Iron deficiency in athletes: Prevalence and impact on VO2 peak.

BACKGROUND: Iron is an important micronutrient in pathways of energy production, adequate nutrient intake and its balance is essential for optimal athletic performance. However, large studies elucidating the impact of iron deficiency on athletes' performance are sparse. METHODS: Competitive athletes of any age who presented for preparticipation screening 04/2020-10/2021 were included in this study and stratified for iron deficiency (defined as ferritin level <20 µg/l with and without mild anemia [hemoglobin levels ≥11 g/dl]). Athletes with and without iron deficiency were compared and the impact of iron deficiency on athletic performance was investigated. RESULTS: Overall, 1190 athletes (mean age 21.9 ± 11.6 years; 34.2% females) were included in this study. Among these, 19.7% had iron deficiency. Patients with iron deficiency were younger (18.1 ± 8.4 vs. 22.8 ± 12.1 years, P < 0.001), more often females (64.5% vs. 26.8%, P < 0.001), had lower VO2 peak value (43.4 [38.5/47.5] vs. 45.6 [39.1/50.6]ml/min/kg, P = 0.022) and lower proportion of athletes reaching VO2 peak of >50 ml/min/kg (8.5% vs. 16.1%, P = 0.003). Female sex (OR 4.35 [95% CI 3.13-5.88], P > 0.001) was independently associated with increased risk for iron deficiency. In contrast, the risk for iron deficiency decreased by every life year (OR 0.97 [95% CI 0.95-0.99], P = 0.003). Iron deficiency was independently associated with reduced VO2 peak (OR 0.94 [0.91-0.97], P < 0.001) and lower probability to reach VO2 peak >50 ml/min/kg (OR 0.42 [95% CI 0.25-0.69], P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Iron deficiency is common in athletes (predominantly in female and in young athletes). Iron deficiency was independently associated with reduced VO2 peak during exercise testing and lower probability to reach a VO2 peak >50 ml/min/kg.

Quantifying the Performance of Professional Athletes Following Traumatic Tibial Fractures.

INTRODUCTION: A tibial fracture is an uncommon, yet severe injury that occurs in professional athletes within all major sports leagues. These injuries are often debilitating for professional athletes and can require extensive rehabilitation prior to returning to play. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of a tibial fracture on athletic performance in all four major United States sports leagues. METHODS: A publicly available professional sports database, Pro Sports Transactions, was queried for tibial injuries from January 01, 2015, to May 31, 2023. The search included all four major U.S. sports leagues. To quantify and compare athletic ability before and after injury, performance-based statistics were collected from standardized player ratings in periods surrounding the date of injury. The percent change in player performance was measured and stratified. The Pearson correlation test was used to analyze player demographics. RESULTS: There were a total of 24 professional athletes who suffered 28 confirmed tibial fractures across all leagues. Upon return, there was a 14.7% decrease in overall player performance across all leagues. National Basketball Association, National Football League, and National Hockey League athletes had a decrease of 34.5%, 29.1%, and 14.2%, respectively, following their return to play. Major League Baseball players demonstrated an 8.1% increase in player performance following their recovery from tibial fracture. CONCLUSION: Players who suffer tibial fractures often undergo immediate surgery and, in unfortunate cases, may require multiple subsequent procedures. Additionally, athletes spend several months recovering prior to their return. Upon return, athletes' performance may be decreased; however, further study is required to strengthen the association between player performance and tibial fracture recovery.

Polyphenol supplementation boosts aerobic endurance in athletes: systematic review.

In recent years, an increasing trend has been observed in the consumption of specific polyphenols, such as flavonoids and phenolic acids, derived from green tea, berries, and other similar sources. These compounds are believed to alleviate oxidative stress and inflammation resulting from exercise, potentially enhancing athletic performance. This systematic review critically examines the role of polyphenol supplementation in improving aerobic endurance among athletes and individuals with regular exercise habits. The review involved a thorough search of major literature databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, SCOPUS, SPORTDiscus, and Embase, covering re-search up to the year 2023. Out of 491 initially identified articles, 11 met the strict inclusion criteria for this review. These studies specifically focused on the incorporation of polyphenols or polyphenol-containing complexes in their experimental design, assessing their impact on aerobic endurance. The methodology adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, and the risk of bias was evaluated using the Cochrane bias risk assessment tool. While this review suggests that polyphenol supplementation might enhance certain aspects of aerobic endurance and promote fat oxidation, it is important to interpret these findings with caution, considering the limited number of studies available. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier CRD42023453321.

Harmony in Motion: Unraveling the Nexus of Sports, Plant-Based Nutrition, and Antioxidants for Peak Performance.

The intricate interplay between plant-based nutrition, antioxidants, and their impact on athletic performance forms the cornerstone of this comprehensive review. Emphasizing the pivotal importance of dietary choices in the realm of sports, this paper sets the stage for an in-depth exploration of how stress and physical performance are interconnected through the lens of nutrition. The increasing interest among athletes in plant-based diets presents an opportunity with benefits for health, performance, and recovery. It is essential to investigate the connection between sports, plants, and antioxidants. Highlighting the impact of nutrition on recovery and well-being, this review emphasizes how antioxidants can help mitigate oxidative stress. Furthermore, it discusses the growing popularity of plant-based diets among athletes. It elaborates on the importance of antioxidants in combating radicals addressing stress levels while promoting cellular health. By identifying rich foods, it emphasizes the role of a balanced diet in ensuring sufficient intake of these beneficial compounds. Examining stress within the context of sports activities, this review provides insights into its mechanisms and its impact on athletic performance as well as recovery processes. This study explores the impact of plant-based diets on athletes including their types, potential advantages and challenges. It also addresses the drawbacks of relying on plant-based diets, concerns related to antioxidant supplementation and identifies areas where further research is needed. Furthermore, the review suggests directions for research and potential innovations in sports nutrition. Ultimately it brings together the aspects of sports, plant-based nutrition, and antioxidants to provide a perspective for athletes, researchers and practitioners. By consolidating existing knowledge, it offers insights that can pave the way for advancements in the ever-evolving field of sports nutrition.

Comparison of Spectral Analysis of Gamma Band Activity During Actual and Imagined Movements as a Cognitive Tool.

Background. Imagined motor movement is a cognitive process in which a subject imagines a movement without doing it, which activates similar brain regions as during actual motor movement. Brain gamma band activity (GBA) is linked to cognitive functions such as perception, attention, memory, awareness, synaptic plasticity, motor control, and Imagination. Motor imagery can be used in sports to improve performance, raising the possibility of using it as a rehabilitation method through brain plasticity through mirror neurons. Method. A comparative observational study was conducted on 56 healthy male subjects after obtaining clearance from the Ethics Committee. EEG recordings for GBA were taken for resting, real, and imaginary motor movements and compared. The power spectrum of gamma waves was analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test; a p-value <.05 was considered significant. Results. The brain gamma rhythm amplitude was statistically increased during both actual and imaginary motor movement compared to baseline (resting stage) in most of the regions of the brain except the occipital region. There was no significant difference in GBA between real and imaginary movements. Conclusions. Increased gamma rhythm amplitude during both actual and imaginary motor movement than baseline (resting stage) indicating raised brain cognitive activity during both types of movements. There was no potential difference between real and imaginary movements suggesting that the real movement can be replaced by the imaginary movement to enhance work performance through mirror therapy.

