 13) vs. 7 (3 a 12) anos, p < 0,001] foram significativamente maiores naqueles que usaram substâncias. A atividade sexual foi significantemente maior no primeiro grupo (48% vs. 7%, p < 0,001). Foi evidenciada correlação positiva entre a pontuação na escala CRAFFT e a idade atual dos pacientes com AIJ (p = 0,032, r = + 0,296). Conclusão: Observou-se um alto risco de uso abusivo/dependência de substâncias em pacientes com AIJ e controles. Os usuários de substâncias que têm AIJ são mais propensos a ter relações sexuais. Portanto, sugere-se a triagem de rotina em todas as consultas de adolescentes com AIJ.

Alcohol, smoking and illicit drug use in pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus patients.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate alcohol, smoking and/or illicit drug use, and history of bullying in adolescent childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus and healthy controls. METHODS: 174 adolescents with pediatric rheumatic diseases were selected. All of the 34 childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus patients and 35 healthy controls participated in this study. A cross-sectional study included demographic/anthropometric data and puberty markers assessments; structured questionnaire and CRAFFT screening interview. RESULTS: McNemar tests indicated an excellent test-retest reliability of the structured questionnaire (p=1.0). The median current age was similar between childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus patients and controls [15 (12-18) vs. 15 (12-18) years, p=0.563]. The median of menarche age was significantly higher in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus patients compared to controls [12 (10-15) vs. 11.5 (9-15) years, p=0.041], particularly in those that lupus had occurred before first menstruation [13 (12-15) vs. 11.5(9-15) years, p=0.007]. The other puberty marker and sexual function parameters were similar in both groups (p>0.05). Alcohol use was similar in both childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus patients and controls (38% vs. 46%, p=0.628). A trend of lower frequency of CRAFFT score ≥2 (high risk for substance abuse/dependence) was evidenced in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus patients compared to controls (0% vs. 15%, p=0.053). Bullying was reported similarly for the two groups (43% vs. 44%, p=0.950). Further analysis in lupus patients regarding alcohol/smoking/illicit drug use showed no differences in demographic data, puberty markers, history of bullying, sexual function, contraceptive use, disease activity/damage scores, clinical/laboratorial features and treatments (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: This study showed high frequencies of early alcohol use in lupus adolescents and healthy controls, despite of a possible low risk for substance abuse/dependence in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus patients.

Substance misuse and sexual function in adolescents with chronic diseases. / Uso indevido de drogas e função sexual em adolescentes com doenças crônicas.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate alcohol/tobacco and/or illicit drug misuse in Chronic Diseases (CDs). METHODS: A cross-sectional study with 220 CDs adolescents and 110 healthy controls including: demographic/anthropometric data; puberty markers; modified questionnaire evaluating sexual function, alcohol/smoking/illicit drug misuse and bullying; and the physician-conducted CRAFFT (car/relax/alone/forget/friends/trouble) screen tool for substance abuse/dependence high risk. RESULTS: The frequencies of alcohol/tobacco and/or illicit drug use were similar in both groups (30% vs. 34%, p=0.529), likewise the frequencies of bullying (42% vs. 41%, p=0.905). Further analysis solely in CDs patients that used alcohol/tobacco/illicit drug versus those that did not use showed that the median current age [15 (11-18) vs. 14 (10-18) years, p<0.0001] and education years [9 (5-14) vs. 8 (3-12) years, p<0.0001] were significant higher in substance use group. The frequencies of Tanner 5 (p<0.0001), menarche (p<0.0001) and spermarche (p=0.001) were also significantly higher in patients with CDs that used alcohol/tobacco/illicit, likewise sexual activity (23% vs. 3%, p<0.0001). A trend of a low frequency of drug therapy was observed in patients that used substances (70% vs. 82%, p=0.051). A positive correlation was observed between CRAFFT score and current age in CD patients (p=0.005, r=+0.189) and controls (p=0.018, r=+0.226). CONCLUSIONS: A later age was evidenced in CDs patients that reported licit/ilicit drug misuse. In CDs adolescent, substance use was more likely to have sexual intercourse. Our study reinforces that these patients should be systematically screened by pediatricians for drug related health behavioral patterns.

