Precipitation explains Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina) occupancy patterns in Northern Costa Rica / Patrones de ocurrencia del Zorzal del Bosque (Hylocichla mustelina) explicados por la precipitación en el Norte de Costa Rica

Abstract Introduction: The Wood Thrush is a migratory bird that has experienced dramatic declines in its populations in recent decades. This species overwinters in forest fragments with intermediate levels of habitat modification in Central America. However, more studies detailing the use of remnant forests through time are needed to elucidate the threats this species faces in the wintering grounds. Objective: To understand the effects of environmental and forest structure variables on the occupancy of Wood Thrush in Northern Costa Rica. Methods: The study area was the Área de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), located in Northern Costa Rica, in December 2016, and during the 2018-2019 migration season. We estimated Wood Thrush occupancy and detection probability in four locations of ACG (dry forest, cloud forest, and two locations in the wet forest) using single-season occupancy models. We also estimated Wood Thrush occupancy and probability of persistence in different months in three vegetation types (open area, secondary forest, and old-growth forest) in the wet forest of ACG using a multi-season occupancy model approach. Results: Wood Thrush occupancy was best described by precipitation in the four locations of the ACG; the probability of occupancy increased with precipitation. The average occupancy of Wood Thrushes varied with vegetation type: open area with shrubs and forest edge (0.69 ± 0.09), secondary forest (0.46 ± 0.1), and old-growth forest (0.61 ± 0.1). Wood Thrush probability of persistence responded partially to changes in precipitation, with an unexpected increase in persistence when the rainfall continued decreasing in the season. Conclusion: Wood Thrush occupancy was best predicted by changes in precipitation considering a larger spatial scale. Its probability of persistence partially varied with precipitation. An increase in persistence closer to Spring migration might be explained by the start of the breeding season of resident birds, potentially reducing territorial conflicts and conserving energy before migration. The long-term protection of wet forests in Northern Costa Rica is of paramount importance for the conservation of Wood Thrushes in their wintering grounds.

Resumen Introducción: El Zorzal del Bosque es un ave migratoria que ha experimentado caídas dramáticas en sus poblaciones en las últimas décadas. Esta especie pasa el invierno en fragmentos de bosque con niveles intermedios de modificación de hábitat en Centroamérica. Sin embargo, se necesitan más estudios que detallen el uso de los bosques remanentes a lo largo del tiempo para dilucidar las amenazas que enfrenta esta especie en las zonas de invernada. Objetivo: Comprender los efectos de variables ambientales y de estructura del bosque en la ocurrencia del Zorzal del Bosque en el Norte de Costa Rica. Métodos: El área de estudio fue el Área de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), ubicada en el Norte de Costa Rica, en diciembre de 2016, y en la temporada migratoria 2018-2019. Estimamos la ocurrencia y la probabilidad de detección del Zorzal del Bosque en cuatro ubicaciones de ACG (bosque seco, bosque nuboso y dos ubicaciones en el bosque húmedo) utilizando modelos de ocurrencia de una sola temporada. También estimamos la ocurrencia del Zorzal del Bosque y la probabilidad de persistencia en diferentes meses en tres tipos de vegetación (área abierta, bosque secundario y bosque primario) en el bosque húmedo de ACG utilizando un enfoque de modelo de ocurrencia multi-estacional. Resultados: La ocurrencia del Zorzal del Bosque estuvo mejor descrita por la precipitación en las cuatro localidades del ACG; la probabilidad de ocurrencia aumentó con las precipitaciones. La ocurrencia media de zorzales varió con el tipo de vegetación: área abierta con arbustos y borde de bosque (0.69 ± 0.09), bosque secundario (0.46 ± 0.1) y bosque primario (0.61 ± 0.1). La probabilidad de persistencia del zorzal respondió parcialmente a cambios en la precipitación, con un aumento inesperado en la persistencia cuando las precipitaciones continuaron disminuyendo en la temporada. Conclusión: La ocurrecia del Zorzal del Bosque varió con la precipitación considerando una escala espacial mayor. Su probabilidad de persistencia varió parcialmente con la precipitación. Un aumento en la persistencia más cerca de la migración de primavera podría explicarse por el inicio de la temporada de reproducción de las aves residentes, lo que podría reducir los conflictos territoriales y conservar energía antes de la migración. La protección a largo plazo de los bosques húmedos en el norte de Costa Rica es de suma importancia para la conservación de los Zorzales del Bosque en sus zonas de invernada.