Effect of performance determinants on nhl final goal difference / Impacto de los determinantes de desempeño en la diferencia final de goles en la nhl / Efeito dos determinantes de desempenho na diferença final de gols da nhl

ABSTRACT Introduction: In ice hockey games, the team's performance is influenced by many contextual factors, and understanding playing styles allows to reveal how key performance indicators vary under different situations. Objective: This research aims to explore the playing styles of elite ice-hockey teams and to identify key performance aspects under different final goal difference situations. Methods: This article analyzed compared the match performance of 31 National Hockey League teams during 1271 matches considering their playing styles and final goal difference. Results: The principal component analysis obtained 8 performance components describing the technical-tactical styles of the teams. The subsequent analysis found that there was significant difference between three match outcomes in unfavorable state, major penalties, puck possession maintaining ability, shot defending ability, aggressive performance (p<0.001; = 0.007-0.273). Conclusions: Higher-ranked teams winning the unbalanced games showed better performance in shot defending ability and aggressive performance. Lower-ranked teams losing in unbalanced games kept less possession of the puck and were more likely to be shorthanded (p<0.05, ES=0.131-1.410). The study demonstrates how playing styles can be used to contextualize key determinants from ice hockey games. Level of evidence I; Therapeutic Studies Investigating the Results of Treatment.

RESUMEN Introducción: En los juegos de hockey sobre hielo, el rendimiento del equipo está influenciado por varios factores contextuales, y comprender los estilos de juego permite revelar cómo varían los indicadores clave de rendimiento en diferentes situaciones. Objetivo: Esta investigación tiene como objetivo explorar los estilos de juego de los equipos de hockey sobre hielo de élite e identificar aspectos clave del rendimiento en diferentes situaciones de diferencia de gol final. Métodos: El rendimiento del partido de 31 equipos de la Liga Nacional de Hockey durante 1271 partidos fue analizado y comparado, considerando el estilo de juego y la diferencia de gol final. Resultados: El análisis de componentes principales obtuvo 8 componentes de rendimiento que describen los estilos técnico-tácticos de los equipos. El análisis posterior encontró que hubo una diferencia significativa entre tres resultados de partido en estado desfavorable, penalizaciones principales, habilidad para mantener la posesión del disco, habilidad para defender el tiro, desempeño agresivo (p<0,001; = 0,007-0,273). Conclusión: Los equipos de clasificación más alta que ganaron los juegos desequilibrados mostraron un mejor rendimiento en la capacidad de defensa de disparos y en el rendimiento agresivo. Los equipos de clasificación más baja que perdieron en juegos desequilibrados mantuvieron menos posesión del disco y tenían más probabilidades de estar en desventaja numérica (p<0,05, ES=0,131-1,410). El estudio demuestra cómo los estilos de juego pueden utilizarse para contextualizar los determinantes clave de los juegos de hockey sobre hielo. Nivel de Evidencia I; Estudios Terapéuticos que Investigan los Resultados del Tratamiento.

RESUMO Introdução: Nos jogos de hóquei no gelo, o desempenho da equipe é influenciado por vários fatores contextuais, e entender os estilos de jogo permite revelar como os principais indicadores de desempenho variam em diferentes situações. Objetivo: Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo explorar os estilos de jogo das equipes de hóquei no gelo de elite e identificar aspectos-chave de desempenho em diferentes estilos de jogo e a diferença do resultado final. Métodos: O desempenho de partida de 31 equipes da National Hockey League durante 1271 partidas foi analisado e comparado, considerando o estilo de jogo e a diferença de gol final. Resultados: A análise de componentes principais retornou 8 componentes de desempenho, descrevendo os estilos técnico-táticos das equipes. A análise subsequente revelou que houve diferença significativa entre três resultados de jogo em estado desfavorável, penalidades principais, habilidade de manter a posse do disco, habilidade de defender o lance e desempenho agressivo (p<0,001; = 0,007-0,273). Conclusão: As equipes de classificação mais alta que venceram os jogos em desequilíbrio numérico de jogadores apresentaram melhor desempenho na habilidade de defender o lance e no desempenho agressivo. As equipes de classificação mais baixa, que perderam em jogos desequilibrados, mantiveram menos posse do disco e tiveram maior probabilidade de ficar com um jogador a menos (p <0,05, ES = 0,131-1,410). O estudo demonstra como os estilos de jogo podem ser usados para contextualizar os principais determinantes dos jogos de hóquei no gelo. Nível de Evidência I; Estudos Terapêuticos Investigação dos Resultados do Tratamento.

Analysis of the effectiveness coefficient in greco-roman fighting athletes at different levels of competition / Análisis del coeficiente de eficacia en atletas de lucha griego-romana en distintos niveles de competición / Análise do coeficiente de efetividade em atletas de luta greco-romana em diferentes níveis de competição

ABSTRACT Introduction: Wrestling is an ancient combat sport, individual and of complex performance, which integrates high technical and tactical complexity, associated with a bioenergetic interaction and a high coordinative pattern. In Brazil, the number of competitors at different levels has increased significantly in the last years, evidencing the need to search for answers that can help coaches in the different situations of the competitive calendar. The prescription of the means and methods of training in Greco-Roman wrestling aims at the development of the technical effectiveness. However, there is no evidence of indicators of technical effectiveness, in Brazilian elite athletes of Greco-Roman wrestling, in national and international competitions. Objectives: The objective of the study was to verify and to compare the technical effectiveness of the wrestlers of Greco-Roman fight of the Brazilian selection, in two competitions: one in the national level and the other international. Methods: Seven athletes of the Brazilian wrestling team participated of the investigation (age: 25±5 years; stature: 175±12 cm; corporal mass: 80± 21kg). Analysis of the effective, not effective and total technique were accomplished. After identifying the normality of the data (SHAPIRO WILKS), the Student's t test was used to compare the variables, according to the moment evaluated, considering the significance level of 5%. Results: The results showed a significant decrease (p = 0.03) in the standing effective technique and in the total effective technique (p = 0.01), comparing the national competition with the international competition. Conclusion: Technical effectiveness of Brazilian wrestlers was found to be below the indices presented in studies with competitors from countries considered to have high world performance. In international competition, it presents a negative impact compared to national events. Level of Evidence IV; Therapeutic Studies - Investigation of Treatment Results.