Alcohol, smoking and illicit drug use in pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus patients / Uso de álcool, tabaco e drogas ilícitas por pacientes com lúpus eritematoso sistêmico pediátrico

Abstract Objective To evaluate alcohol, smoking and/or illicit drug use, and history of bullying in adolescent childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus and healthy controls. Methods 174 adolescents with pediatric rheumatic diseases were selected. All of the 34 childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus patients and 35 healthy controls participated in this study. A cross-sectional study included demographic/anthropometric data and puberty markers assessments; structured questionnaire and CRAFFT screening interview. Results McNemar tests indicated an excellent test–retest reliability of the structured questionnaire (p = 1.0). The median current age was similar between childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus patients and controls [15 (12–18) vs. 15 (12–18) years, p = 0.563]. The median of menarche age was significantly higher in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus patients compared to controls [12 (10–15) vs. 11.5 (9–15) years, p = 0.041], particularly in those that lupus had occurred before first menstruation [13 (12–15) vs. 11.5(9–15) years, p = 0.007]. The other puberty marker and sexual function parameters were similar in both groups (p > 0.05). Alcohol use was similar in both childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus patients and controls (38% vs. 46%, p = 0.628). A trend of lower frequency of CRAFFT score ≥2 (high risk for substance abuse/dependence) was evidenced in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus patients compared to controls (0% vs. 15%, p = 0.053). Bullying was reported similarly for the two groups (43% vs. 44%, p = 0.950). Further analysis in lupus patients regarding alcohol/smoking/illicit drug use showed no differences in demographic data, puberty markers, history of bullying, sexual function, contraceptive use, disease activity/damage scores, clinical/laboratorial features and treatments (p > 0.05). Conclusion This study showed high frequencies of early alcohol use in lupus adolescents and healthy controls, despite of a possible low risk for substance abuse/dependence in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus patients.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar o uso de álcool, tabaco e/ou drogas ilícitas e a história de bullying entre adolescentes com lúpus eritematoso sistêmico pediátrico (LES-i) e controles saudáveis. Métodos Selecionaram-se 174 adolescentes com doenças reumatológicas pediátricas. Todos os 34 pacientes com LES-i e 35 controles saudáveis participaram deste estudo. Um estudo transversal incluiu avaliações de dados demográficos/antropométricos e marcadores da puberdade, um questionário estruturado e a entrevista de triagem Crafft. Resultados Testes de McNemar indicaram uma excelente confiabilidade teste-reteste do questionário estruturado (p = 1,0). A idade média atual foi semelhante entre pacientes com LES-i e controles [15 (12 a 18) vs. 15 (12 a 18) anos, p = 0,563]. A mediana da idade na menarca foi significativamente maior em pacientes com LES-i em comparação com os controles [12 (10 a 15) vs. 11,5 (9 a 15) anos, p = 0,041], particularmente naquelas em quem o lúpus ocorreu antes da primeira menstruação [13 (12 a 15) vs. 11,5 (9 a 15) anos, p = 0,007]. Os outros marcadores da puberdade e parâmetros de função sexual foram similares nos dois grupos (p > 0,05). O uso de álcool foi semelhante entre pacientes com LES-i e controles (38% vs. 46%, p = 0,628). Evidenciou-se uma tendência de menor frequência de pontuação ≥ 2 no Crafft (alto risco para uso abusivo/dependência de substâncias) em pacientes com LES-i em comparação com os controles (0% vs. 15%, p = 0,053). O bullying foi relatado em frequência semelhante nos dois grupos (43% vs. 44%, p = 0,950). Uma análise mais aprofundada em relação ao uso de álcool/tabaco/drogas ilícitas em pacientes com lúpus não mostrou diferenças nos dados demográficos, marcadores da puberdade, história de bullying, função sexual, uso de anticoncepcionais, escores de atividade/danos da doença, características clínicas/laboratoriais e tratamentos (p > 0,05). Conclusão Este estudo mostrou uma alta frequência de uso precoce de álcool em adolescentes com lúpus e controles saudáveis, apesar de um possível baixo risco para uso abusivo/dependência de substâncias em pacientes com LES-i.