The role of neophobia in a pioneer olfactory enrichment for amazons, macaws, and toucans / El papel de la neofobia en un enriquecimiento olfativo pionero para guacamayos, loros y tucanes

Abstract Introduction: Despite sensory enrichment being critical for ensuring the well-being of captive wild animals, smells are not being included in enrichment protocols for birds. For this group, neophobia can be a problem when it comes to implementing new enrichment devices. Objective: To explore how participation in an olfactory enrichment and latency times varies between bird taxonomic groups (Amazona spp. / Ara spp. / Ramphastos spp.). Methods: We exposed 257 birds to a scent enrichment, and we recorded which individuals engaged with it and the time they took to interact with it. Results: We discovered that participation by toucans in the enrichment was higher compared to amazons and macaws. Furthermore, latency time to interact with the enrichment was higher in amazons that in the other species. Our findings could suggest that toucans are neophilic species which could benefit from higher exploration rates. Amazons on the contrary seem to be particularly neophobic, possibly because of their less opportunistic feeding habits compared to toucans and their higher vulnerability to predation compared to macaws. Conclusion: These results point out that toucans would be more inclined to engage in environmental enrichments, while a more natural design using smells inside familiar objects could be a more successful enrichment for psittacids.

Resumen Introducción: A pesar de que el enriquecimiento sensorial es fundamental para garantizar el bienestar de los animales silvestres en cautiverio, los olores no son incluidos de forma rutinaria en los protocolos de enriquecimiento para aves. Además, en el caso de estos animales, la neofobia puede ser un problema a la hora de implementar nuevos dispositivos de enriquecimiento. Objetivo: Explorar cómo varía la participación y la latencia en la interacción con un enriquecimiento olfativo entre grupos taxonómicos de aves (Amazona spp. / Ara spp. / Ramphastos spp.). Métodos: Expusimos a 257 aves a un enriquecimiento olfativo y registramos qué individuos participaron y el tiempo que tardaron en interactuar con él. Resultados: La participación en el enriquecimiento fue mayor en los tucanes en comparación con las amazonas y los guacamayos. Además, el tiempo de latencia para interactuar con el enriquecimiento fue mayor en las amazonas que en las otras especies. Nuestros hallazgos sugieren que los tucanes son especies neofílicas que podrían beneficiarse de tasas de exploración más altas. Por otro lado, las amazonas parecen ser particularmente neofóbicas, posiblemente debido a sus hábitos alimenticios menos oportunistas en comparación con los tucanes y a su mayor vulnerabilidad a la depredación en comparación con los guacamayos. Conclusión: Estos resultados señalan que los tucanes serían más proclives a participar en enriquecimientos ambientales, mientras que un diseño que utilice olores dentro de objetos más naturales o familiares podría ser más exitoso para las psitácidas.

Health inequalities in a middle-income country: a systematic review of the Costa Rican case.