RESUMEN Introducción: El Wrestling es una modalidad de combate milenaria, individual y de rendimiento complejo, que integra elevada complejidad técnico-táctica, asociada a una interacción bioenergética y un alto patrón coordinativo. En Brasil, el número de competidores en diferentes niveles aumentó significativamente en los últimos años, evidenciando la necesidad en la búsqueda de respuestas que auxilien a los entrenadores en las diferentes situaciones del calendario competitivo. La prescripción de los medios y métodos de entrenamiento en la lucha greco-romana tiene como objetivo el desarrollo de la efectividad técnica. Entre tanto, no hay evidencias de indicadores de efectividad técnica, en atletas de alto rendimiento brasileño en la lucha greco-romana, en competencias nacionales e internacionales. Objetivos: El objetivo de este estudio fue verificar y comparar la efectividad técnica de los atletas de lucha greco-romana de la selección brasileña, en dos competencias: una a nivel nacional y otra internacional. Métodos: Participaron de la investigación siete atletas de la selección brasileña de lucha greco-romana (edad: 25±5 años; estatura: 175±12 cm; masa corporal: 80± 21kg). Fueron realizados análisis de la técnica efectiva, no efectiva y total. Después de identificar la normalidad de los datos (SHAPIRO WILKS), fue utilizado el test de t de Student para la comparación de las variables, según el momento evaluado, considerando el nivel de significación de 5%. Resultados: Los resultados mostraron una disminución significativa (p = 0,03) en la técnica efectiva en pie y en la técnica efectiva total (p = 0,01), comparándose la competencia nacional con la internacional. Conclusión: Se concluyó que la eficacia técnica de los luchadores brasileños está por debajo de los índices presentados en estudios con competidores de países considerados de alto rendimiento mundial. En la competición internacional, presenta un impacto negativo en comparación con los eventos nacionales. Nivel de Evidencia IV; Estudios Terapéuticos - Investigación de Los Resultados Del Tratamiento.

RESUMO Introdução: O Wrestling é uma modalidade de combate milenar, individual e de rendimento complexo, que integra elevada complexidade técnico-táctica, associada a uma interação bioenergética e um alto padrão coordenativo. No Brasil, o número de competidores em diferentes níveis aumentou significativamente nos últimos anos, evidenciando a necessidade da busca de respostas que auxiliem os treinadores nas diferentes situações do calendário competitivo. A prescrição dos meios e métodos de treinamento na luta greco-romana visa o desenvolvimento da efetividade técnica. Entretanto, não há evidências de indicadores de efetividade técnica, em atletas de elite brasileira de luta greco-romana, em competições nacionais e internacionais. Objetivo: o objetivo do estudo foi verificar e comparar a efetividade técnica dos lutadores de luta greco-romana da seleção brasileira, em duas competições: uma no nível nacional e a outra internacional. Métodos: Participaram da investigação sete atletas da seleção brasileira de luta greco-romana (idade: 25±5 anos; estatura: 175±12 cm; massa corporal: 80± 21kg). Foram realizadas análises da técnica efetiva, não efetiva e total. Após identificar a normalidade dos dados (SHAPIRO WILKS), foi utilizado o teste t de Student para a comparação das variáveis, segundo o momento avaliado, considerando nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Os resultados mostraram uma diminuição significativa (p = 0,03) na técnica efetiva em pé e na técnica efetiva total (p = 0,01), comparando-se a competição nacional com a internacional. Conclusão: Concluiu-se que a efetividade técnica dos lutadores brasileiros está abaixo dos índices apresentados em estudos com competidores de países considerados de alto desempenho mundial. Em competição internacional, apresenta um impacto negativo comparativamente a eventos nacionais. Nível de Evidência IV; Estudos Terapêuticos - Investigação dos Resultados do Tratamento.

Influence the number of touches on physical and physiological responses during small-sided soccer games / Influência do número de toques na bola nas respostas físicas e fisiológicas durante pequenos jogos de futebol

ABSTRACT The objective of the present review was to analyze the effects of the number of touches on the ball, in the physical and physiological responses during small soccer games. Electronic searches were carried out in the databases: "Web of Science", "Scopus" and "PubMed", using the descriptors "Small-sided games"; "Intensity"; "Touches"; "Soccer"; "Soccer players"; "Modified rules". The PICO strategy was used and the group of words was combined in pairs or trios, using the OR and AND connectors. Only articles published between 2010 and 2022 were considered. The following were excluded: (a) annals and supplements of scientific events, (b) reviews, editorial and instrument validation articles, and (c) studies with women. Of 578 studies, 9 were selected and analyzed. In general, the adoption of the limit rule for touching the ball increased the physiological responses, although discrepancies were observed between the studies regarding the physical responses, we must consider the methodological differences between the studies. We conclude that manipulating the number of touches allowed per ball possession influences players' physiological responses. Specifically, higher intensity is expected in SSGs with fewer ball touches allowed. On the other hand, physical responses are not influenced by this rule.

RESUMO O objetivo da presente revisão foi analisar os efeitos do número de toques na bola, nas respostas físicas e fisiológicas de durante pequenos jogos de futebol. Foram realizadas buscas eletrônicas nas bases de dados: "Web of Science", "Scopus" e "PubMed", utilizando os descritores "Small-sided games"; "Intensity"; "Touches"; "Soccer"; "Soccer players"; "Modified rules". A estratégia PICO foi utilizada e o grupo de palavras foi combinado em duplas ou trios, utilizando os conectores OR e AND. Foram considerados apenas os artigos publicados entre 2010 e 2022. Foram excluídos: (a) anais e suplementos de eventos científicos, (b) revisões, artigos editoriais e de validação de instrumentos, e (c) estudos com mulheres. De 578 estudos, 9 foram selecionados e analisados. De um modo geral, a adoção da regra de limite de toques na bola aumentou as respostas fisiológicas, embora tenham sido observadas discrepâncias entre os estudos quanto as respostas físicas, devemos considerar as diferenças metodológicas entre os estudos. Concluímos que manipular o número de toques de bola permitidos por posse de bola influencia as respostas fisiológicas dos jogadores. Especificamente, maior intensidade é esperada em SSGs com menos toques de bola permitidos. Por outro lado, as respostas físicas não são influenciadas por esta regra.

O efeito de 12 semanas de aulas de ballet sobre a potência de bailarinas amadoras / The effect of 12 weeks of ballet classes on the power of amateur dancers

RESUMO Os grandes saltos são passos que exigem potência muscular e coordenação motora. Visto que há uma escassez na literatura sobre o aprendizado e treinamento destes passos, o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar o efeito de doze semanas de aulas de ballet clássico com o exercício de grand allegro sobre a potência de membros inferiores em bailarinas amadoras. Participaram sete bailarinas, com 11,33±1,02 anos de idade, que cursavam o Grade 3 da Royal Academy of Dance. Foram realizados cálculos de Pico de Velocidade de Crescimento, testes de salto vertical e avaliação técnica do grand allegro em quatro momentos durante doze semanas. Os planos de aula, Percepção Subjetiva de Esforço e Qualidade Total de Recuperação de cada aula foram analisadas. Os principais resultados apontam bailarinas pré-púberes, cuja potência muscular e técnica do exercício de grand allegro apresentaram melhora (p<0,05). A carga semanal e quantidade de saltos e de exercícios executados variaram durante o período, enquanto que a Qualidade Total de Recuperação se mostrou estável. Os dados obtidos apontam para as variações da carga de trabalho nas aulas de ballet somadas à fase sensível do desenvolvimento e coordenação motora como os responsáveis pela evolução na potência muscular e na qualidade técnica.