Substance use and sexual function in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. / Uso de substâncias e função sexual na artrite idiopática juvenil.

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate alcohol/tobacco/illicit drug use and sexual function in adolescent juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and healthy controls. METHODS: 174 adolescents with pediatric rheumatic diseases were selected. A cross-sectional study with 54 JIA patients and 35 controls included demographic/anthropometric data and puberty markers assessments, physician-conducted CRAFFT (car/relax/alone/forget/friends/trouble) screen tool for substance abuse/dependence high risk and a questionnaire that evaluated sexual function, bullying and alcohol/tobacco/illicit drug use. Clinical/laboratorial data and treatment were also assessed in JIA. RESULTS: The median current age was similar between JIA patients and controls [15(10-19) vs. 15(12-18)years, p=0.506]. Frequencies of alcohol/tobacco/illicit drug use were high and similar in both JIA and controls (43% vs. 46%, p=0.829). However, age at alcohol onset was significantly higher in those with JIA [15(11-18) vs. 14(7-18)years, p=0.032], particularly in poliarticular onset (p=0.040). High risk for substance abuse/dependence (CRAFFT score≥2) was found in both groups (13% vs. 15%, p=1.000), likewise bullying (p=0.088). Further analysis of JIA patients regarding alcohol/tobacco/illicit drug use showed that the median current age [17(14-19) vs. 13(10-19)years, p<0.001] and education years [11(6-13) vs. 7(3-12)years, p<0.001] were significant higher in those that used substances. Sexual activity was significantly higher in the former group (48% vs. 7%, p<0.001). A positive correlation was evidenced between CRAFFT score and current age in JIA patients (p=0.032, r=+0.296). CONCLUSION: A high risk for substance abuse/dependence was observed in both JIA and controls. JIA substance users were more likely to have sexual intercourse. Therefore, routine screening is suggested in all visits of JIA adolescents.

[Disseminated histoplamosis in adolescent mimicking granulomatosis with polyangiitis]. / Histoplamose disseminada em um adolescente mimetizando uma granulomatose com poliangiíte.

INTRODUCTION: Systemic histoplasmosis is an invasive fungal infection that may mimic primary vasculitis, particularly granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), and was rarely described in adult patients. We reported an immunocompetent patient with disseminated histoplasmosis mimicking GPA who fulfilled European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR)/Pediatric Rheumatology International Trials Organisation (PRINTO)/Pediatric Rheumatology European Society (PRES) validated classification criteria. CASE REPORT: A 6-year old boy presented acute migratory polyarthritis with spontaneous improvement, sinus inflammation, fever, headache and abdominal pain. Serologic test for hepatitis, cytomegalovirus, human immunodeficiency virus, Epstein-Barr virus, toxoplasmosis, dengue virus and antistreptolysin O were all negative. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed moderate ascites in pelvis and pansinusitis. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (c-ANCA) were positive. He had spontaneous remission of the symptoms including fever. At the age of 11 years and 11 months, he had sinusitis, pneumonia and epididymitis. A month later, he was hospitalized and MRI showed left eye proptosis. Cerebrospinal fluid was normal and indirect tests of fungi were negative. Two months later, he had lumbar pain and computer tomography showed a mass in the right kidney and pulmonary nodule in the right lung. He fulfilled EULAR/PRINTO/PRES criteria for GPA, however the renal biopsy showed a focal granulomatous interstitial nephritis with yeast fungal cells compatible with Histoplasma sp. He was treated with liposomal amphotericin B and itraconazole with improvement of signs and symptoms. CONCLUSION: We reported a progressive disseminated histoplasmosis case mimicking GPA. Histoplasmosis infection should be considered in immunocompetent subjects with uncommon clinical manifestations, such as arthritis, nephritis and epididymitis.