Objective: This study systematically reviews evidence of socioeconomic health disparities in Costa Rica, a middle-income country, to elucidate the relationship between socioeconomic status and health outcomes. Methods: Published studies were identified through a systematic review of PubMed (English) and Scielo (Spanish) databases from December 2023 to January 2024, following PRISMA guidelines. Search terms included socioeconomic status, social determinants, social gradient in health, and health inequalities. Results: Of 236 identified references, 55 met the inclusion criteria. Findings were categorized into health inequalities in mortality (among the general population, infants, and older adults), life expectancy, cause-specific mortality, and health determinants or risk factors mediating the association between the social environment and health. The studies indicate higher mortality among the most disadvantaged groups, including deaths from respiratory diseases, violence, and infections. Higher socioeconomic status was associated with lower mortality rates in the 1990s, indicating a positive social gradient in health (RII = 1.3, CI [1.1-1.5]). Disparities were less pronounced among older adults. Urban areas exhibited concentrated wealth and increased risky behaviors, while rural areas, despite greater socioeconomic deprivation, showed a lower prevalence of risky behaviors. Regarding smoking, people living in rural areas smoked significantly less than those in urban areas (7% vs. 10%). Despite the relatively equitable distribution of public primary healthcare, disparities persisted in the timely diagnosis and treatment of chronic diseases. Cancer survival rates post-diagnosis were positively correlated with the wealth of districts (1.23 [1.12-1.35] for all cancers combined). Conclusion: The study highlights the existence of social health inequalities in Costa Rica. However, despite being one of the most unequal OECD countries, Costa Rica shows relatively modest social gradients in health compared to other middle and high-income nations. This phenomenon can be attributed to distinctive social patterns in health behaviors and the equalizing influence of the universal healthcare system.

A surveillance study of cancer incidence and mortality among young adults in Costa Rica.

Background: There has been an increase in certain cancers among young adults (YA) aged 20-39, particularly in Latin America. This is the first study to examine cancer incidence and mortality in YA in Costa Rica, focusing on sex-specific patterns. Methods: Invasive cancer cases (excluding non-melanoma skin cancer) in YA from 2006 to 2015 were obtained from the Costa Rican National Registry of Tumors. Utilising SEER∗Stat software, age-standardized incidence rates (IRs) and incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were calculated. Trends and annual percent changes (APCs) in IRs were estimated using the Joinpoint regression analysis program. Cancer deaths from 2000 to 2021 were obtained from the Costa Rican National Institute of Statistics and Census. Age-standardised mortality rates were calculated using STATA®17. Findings: YA comprised 10.7% of all invasive cancer cases diagnosed from 2006 to 2015. The age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) of invasive cancer in YA was 50.9/100,000 person-years. The ASIR was twofold higher for females compared to males (IRR = 2.03, 95% CI:1.94, 2.13). This difference increased with age, peaking in the 35-39-year age group (IRR = 2.84, 95% CI:2.62, 3.10). Thyroid, breast, and cervical cancer were the most common in females. Testicular cancer was the most common in males. Leading causes of cancer-related deaths included cervical and breast cancer in females and stomach and brain/nervous system cancer in males. Interpretation: The study highlights sex-specific patterns in cancer incidence and mortality among YA in Costa Rica to increase understanding and improve cancer outcomes in this age group. Funding: This study was funded by the Intramural Research Program of the National Cancer Institute.

Comprehensive Analysis of Cancer Incidence and Mortality Trends in Costa Rica: Implications for Public Health.

This commentary delves into the evolving landscape of cancer incidence and mortality in Costa Rica, presenting a comprehensive analysis of the data. Key findings reveal a concerning upward trajectory in cancer incidence rates, placing Costa Rica at the forefront within Central America. While prostate cancer and breast cancer dominate, disparities emerge when scrutinizing gender-specific trends. Notably, stomach and cervical cancers show declines, potentially attributed to targeted interventions. However, colorectal and liver cancers witness mortality increases, necessitating strategic responses. Geographical disparities persist across provinces, highlighting the need for equitable healthcare access. In conclusion, this commentary underscores the urgency of addressing the burgeoning cancer burden in Costa Rica, calling for evidence-based interventions and collaborative efforts on a global scale.

Social gradient and rural-urban disparities in cancer mortality in Costa Rica.