ABSTRACT The big jumps are steps that require muscular power and motor coordination. Since there is a lack in the literature on the learning and training of these steps, the aim of this study was to verify the effect of 12 weeks of classical ballet classes with the grand allegro exercise on lower limb power in amateur ballerinas. Seven dancers, aged 11.33±1.02 years, who were studying Grade 3 of Royal Academy of Dance, participated Height Growth Speed Peak calculations, vertical jump tests, and technical evaluation of the grand allegro exercise were performed at four moments over the 12-week study period. Lesson plans, the Rating of Perceived Exertion, and the Total Recovery Quality for each class were collected to analyze load and recovery. The main results indicate that the dancers were prepubertal and lower limb muscular power and the technique of the grand allegro exercise improved (p<0.05). Weekly load and the quantity of jumps and exercises performed varied during the period, while Total Recovery Quality remained stable. The obtained data point to variations in the workload during ballet classes, combined with the sensitive phase of development and motor coordination, as responsible for the improvement in muscular power and technical quality.

A cross-sectional study of colic and rate of return to racing in Thoroughbreds at Seoul Racecourse in Korea between 2010 and 2020.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of colic and the outcomes of colic surgery have not been surveyed in racetracks in Korea. OBJECTIVES: This study examined the incidence, mortality, and case fatality of colic and investigated the effects of age and sex after an exploratory celiotomy on the long-term survival rate (return to racing), subsequent racing performance, and career longevity. METHODS: The incidence, mortality, and case fatalities of colic were examined over an 11-year period. The records of 40 horses that had undergone a celiotomy, after participating in at least one race and 75 race-matched control horses were analyzed. The racing performance and career length of the horses that returned to racing post-surgery were compared with a control group. RESULTS: The annual incidence, fatality rate of colic, and annual mortality rate at Seoul Racecourse were 6.5, 2.8 per 100 horse-years, and 0.2 deaths cases per 100 horse-years, respectively. Of the 40 horses that underwent colic surgery, 26 (65%) returned to racing. The likelihood of returning to racing decreased with increasing age of the horses, and geldings had a lower probability of returning. While the performance in the five preoperative races between the two groups was not significantly different, a significant decrease in racing performance was observed after the surgery date (p < 0.01). Horses that underwent colic surgery did not show a significant decrease in career length. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical treatment for colic at the age of three and four years had a negative impact on the racing performance. On the other hand, there was no significant difference in career longevity between the two groups.

Cardiorespiratory optimal point as a submaximal evaluation tool in endurance athletes: An exploratory study.

Introduction: The cardiorespiratory optimal point (COP) represents the lowest minute ventilation to oxygen consumption ratio (VE/VO2) and can be estimated during a CPET at submaximal intensity when an exercise test until volitional fatigue is not always advisable (i.e., a conflict zone where you cannot be confident of the security because near-competition, off-season, among other). COP's physiological components have not been wholly described yet. Therefore, this study seeks to identify the determinants of COP in highly trained athletes and its influence on maximum and sub-maximum variables during CPET through principal c omponent analysis (PCA) (explains the dataset's variance). Methods: Female (n = 9; age, 17.4 ± 3.1 y; maximal VO2 [VO2max]), 46.2 ± 5.9 mL/kg/min) and male (n = 24; age, 19.7 ± 4.0 y; VO2max, 56.1 ± 7.6 mL/kg/min) athletes performed a CPET to determine the COP, ventilatory threshold 1 (VT1) and 2 (VT2), and VO2max. The PCA was used to determine the relationship between variables and COP, explaining their variance. Results: Our data revealed that females and males displayed different COP values. Indeed, males showed a significant diminished COP compared to the female group (22.6 ± 2.9 vs. 27.2 ±3.4 VE/VO2, respectively); nevertheless, COP was allocated before VT1 in both groups. Discussion: PC analysis revealed that the COP variance was mainly explained (75.6%) by PC1 (expired CO2 at VO2max) and PC2 (VE at VT2), possibly influencing cardiorespiratory efficiency at VO2max and VT2. Our data suggest that COP could be used as a submaximal index to monitor and assess cardiorespiratory system efficiency in endurance athletes. The COP could be particularly useful during the offseason and competitive periods and the return to the sports continuum.

The effects of different rehabilitation training modalities on isokinetic muscle function and male athletes' psychological status after anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions.

BACKGROUND: Previously, researchers reported performance enhancements following long-term plyometric training in athletes with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (LCA). However, the effects of combined eccentric and plyometric training on measures of isokinetic strength and psychological statues in male athletes have not been examined yet. Knowledge on the effects of combined eccentric and plyometric training help to better plan and program rehabilitations sessions and thus return-to-sports. OBJECTIVE: This study sought to compare the effects of three different rehabilitation training programs, eccentric training (ECC), plyometric training (PLYO), or combined eccentric and plyometric training (COMB), on psychological measures (kinesiophobia [TSK-CF], functional knee assessment, knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome score [KOOS], international knee documentation committee 2000 questionnaire [IKDC], and knee flexor and extensor isokinetic muscle performance (peak torque [PT], total work, ratio [R-HQ], and ratio of total work [R-TW]) at different angular velocities post ACL surgery in male elite athletes. METHODS: Forty elite male athletes from different sports (e.g., athletics, team sports) with ACL reconstruction participated in this study. The study started after a 14-weeks post-surgery rehabilitation program, which was identical for all subjects. After this initial rehabilitation period, athletes were randomly assigned to three experimental groups, ECC (n = 10), PLYO (n = 10), and COMB (n = 10), and a control group (CON: n = 10). Testing was conducted pre- and post-the 6-weeks intervention period and included the TSK-CF, KOOS, and IKDC. Peak torque of the knee extensors/flexors was tested at 90, 180, 240 °/s, after the 6-weeks training program only. RESULTS: Participants' adherence rate was 100% across all groups and none reported any training or test-related injury. No significant between-group baseline differences (pre-6-weeks intervention) were observed for any of the reported psychological and muscle strength parameters. Significant group-by-time interactions were found for TSK-CF (p = 0.001, d = 2.85), KOOS (p = 0.001, d = 1.31), and IKDC (p = 0.001, d = 1.07). The post-hoc analyses indicated that COMB showed larger pre-post improvements for all psychological variables (p < 0.001, d = 2.95 to 13.15), compared with PLYO, ECC, and CON. Contrast analyses demonstrated that COMB yielded significantly greater improvements compared with CON, PLYO, ECC for all isokinetic parameters at all three angular velocities (all p < 0.001, d = 0.99 to 4.61). CONCLUSION: The results showed that COMB induced greater gains for measures of psychological status and isokinetic muscle strength compared with single-mode PLYO and ECC in elite male athletes during a post-surgery ACL rehabilitation period. Accordingly, it is recommended to implement COMB as an effective rehabilitation means to improve knee function in male elite athletes. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study does not report results related to health care interventions using human participants and therefore it was not prospectively registered.

Novel Insights into Mitochondrial DNA: Mitochondrial Microproteins and mtDNA Variants Modulate Athletic Performance and Age-Related Diseases.

