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Objectives: CT and MRI scans of the shoulder can lead to the identification of incidental findings (IF), which can have a major impact on the further treatment of the patient. The aim of this retrospective study was to record the prevalence of IF, incidentalomas (IT) and malignant IT for CT and MRI examinations of the shoulder and to investigate the effect of patient characteristics on the statistical occurrence of IF, IT and malignant IT. Materials and methods: A total of 903 shoulder examinations (415 CT, 488 MRI) were retrospectively analyzed for the presence of IF, subsequently categorized (harmless IF, IT requiring clarification, malignant IT) and analyzed regarding patient characteristics. The statistical analysis was carried out using independent t- and chi-square tests. A significance level of p < 0.05 was set. Results: Among the 903 patients evaluated (436 female, 467 male), 153 (16.9%) patients experienced IF (harmless IF: 101 (11.2%) patients, IT: 94 (10.4%), malignant IT: 4 (0.4%). The average age of the patients without IF and IT was significantly lower compared to the patients with IF and IT (p < 0.001). While IF occurred in 31.1% of the CT, IF was only detected in 4.9% of the MRI (p < 0.001). Conclusion: IF have a high prevalence (16.9%), especially in CT examinations of the shoulder, which increases with age. The exact detection and initiation of appropriate therapy is of great clinical importance, as early detection of life-threatening diseases enables more effective treatment and a potential gain in health and lifespan.
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RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: To evaluate image quality, radiation dose (phantom study) and tumor volumetry of intraprocedural cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) compared to postprocedural multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) in patients undergoing hepatic conventional transarterial chemoembolization (cTACE). MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred fourteen patients (64/50 female/male; mean age, 57 ± 14 years) who had undergone cTACE including intraprocedural-CBCT and postprocedural-MDCT were retrospectively enrolled. Subjective image quality (IQ) and suitability for assessing Lipiodol distribution were compared using 4-point Likert scales; additionally, lesion to liver contrast (LLC) and contrast-to-noise-ratio (CNR) were compared. Tumor volumes were measured semi-automatically and compared to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Effective doses were measured using an anthropomorphic phantom. RESULTS: The suitability of CBCT for assessing Lipiodol distribution during cTACE was comparable to MDCT (mean score, 3.2 ± 0.6) and CBCT (3.4 ± 1.0, p = 0.29). Subjective overall IQ was rated with a mean score of 3.2 ± 0.7 (κ = 0.66) in CBCT and 3.1 ± 0.4 (κ = 0.57, p = 0.15) in MDCT. Evaluation of LLC showed significant differences between CBCT and MDCT (mean scores 3.6 ± 1.2 and 2.6 ± 1.5, respectively). CNR analysis demonstrated comparable mean values for CBCT and MDCT (3.5 ± 1.3 vs. 3.4 ± 1.8, p = 0.31). No significant differences were found regarding tumor volumetry (mean volumes: CBCT, 27.0 ± 17.4 mm3; MDCT: 26.8 ± 16.0 mm3; p = 0.66) in comparison to T2-weighted MRI (25.9 ± 17.6 mm3). Effective doses were 3.2 ± 0.6 mSv (CBCT) and 2.5 ± 0.3 mSv (MDCT) (p < 0.001). No cTACE-related complications (bleeding, non-target embolization) were missed on intraprocedural CBCT in comparison to postprocedural MDCT. CONCLUSION: Latest-generation intraprocedural CBCT provides suitable assessment of Lipiodol distribution and similar image quality compared to MDCT while allowing for robust volumetric tumor measurements and immediate complication control by visualizing non-target embolization and hematoma. Therefore, it may improve patient safety and outcome as well as clinical workflow compared to postprocedural MDCT in hepatic cTACE in certain cases.