INTRODUCTION: Data on social inequalities in cancer mortality are sparse, especially in low- and middle-income countries. We aimed to analyze the socioeconomic inequalities in cancer mortality in Costa Rica between 2010 and 2018. METHODS: We linked 9-years of data from the National Electoral Rolls, National Birth Index and National Death Index to classify deaths due to cancer and socioeconomic characteristics of the district of residence, as measured by levels of urbanicity and wealth. We analyzed the fifteen most frequent cancer sites in Costa Rica among the 2.7 million inhabitants aged 20 years and older. We used a parametric survival model based on a Gompertz distribution. RESULTS: Compared to urban areas, mixed and rural area residents had lower mortality from pancreas, lung, breast, prostate, kidney, and bladder cancers, and higher mortality from stomach cancer. Mortality from stomach, lung and cervical cancer was higher, and mortality from colorectal cancer, non-Hodgkin lymphoma and leukemia was lower in the most disadvantaged districts, compared to the wealthiest ones. CONCLUSION: We observed marked disparities in cancer mortality in Costa Rica in particular from infection- and lifestyle- related cancers. There are important opportunities to reduce disparities in cancer mortality by targeting cancer prevention, early detection and opportune treatment, mainly in urban and disadvantaged districts.

Knowledge, attitudes and practices related to oral health in First-Year university students of the Paraíso campus of the University of Costa Rica / Conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas relacionadas con la salud bucal en estudiantes universitarios de primer año del Recinto de Paraíso de la Universidad de Costa Rica

Abstract People's knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to health are built throughout life, particularly during childhood and adolescence, and they reflect the practices of their family and social circle. The aim of this study was to identify the levels of knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to oral health of first-year university students at the Paraíso Campus of the University of Costa Rica. This was done through a questionnaire of closed questions that would allow oral health educational strategies to be established in the future for this population group. For this purpose, a cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted, where 70 first-year students of the Paraíso Campus participated in the first semester of the year 2019. For data collection, a survey of 22 closed questions on knowledge, attitudes, and practices about oral health was applied, and a score on oral health knowledge was subsequently performed, based on the answers to the questions. According to the results, the level of knowledge shown about oral health is low, since the average knowledge score (7.02 points) was less than half of the maximum score (17 points). The greatest deficiency in knowledge was evidenced in topics, such as, dental biofilm, gingivitis, use of fluorides, and the role of saliva. In addition, several practices that affect the condition of the oral cavity were identified, such as harmful habits, inadequate nutrition, and poor oral hygiene habits. In this study, a general lack of knowledge was identified regarding basic concepts of oral health in young university students, who are not clear about the role of some protective or risk factors related to the main oral diseases.

Resumen Los conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas relacionados a la salud en las personas se construyen a través de la vida, particularmente durante la infancia y la adolescencia y reflejan las prácticas de su círculo familiar y social. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar los niveles de conocimiento, las actitudes y las prácticas relacionadas a la salud bucodental en estudiantes universitarios de primer ingreso en el Recinto de Paraíso de la Universidad de Costa Rica, mediante un cuestionario de preguntas cerradas que permitirá a futuro establecer estrategias educativas en salud bucal para este grupo de población. Se trató de un estudio descriptivo transversal de tipo observacional en 70 estudiantes de primer ingreso del Recinto de Paraíso en el I semestre del año 2019. Para la recolección de datos se aplicó una encuesta de 22 preguntas cerradas sobre los conocimientos, las actitudes y las prácticas sobre la salud oral. A partir de las preguntas sobre conocimiento en salud bucal se creó un puntaje de conocimiento. Se pudo evidenciar que el nivel de conocimiento sobre la salud bucal es bajo, ya que el promedio del puntaje de conocimiento (7,02 puntos) es menos de la mitad del puntaje máximo (17 puntos). La mayor deficiencia en el conocimiento se evidenció en temas como el biofilm dental, gingivitis, uso de fluoruros y el rol de la saliva. Además, se identificaron varias prácticas que afectan la condición de la cavidad bucal, como los hábitos nocivos, una alimentación inadecuada y hábitos de higiene oral deficiente. En este estudio se identificó en general una falta de conocimiento respecto a conceptos básicos de salud bucal en personas jóvenes universitarias, quienes no tienen claro la función de algunos factores protectores o de riesgo relacionados con las principales enfermedades bucales.