Sports genetics research began in the late 1990s and over 200 variants have been reported as athletic performance- and sports injuries-related genetic polymorphisms. Genetic polymorphisms in the α-actinin-3 (ACTN3) and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) genes are well-established for athletic performance, while collagen-, inflammation-, and estrogen-related genetic polymorphisms are reported as genetic markers for sports injuries. Although the Human Genome Project was completed in the early 2000s, recent studies have discovered previously unannotated microproteins encoded in small open reading frames. Mitochondrial microproteins (also called mitochondrial-derived peptides) are encoded in the mtDNA, and ten mitochondrial microproteins, such as humanin, MOTS-c (mitochondrial ORF of the 12S rRNA type-c), SHLPs 1-6 (small humanin-like peptides 1 to 6), SHMOOSE (Small Human Mitochondrial ORF Over SErine tRNA), and Gau (gene antisense ubiquitous in mtDNAs) have been identified to date. Some of those microproteins have crucial roles in human biology by regulating mitochondrial function, and those, including those to be discovered in the future, could contribute to a better understanding of human biology. This review describes a basic concept of mitochondrial microproteins and discusses recent findings about the potential roles of mitochondrial microproteins in athletic performance as well as age-related diseases.

Relação entre variáveis antropométricas e de aptidão física em crianças e adolescentes estratificados por sexo / Relationship between anthropometric and physical fitness variables in children and adolescents stratified by sex / Relación entre variables antropométricas y de aptitud física en niños y adolescentes estratificados por sexo

A aptidão física (ApF) pode estar associada à saúde, ao desempenho esportivo e refere-se a capacidade de apresentar um determinado desempenho motor quando submetido a situações que envolvam esforços físicos. O objetivo deste estudo foi relacionar as variáveis antropométricas e de aptidão física em crianças e adolescentes da cidade de Pelotas/RS, estratificados por sexo. Foram avaliados 1720 escolares da rede municipal de Pelotas/RS, sendo 896 crianças (idade = 9,91 ± 1,21 anos) e 824 adolescentes (idade = 13,11 ± 1,04 anos), através de uma bateria de avaliações das medidas antropométricas (estatura [EST], massa corporal [MC], envergadura [ENV], índice de massa corporal [IMC]) e de testes físicos (flexibilidade [FLEX], potência de membros superiores [PMS], potência de membros inferiores [PMI], velocidade com troca de direção [VTD], velocidade linear [VL], resistência muscular localizada [RML] e capacidade cardiorrespiratória [CC]). O estudo de caráter de diagnóstico com cunho observacional utilizou o teste de correlação através do r de Pearson e classificou-as como muito fraca (0-0,19), fraca (0,2-0,39), moderada (0,4-0,69), forte (0,7-0,89) e muito forte (0,9-1). Destacou-se que no sexo feminino houve correlação moderada com IMC e PMS, as variáveis antropométricas EST, ENV e MC apresentaram pelo menos uma correlação com as variáveis de ApF, enquanto que estas variáveis demonstraram correlações moderadas entre PMS, VL e VTD. Já no sexo masculino foi observada correlação moderada entre IMC e CC, além de correlações fracas e moderadas entre EST, ENV e MC com pelo menos uma das variáveis de ApF, enquanto as variáveis de ApF demonstraram correlações moderadas entre PMI, VL e VTD. Portanto, ressalta-se a importância do diagnóstico destas variáveis para controle dos fatores de risco à saúde bem como para identificar potenciais relacionados ao desempenho esportivo.

Physical fitness (PhF) can be associated with health, sports performance and refers to the ability to present a certain motor performance when submitted to situations involving physical efforts. The aim of this study was to relate anthropometric and physical fitness variables in children and adolescents from the city of Pelotas/RS, stratified by sex. A total of 1720 schoolchildren from the municipal schools of Pelotas/RS were evaluated, 896 children (age = 9.91 ± 1.21 years) and 824 adolescents (age = 13.11 ± 1.04 years), through a battery of the anthropometric measurements (height [HT], body mass [BM], wingspan [WP], body mass index [BMI]) and physical tests (flexibility [FLEX], upper limb power [ULP], lower limb power [LLP], change of direction speed [CODS], linear speed [LS], localized muscular endurance [LME] and cardiorespiratory capacity [CC]). The study of a diagnostic character with an observational nature used the correlation test through Pearson's r and classified them as very small (0-0.19), small (0.2- 0.39), moderate (0.4- 0.69), large (0.7-0.89) and very large (0.9-1). It was highlighted that in females there was moderate correlation with BMI and ULP, the anthropometric variables HT, WP and BM showed at least one correlation with the PhF variables, while these variables showed moderate correlations between ULP, LS and CODS. In males, a moderate correlation was observed between BMI and CC, in addition to small and moderate correlations between HT, WP and BM with at least one of the PhF variables, while the PhF variables showed moderate correlations between LLP, LS and CODS. Therefore, it emphasizes the importance of diagnosing these variables to control health risk factors as well as to identify potentials related to sports performance.

La aptitud física (AF) puede estar asociada a la salud, al rendimiento deportivo y se refiere a la capacidad de presentar un determinado desempeño motor cuando sometido a situaciones que impliquen esfuerzos físicos. El objetivo de este estudio fue relacionar variables antropométricas y de aptitud física en niños y adolescentes de la ciudad de Pelotas/RS, estratificados por sexo. Fueron evaluados 1720 escolares de las escuelas municipales de Pelotas/RS, 896 niños (edad = 9,91 ± 1,21 años) y 824 adolescentes (edad = 13,11 ± 1. 04 años), a través de una batería de medidas antropométricas (altura [HT], masa corporal [BM], envergadura [WP], índice de masa corporal [IMC]) y pruebas físicas (flexibilidad [FLEX], potencia de miembros superiores [ULP], potencia de miembros inferiores [LLP], velocidad de cambio de dirección [CODS], velocidad lineal [LS], resistencia muscular localizada [LME] y capacidad cardiorrespiratoria [CC]). El estudio, de carácter diagnóstico y observacional, utilizó la prueba de correlación mediante la r de Pearson y las clasificó en muy pequeñas (0-0,19), pequeñas (0,2-0,39), moderadas (0,4- 0,69), grandes (0,7-0,89) y muy grandes (0,9-1). Se destacó que en las hembras hubo una correlación moderada con el IMC y el ULP, las variables antropométricas HT, WP y BM mostraron al menos una correlación con las variables PhF, mientras que estas variables mostraron correlaciones moderadas entre ULP, LS y CODS. En los varones, se observó una correlación moderada entre IMC y CC, además de correlaciones pequeñas y moderadas entre HT, WP y BM con al menos una de las variables PhF, mientras que las variables PhF mostraron correlaciones moderadas entre LLP, LS y CODS. Por lo tanto, se destaca la importancia del diagnóstico de estas variables para controlar los factores de riesgo para la salud, así como para identificar potenciales relacionados con el rendimiento deportivo.