Datos de composición de alimentos en Costa Rica: Fuentes, usos e impacto en políticas públicas / Food Composition Data in Costa Rica: Sources, Uses, and impact on public policies

Introducción: Las bases de datos y las tablas de composición de alimentos (BDCA y TCA, respectivamente) contienen información sobre la composición química-nutricional de los alimentos. Objetivo: Definir las fuentes de los datos de composición de alimentos que se usan en Costa Rica y que impacto tienen a nivel de políticas públicas. Materiales y métodos. Se analizaron las TCA y BDCA disponibles en Costa Rica desde 1960 hasta el 2020. Se encuestaron usuarios de datos de composición de alimentos. Se analizaron los usos de estos datos y algunos alcances a nivel de política pública. Resultados: Se identifica la utilización predominante de datos de la BDCA de Estados Unidos, los datos nacionales son desactualizados en su mayoría y hay pocos datos de análisis directo (químico) de alimentos. Se evidencia la importancia de contar con datos propios, actualizados y representativos de composición de alimentos para la toma de decisiones en salud pública. Conclusiones: Se deben vincular las instituciones generadoras y compiladoras para maximizar los recursos para fortalecer la disponibilidad de datos de composición de alimentos en el país. Se evidencia la necesidad de generar un Sistema Nacional de Datos de Composición de Alimentos que se ajuste a las necesidades identificadas en cuanto a la calidad y presentación de la información(AU)

Introduction: Databases and food composition tables (FCDB and FCT, respectively) provide information about the chemical-nutritional composition of foods. Objective: of this work was to define the sources of food composition data used in Costa Rica and their impact on public policies. Materials and methods: It was analyzed which TCA and FCDB have been available in Costa Rica from 1960 to 2020. Users were surveyed about food composition data. It was analyzed the uses of these data and some of their impacts on public policy. Results: The predominant use of data from the U.S. FCDB is identified, the national data are mostly outdated, and there is little data from direct (chemical) analysis of food. The importance of having our own, up- to-date, and representative data on food composition for public health decision-making is evident. Conclusions: Generating and compiling institutions should be linked to maximize resources to strengthen the availability of food composition data in the country. The need to generate a National Food Composition Data System that meets the identified needs in terms of quality and presentation of information is evident(AU)

Evaluating the reliability of DNA Barcoding for Central American Pacific shallow water echinoderms identification: a molecular taxonomy and database accuracy analysis / Evaluando la fiabilidad del Código de Barras de ADN para la identificación de equinodermos en aguas poco profundas del Pacífico de América Central: un análisis de taxonomía molecular y precisión de bases de datos

Abstract Introduction: Molecular divergence thresholds have been proposed to distinguish recently separated evolutive units, often displaying more accurate putative species assignments in taxonomic research compared to traditional morphological approaches. This makes DNA barcoding an attractive identification tool for a variety of marine invertebrates, especially for cryptic species complexes. Although GenBank and the Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD) are the major sequence repositories worldwide, very few have tested their performance in the identification of echinoderm sequences. Objective: We use COI echinoderm sequences from local samples and the molecular identification platforms from GenBank and BOLD, in order to test their accuracy and reliability in the DNA barcoding identification for Central American shallow water echinoderms, at genus and species level. Methods: We conducted sampling, tissue extraction, COI amplification, sequencing, and taxonomic identification for 475 specimens. The 348 obtained sequences were individually enquired with BLAST in GenBank as well as using the Identification System (IDS) in BOLD. Query sequences were classified depending on the best match result. McNemar's chi-squared, Kruskal-Wallis's and Mann-Whitney's U tests were performed to prove differences between the results from both databases. Additionally, we recorded an updated list of species reported for the shallow waters of the Central American Pacific. Results: We found 324 echinoderm species reported for Central American Pacific shallow waters. Only 118 and 110 were present in GenBank and BOLD databases respectively. We proposed 325 solved morphology-based identities and 21 provisional identifications in 50 putative taxa. GenBank retrieved 348 molecular-based identifications in 58 species, including twelve provisional identifications in tree taxa. BOLD recovered 170 COI identifications in 23 species with one provisional identification. Nevertheless, 178 sequences retrieved unmatched terms (in 34 morphology-based taxa). Only 86 sequences (25 %) were retrieved as correct identifications and 128 (37 %) as identification errors in both platforms. We include 84 sequences for eleven species not represented in GenBank and 65 sequences for ten species in BOLD Echinoderm COI databases. The identification accuracy using BLAST (175 correct and 152 incorrect identifications) was greater than with IDS engine (110 correct and 218 identification errors), therefore GenBank outperforms BOLD (Kruskal-Wallis = 41.625, df = 1, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Additional echinoderm sample references are needed to improve the utility of the evaluated DNA barcoding identification tools. Identification discordances in both databases may obey specific parameters used in each search algorithm engine and the available sequences. We recommend the use of barcoding as a complementary identification source for Central American Pacific shallow water echinoderm species.

Resumen Introducción: Se han propuesto los umbrales de divergencia molecular para distinguir unidades evolutivas recientemente separadas, que a menudo muestran asignaciones de especies putativas más precisas en la investigación taxonómica en comparación con los enfoques morfológicos tradicionales. Esto hace que los Códigos de Barras de ADN sean una herramienta de identificación atractiva para una variedad de invertebrados marinos, especialmente para complejos de especies crípticas. Aunque GenBank y Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD) son los principales repositorios de secuencias en todo el mundo, muy pocos han probado su desempeño en la identificación de secuencias de equinodermos. Objetivo: Utilizamos secuencias de equinodermos COI de muestras locales y las plataformas de identificación molecular de GenBank y BOLD, para probar su precisión y confiabilidad en la implementación de códigos de barras de ADN para equinodermos de aguas someras de Centroamérica, a nivel de género y especie. Métodos: Realizamos muestreo, extracción de tejido, amplificación de COI, secuenciación e identificación taxonómica de 475 especímenes. Las 348 secuencias obtenidas fueron consultadas individualmente con BLAST en GenBank así como utilizando el Sistema de Identificación (IDS) en BOLD. Las secuencias consultadas se clasificaron según el mejor resultado de coincidencia. Se realizaron las pruebas chi-cuadrado de McNemar, Kruskal-Wallis y U de Mann-Whitney para comprobar diferencias entre los resultados de ambas bases de datos. Además, registramos una lista actualizada de especies reportadas para las aguas someras del Pacífico Centroamericano. Resultados: Encontramos 324 especies de equinodermos reportadas para aguas someras (< 200 m) del Pacífico centroamericano. Sólo 118 y 110 estaban presentes en las bases de datos GenBank y BOLD respectivamente. Propusimos 325 identidades resueltas basadas en morfología y 21 identificaciones provisionales en 50 taxones putativos. GenBank recuperó 348 identificaciones de base molecular en 58 especies, incluidas doce identificaciones provisionales en tres taxones. BOLD recuperó 170 identificaciones de COI en 23 especies con una identificación provisional. Sin embargo, 178 secuencias recuperaron términos no coincidentes (en 34 taxones basados en morfología). Sólo 86 secuencias (25 %) se recuperaron como identificaciones correctas y 128 (37 %) como errores de identificación en ambas plataformas. Incluimos 84 secuencias para once especies no representadas en GenBank y 65 secuencias para diez especies ausentes en las bases de datos BOLD Echinoderm COI. La precisión de la identificación usando BLAST (175 identificaciones correctas y 152 incorrectas) fue mayor que con el motor IDS (110 correctas y 218 errores de identificación), por lo tanto, GenBank supera a BOLD (Kruskal-Wallis = 41.625, df = 1, p < 0.001). Conclusiones: Se necesitan muestras adicionales de equinodermos de referencia para mejorar la utilidad de las herramientas de identificación de códigos de barras de ADN evaluadas. Las discordancias de identificación en ambas bases de datos pueden obedecer a parámetros específicos utilizados en cada algoritmo de búsqueda y a las secuencias disponibles. Recomendamos el uso de códigos de barras como fuente de identificación complementaria para las especies de equinodermos de aguas someras del Pacífico centroamericano.