Assisted training model for improving the three-point shootout in basketball / Modelo de treinamento assistido para aperfeiçoamento da cesta de três pontos no basquetebol / Modelo de entrenamiento asistido para mejorar las canastas de tres puntos en baloncesto

ABSTRACT Introduction The outcome of basketball games is based on scoring, and basketball rules are discussed from a qualitative point of view. The three-point basket is the key to the game's success; improving this shot's percentage will ensure success. Objective Explore the key elements of a successful three-point shot, discussing its effective improvements. Methods This paper randomly selects 26 students from a particular basketball class as volunteers for the research. Before starting the experiment, the subjects were divided into control and experimental groups; they were grouped according to their test scores. Four data of three-point shot rate, jump shot, and shot after dribbling are analyzed according to the grouping of players. The data were statistically treated for better appreciation of the results. Results Although the throws improved in both groups, the improvement was insignificant (P>0.05). After nine weeks of exercise, the success rate of three-point baskets in both the experimental and control groups improved. The improvement in the three-point basket was the greatest in the experimental group (P<0.05). Conclusion Functional strength training can significantly improve the rate of long-range 3-point baskets in basketball players. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução O resultado dos jogos de basquetebol é baseado na pontuação e as regras do basquete são discutidas de um ponto de vista qualitativo. A cesta de três pontos é a chave para o sucesso do jogo e melhorar a porcentagem desse lançamento garantirá o sucesso na partida. Objetivo Explorar os elementos-chave de uma tacada de três pontos de sucesso, discutindo suas melhoras efetivas. Métodos Este artigo seleciona aleatoriamente 26 alunos de uma determinada turma de basquetebol como voluntários para a pesquisa. Antes de iniciar a experiência, os sujeitos foram divididos em grupos controle e experimental, foram agrupados de acordo com os resultados do teste. Analisa-se quatro dados de taxa de lance com três pontos, lance com salto e lance após drible, de acordo com o agrupamento de jogadores. Os dados foram tratados estatisticamente para melhor apreciação dos resultados. Resultados Embora os lances tenham melhorado em ambos os grupos, a melhoria não foi significativa (P>0,05). Após nove semanas de exercício, a taxa de sucesso de cestas com três pontos, tanto no grupo experimental quanto no grupo de controle demonstrou um aperfeiçoamento. A melhora na cesta em três pontos foi a maior no grupo experimental (P<0,05). Conclusão O treinamento de força funcional pode melhorar significativamente a taxa de cestas de 3 pontos de longo alcance nos jogadores de basquetebol. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción El resultado de los partidos de baloncesto se basa en la puntuación y las reglas del baloncesto se discuten desde un punto de vista cualitativo. La canasta de tres puntos es la clave del éxito del juego y mejorar el porcentaje de este tiro asegurará el éxito en el juego. Objetivo Explorar los elementos clave de un tiro de tres puntos exitoso, discutiendo sus mejoras efectivas. Métodos Este trabajo selecciona al azar a 26 estudiantes de una clase particular de baloncesto como voluntarios para la investigación. Antes de comenzar el experimento, los sujetos se dividieron en grupos de control y experimentales, y se agruparon en función de las puntuaciones obtenidas en las pruebas. Se analizan cuatro datos de la tasa de tiros de tres puntos, de los tiros en salto y de los tiros después de driblar según la agrupación de jugadores. Los datos fueron tratados estadísticamente para una mejor apreciación de los resultados. Resultados Aunque los lanzamientos se optimizaron en ambos grupos, la mejora no fue significativa (P>0,05). Después de nueve semanas de ejercicio, la tasa de éxito en las canastas de tres puntos, tanto en el grupo experimental como en el de control, mostró una mejora. La mejora en la canasta de tres puntos fue mayor en el grupo experimental (P<0,05). Conclusión El entrenamiento de fuerza funcional puede mejorar significativamente el índice de canastas de 3 puntos de largo alcance en jugadores de baloncesto. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

The differences between modern modes of biathlon training at the olympic winter games / As diferenças entre os modos modernos de treinamento de biatlo nos jogos olímpicos de inverno / Las diferencias entre las modalidades modernas de entrenamiento de biatlón en los juegos olímpicos de invierno

ABSTRACT Introduction The biathlon is a snow sport that combines cross-country skiing and shooting, originating in Scandinavia. It requires athletes to not only have the ability to glide quickly over long distances but also to have the ability to shoot quickly and accurately. There is little research on biathlon characteristics and analysis of influencing factors and training strategies in China. Objective This study analyzes modern biathlon athletes' specific explosive power, endurance and training effects at the Winter Olympics. Methods Twenty biathlon athletes were selected as research volunteers. Physiological and biochemical indicators of the athletes were experimentally tested after training. Results There was a correlation between maximum speed and the height of the athletes' double stand test (SD) (p < 0.05). The heavier athletes skied relatively faster. However, the excessive body fat rate is not conducive to maintaining high-intensity skiing in the long term. The athletes' VO2max was closely related to their skiing performance and shot hit percentage (p < 0.05). Conclusion Maintaining gun ski training can positively improve the competitive level of world-class biathletes. The athlete's muscles have a solid ability to generate high mechanical power in a short time. It is beneficial to take advantage of a favorable position after the start of the competition. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução O biatlo é um esporte de neve que combina esqui entre as montanhas e tiro, originário da Escandinávia. Requer que os atletas não só tenham a capacidade de deslizar rapidamente por longas distâncias, mas também que tenham a capacidade de atirar com rapidez e precisão. Existem poucas pesquisas sobre características do biatlo e análises de fatores de influência e estratégias de treinamento na China. Objetivo Este estudo analisa o poder explosivo específico, a resistência e os efeitos do treinamento dos atletas modernos de biatlo nos Jogos Olímpicos de Inverno. Métodos Selecionou-se 20 atletas de biatlo como voluntários de pesquisa. Os indicadores fisiológicos e bioquímicos dos atletas foram testados experimentalmente após o treinamento. Resultados Houve uma correlação entre a velocidade máxima e a altura do teste de duplo suporte (DP) dos atletas (p < 0,05). Os atletas mais pesados esquiam relativamente mais rápido. Porém a taxa excessiva de gordura corporal não é propícia para manter o esqui de alta intensidade a longo prazo. O VO2max dos atletas mostrou-se intimamente relacionado com seu desempenho de esqui e porcentagem de acertos no tiro (p < 0,05). Conclusão A manutenção do treinamento de esqui com armas pode desempenhar um papel positivo na melhoria do nível competitivo dos biatletas de classe mundial. Os músculos do atleta têm uma sólida capacidade de gerar alta potência mecânica em um curto período de tempo. É benéfico aproveitar uma posição favorável após o início da competição.Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción El biatlón es un deporte de nieve que combina el esquí entre las montañas y el tiro, originario de Escandinavia. Requiere que los atletas no sólo tengan la capacidad de deslizarse rápidamente por largas distancias, sino también la capacidad de disparar con velocidad y precisión. Hay poca investigación sobre las características del biatlón y el análisis de los factores que influyen y las estrategias de entrenamiento en China. Objetivo Este estudio analiza la potencia explosiva específica, la resistencia y los efectos del entrenamiento de los atletas de biatlón moderno en los Juegos Olímpicos de Invierno. Métodos Se seleccionaron veinte atletas de biatlón como voluntarios para la investigación. Los indicadores fisiológicos y bioquímicos de los atletas fueron comprobados experimentalmente después del entrenamiento. Resultados Hubo una correlación entre la velocidad máxima y la altura de la prueba de doble apoyo (DP) de los atletas (p < 0,05). Los atletas más pesados esquiaron relativamente más rápido. Sin embargo, la excesiva tasa de grasa corporal no es propicia para mantener el esquí de alta intensidad a largo plazo. Se demostró que el VO2max de los atletas estaba estrechamente relacionado con su rendimiento en el esquí y el porcentaje de aciertos en el tiro (p < 0,05). Conclusión El mantenimiento del entrenamiento de esquí de pistola puede desempeñar un papel positivo en la mejora del nivel competitivo de los biatletas de categoría mundial. Los músculos del atleta tienen una sólida capacidad para generar una gran potencia mecánica en un corto período de tiempo. Es beneficioso aprovechar una posición favorable tras el inicio de la competición. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Effects of brake training on lower limbs of soccer players / Efeitos do treinamento de frenagem sobre os membros inferiores dos jogadores de futebol / Efectos del entrenamiento de frenado en las extremidades inferiores de los futbolistas

ABSTRACT Introduction: As sports skills and attacking techniques evolved rapidly, so did sports offense and defense, requiring new techniques for improving sports performance on the field. One technique that has been empirically highlighted is braking training, with little scientific research on its practical results. Objective: Study the effects of brake training on lower limb agility in soccer players. Methods: Male soccer athletes participated in the experiment, and patients were divided into experimental and control groups, where lower limb demand and fracture resistance were tested. Results: After 8 weeks of training, the quality of sensitivity and explosive strength of the lower extremities were checked, where the experimental group showed a highly significant difference in training (P<0.01). The sensitivity index scores were all significantly changed. In the control group, there was a variation in bone density before and after exercise but little significant difference in performance. Conclusion: Compared to traditional resistance training, extending and focusing on lower limb braking training can effectively develop explosive strength and agility in soccer players. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: À medida que as habilidades esportivas e a técnica de ataque evoluíram rapidamente, o mesmo foi acontecendo com relação ao ataque e à defesa esportiva, exigindo novas técnicas para o aprimoramento do desempenho esportivo em campo. Uma das técnicas que vem se destacando empiricamente é o treinamento de frenagem, com poucas pesquisas científicas em seus resultados práticos. Objetivo: Estudar os efeitos do treinamento de frenagem sobre a agilidade dos membros inferiores nos jogadores de futebol. Métodos: Atletas masculinos de futebol participaram do experimento, sendo os pacientes divididos em grupos experimentais e de controle, onde a demanda dos membros inferiores e a resistência à fratura foram testadas. Resultados: Após 8 semanas de treinamento, verificou-se a qualidade da sensibilidade e a força explosiva das extremidades inferiores, onde o grupo experimental mostrou uma diferença altamente significativa ao treinamento (P<0,01). Os escores do índice de sensibilidade foram todos significativamente alterados. No grupo de controle, houve uma variação na densidade óssea antes e depois do exercício, porém pouca diferença significativa no desempenho. Conclusão: Em comparação com o treinamento de resistência tradicional, a ampliação e concentração no treinamento de frenagem sobre os membros inferiores pode efetivamente desenvolver a força explosiva e a agilidade nos jogadores de futebol. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: A medida que las habilidades deportivas y la técnica de ataque evolucionaba rápidamente, lo mismo ocurría con el ataque y la defensa deportiva, exigiendo nuevas técnicas para la mejora del rendimiento deportivo en el campo. Una de las técnicas que se ha destacado empíricamente es el entrenamiento de frenado, con poca investigación científica sobre sus resultados prácticos. Objetivo: Estudiar los efectos del entrenamiento de frenado sobre la agilidad de los miembros inferiores en jugadores de fútbol. Métodos: En el experimento participaron atletas de fútbol de sexo masculino, y los pacientes se dividieron en grupos experimentales y de control, en los que se comprobó la demanda de las extremidades inferiores y la resistencia a las fracturas. Resultados: Tras 8 semanas de entrenamiento, se comprobó la calidad de la sensibilidad y la fuerza explosiva de las extremidades inferiores, donde el grupo experimental mostró una diferencia altamente significativa al entrenamiento (P<0,01). Las puntuaciones del índice de sensibilidad cambiaron significativamente. En el grupo de control, hubo una variación en la densidad ósea antes y después del ejercicio, pero poca diferencia significativa en el rendimiento. Conclusión: En comparación con el entrenamiento de resistencia tradicional, extender y centrar el entrenamiento de frenado en las extremidades inferiores puede desarrollar eficazmente la fuerza explosiva y la agilidad en los jugadores de fútbol. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Sweat biosensors for sports monitoring / Biossensores de suor para monitoramento esportivo / Biosensores de sudor para la monitorización deportiva

ABSTRACT Introduction: Biometric sweat monitoring is an important tool for optimizing sports training. The possibility of developing a wearable amperometric lactate biosensor using a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) impregnated by Ag nanoparticles (Ag NPs) for sweat determination in sports monitoring is questioned. Objective: To develop a sensor with GCE substrate coated on Ag NPs/SPCE. Methods: FESEM and XRD analysis were used for the morphological and structural characterizations of Ag and SPCE NPs, respectively. Results: FESEM, EDS, and XRD revealed that Ag NPs were uniformly dispersed in SPCE. The electrochemical biosensor responded linearly to lactate in phosphate buffer solutions, with detection and sensitivity limits of 1.2 µM and 14.2 mAcm-2 mM-1, respectively. Conclusion: The results suggest that Ag NPs/SPCE can be used to continuously monitor lactate levels in sweat as a practical and reliable biosensor for use. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: O monitoramento biométrico do suor é uma ferramenta importante para otimização do treino esportivo. Questiona-se a possibilidade do desenvolvimento de um biossensor amperométrico de lactato vestível utilizando eletrodo de carbono impresso em tela (SPCE) impregnado por nanopartículas Ag (Ag NPs) para determinação do suor no monitoramento esportivo. Objetivos: Desenvolver um sensor com substrato GCE revestido em Ag NPs/SPCE. Métodos: A análise FESEM e XRD foi utilizada para as caracterizações morfológicas e estruturais dos NPs de Ag e SPCE, respectivamente. Resultados: Os resultados da FESEM, EDS, XRD revelaram que os NPs de Ag estavam uniformemente dispersos em SPCE. O biossensor eletroquímico respondeu linearmente ao lactato em soluções tampão fosfato, com limites de detecção e sensibilidade de 1,2 µM e 14,2 mAcm-2 mM-1, respectivamente. Conclusão: Os resultados sugerem que o Ag NPs/SPCE pode ser utilizado para monitorar continuamente os níveis de ácido láctico no suor como um biossensor prático e confiável para o uso. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: La monitorización biométrica del sudor es una herramienta importante para la optimización del entrenamiento deportivo. Se cuestiona la posibilidad de desarrollar un biosensor de lactato amperométrico vestible utilizando un electrodo de carbono serigrafiado (SPCE) impregnado por nanopartículas de Ag (Ag NPs) para la determinación del sudor en la monitorización deportiva. Objetivos: Desarrollar un sensor con sustrato GCE recubierto de Ag NPs/SPCE. Métodos: Se utilizó el análisis FESEM y XRD para las caracterizaciones morfológicas y estructurales de las NPs de Ag y SPCE, respectivamente. Resultados: Los resultados de FESEM, EDS y XRD revelaron que las NPs de Ag estaban uniformemente dispersas en el SPCE. El biosensor electroquímico respondió linealmente al lactato en soluciones de tampón fosfato, con límites de detección y sensibilidad de 1,2 µM y 14,2 mAcm-2 mM-1, respectivamente. Conclusión: Los resultados sugieren que Ag NPs/SPCE puede utilizarse para monitorizar de forma continua los niveles de lactato en el sudor como un biosensor práctico y fiable para su uso. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

SYSTEMATIC SKILL PRACTICE IN WOMEN's FLOOR EXERCISE / Prática sistemática de habilidades no exercício de solo feminino / Práctica sistemática de habilidades en el ejercicio de suelo femenino

ABSTRACT Introduction Ground exercise is a high-level event of Chinese women's gymnastics. Maintaining the dominant strength of women's floor exercise in China has become one of the issues that coaches, athletes and gymnastics researchers should actively discuss. A research analysis on athletes' competition in the National Games can better reflect and illustrate the fundamental level of athletes and their overall developmental status. Objective To verify the relationship between women's floor exercise skills and competition performance. Methods The analysis and study of 65 female athletes participating in floor exercises at the National Games was carried out. In this paper, the on-the-spot statistical method is used to perform statistics on the skills and the athletes' completion in the four games. Movement training and choreography experts were consulted. Results The performance of women's floor drills in the National Games was discussed from three aspects: the difficulty and arrangement of movements, the initial score and bonus points, and the completion of movements. Conclusion Most athletes can adapt to the changes in the new rules and master many complex movements. This also gets them a higher score. However, the choreography of the athletes' complete movements is relatively simple and lacks features. Strength training in the lower limbs should be the key to improving the athletes' ability in floor exercise. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução O exercício no solo é um evento de alto nível da ginástica feminina chinesa. Manter a força dominante do exercício físico feminino na China tornou-se uma das questões que treinadores, atletas e pesquisadores de ginástica devem discutir ativamente. Uma análise de pesquisa sobre a competição dos atletas nos Jogos Nacionais pode refletir e ilustrar melhor o nível fundamental dos atletas e seu status geral de desenvolvimento. Objetivo Verificar a relação entre as habilidades de exercício do solo feminino e o desempenho na competição. Métodos Foi efetuada a análise e estudo de 65 atletas femininas que participam de exercícios de solo nos Jogos Nacionais. Neste trabalho, o método estatístico no local é utilizado para realizar estatísticas sobre as habilidades e a conclusão dos atletas nos quatro jogos. Foram consultados especialistas em treino de movimento e coreografia. Resultados Discutiu-se o desempenho dos exercícios de piso feminino nos Jogos Nacionais a partir de três aspectos: a dificuldade e a disposição dos movimentos, a pontuação inicial e os pontos de bônus, e a conclusão dos movimentos. Conclusão A maioria dos atletas pode se adaptar às mudanças nas novas regras e dominar muitos movimentos complexos. Isto também obtém uma pontuação mais alta. Entretanto, a coreografia dos movimentos completos dos atletas é relativamente simples e carece de características. O treinamento da força nos membros inferiores deve ser a chave para melhorar a habilidade das atletas no exercício do solo. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción El ejercicio en el suelo es una prueba de alto nivel de la gimnasia femenina china. Mantener la fuerza dominante del ejercicio de suelo femenino en China se ha convertido en una de las cuestiones que entrenadores, atletas e investigadores de la gimnasia deben debatir activamente. Un análisis de la investigación sobre la competición de los atletas en los Juegos Nacionales puede reflejar e ilustrar mejor el nivel fundamental de los atletas y su estado de desarrollo general. Objetivo Verificar la relación entre las habilidades del ejercicio de suelo de las mujeres y el rendimiento en la competición. Métodos Se llevó a cabo el análisis y estudio de 65 atletas femeninas que participaron en ejercicios de suelo en los Juegos Nacionales. En este trabajo se utiliza el método estadístico in situ para realizar estadísticas sobre las habilidades y la realización de los atletas en los cuatro partidos. Se consultó a expertos en formación del movimiento y coreografía. Resultados El rendimiento de los ejercicios de suelo de las mujeres en los Juegos Nacionales se analizó desde tres aspectos: la dificultad y la disposición de los movimientos, la puntuación inicial y los puntos de bonificación, y la finalización de los movimientos. Conclusión La mayoría de los atletas pueden adaptarse a los cambios de las nuevas reglas y dominar muchos movimientos complejos. Esto también obtiene una mayor puntuación. Sin embargo, la coreografía de los movimientos completos de los atletas es relativamente simple y carece de características. El entrenamiento de la fuerza en los miembros inferiores debe ser la clave para mejorar la capacidad de los atletas en el ejercicio de suelo. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Relative age in Brazilian swimmers and para swimmers / Idade relativa em nadadores e paranadadores brasileiros

abstract This study aimed to analyze the relationships between swimming competitive events, functional classification and relative age and to detect if the relative age affects performance in Brazilian swimmers and para swimmers. Data were retrieved from public databases and birth dates were classified in four quartiles (Q1 = January-March; Q2 = April-June; Q3 = July-September; Q4 = October-December). Descriptive statistics, Chi-square tests and ANOVA were used. The 50 m freestyle is the competitive event with 2349 swimmers, followed by 100 m (n = 1817) and 200 m freestyle (n = 905), and 200 m butterfly with 42 swimmers. Para swimmers are mainly distributed to S14, S6 and S5 functional classes (n = 140, 87 and 45), and individual medley events were less represented at SM3, SM9 and SM11 (n = 1 swimmer). Most of swimming events (86.36%) and para swimming functional classes (51.43%) are represented by swimmers and para swimmers born in the first and second quartiles. Moderate associations between functional classification and relative age were observed (p < 0.0001, Cramer's V = 0.277). No effects of relative age on swimmers and para swimmers' performance were noticed (p > 0.05). The great functional class seems to be related to great para swimmers' relative age. Quartiles distribution shows the advantage of being born in the first months of the year to be registered among the most talented Brazilian swimmers and para swimmers.

resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar as relações entre eventos competitivos de natação, classificação funcional e idade relativa e detectar se a idade relativa afeta o desempenho em nadadores e paranadadores brasileiros. Os dados foram recuperados de bancos de dados públicos e as datas de nascimento foram classificadas em quatro quartis (Q1 = janeiro-março; Q2 = abril-junho; Q3 = julho-setembro; Q4 = outubro-dezembro). Utilizou-se estatística descritiva, teste Qui-quadrado e ANOVA. Os 50 m livre é a prova competitiva com 2.349 nadadores, seguido de 100 m (n = 1.817) e 200 m livre (n = 905), e 200 m borboleta com 42 nadadores. Os paranadadores estão distribuídos principalmente nas classes funcionais S14, S6 e S5 (n = 140, 87 e 45), e as provas individuais de medley foram menos representadas em SM3, SM9 e SM11 (n = 1 nadador). A maioria das provas de natação (86,36%) e classes funcionais de paranatação (51,43%) são representadas por nadadores e paranadadores nascidos no primeiro e segundo quartis. Associações moderadas entre classificação funcional e idade relativa foram observadas (p < 0,0001, V de Cramer = 0,277). Não foram observados efeitos da idade relativa no desempenho de nadadores e paranadadores (p > 0,05). A grande classe funcional parece estar relacionada com a idade relativa dos grandes paranadadores. A distribuição por quartis mostra a vantagem de ter nascido nos primeiros meses do ano para ser registrado entre os mais talentosos nadadores e paranadadores brasileiros.