Síndrome de desgaste ocupacional en el personal de enfermería del área de salud de Parrita, Puntarenas, Costa Rica

Objetivo: identificar la prevalencia del síndrome de desgaste ocupacional en los funcionarios del Departamento de Enfermería del Área de Salud de Parrita de la Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social durante el año 2023. Metodología: se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo trasversal. Se aplicó el instrumento denominado Maslach Burnout Inventory Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS) validado al español a 40 trabajadores de la salud. Se calculó la prevalencia del síndrome de desgaste ocupacional y se analizaron sus tres dimensiones: cansancio emocional, despersonalización y realización personal. También se realizó correlación estadística entre la presencia de indicios del síndrome y las variables incluidas en el estudio. Resultados: la prevalencia de funcionarios con indicios del síndrome de desgaste ocupacional identificada fue 47,5%. El 42,5% de los funcionarios presentaron afectación en dimensión de realización personal, 7,5% en la despersonalización y 5,0% en cansancio emocional. No se identificó relación estadísticamente significativa entre las variables incluidas en el estudio y la presencia de indicios de este síndrome. Conclusión: existe una prevalencia elevada de indicios del síndrome de desgaste ocupacional en el personal del Departamento de Enfermería del Área de Salud de Parrita, evidenciado principalmente en la dimensión de la realización personal.

Objective: To identify the prevalence of occupational burnout syndrome in employees of the Nursing Department of the Parrita Health Area of ​​the Costa Rican Social Security Fund during 2023. Methodology: A cross-sectional descriptive observational study was carried out. The instrument called Maslach Burnout Inventory Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS) validated in Spanish was applied to 40 health workers. The prevalence of occupational burnout syndrome was calculated, and its three dimensions were analyzed: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment. A statistical correlation was also carried out between the signs of the syndrome and the variables included in the study. Results: The prevalence of employees with signs of occupational burnout syndrome identified was 47.5%. Forty-two-point-five percent of the employees were affected in personal achievement, 7.5% in depersonalization and 5.0% in emotional exhaustion. No statistically significant relationship was identified between the variables included in the study and the presence of signs of this syndrome. Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of signs of occupational burnout syndrome in the staff of the Nursing Department of the Parrita Health Area, evidenced mainly in the dimension of personal accomplishment.

Efecto de factores sociodemográficos en la mortalidad del COVID-19 en Costa Rica: un enfoque geográfico

Introducción: La enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID-19) se ha extendido entre la población de todo el país y ha tenido un gran impacto a nivel mundial. Sin embargo, existen diferencias geográficas importantes en la mortalidad de COVID-19 entre las diferentes regiones del mundo y en Costa Rica. Objetivo: Explorar el efecto de algunos de los factores sociodemográficos en la mortalidad de COVID-19 en pequeñas divisiones geográficas o cantones de Costa Rica. Métodos: Usamos registros oficiales y aplicamos un modelo de regresión clásica de Poisson y un modelo de regresión ponderada geográficamente. Resultados: Obtuvimos un criterio de información de Akaike (AIC) más bajo con la regresión ponderada (927.1 en la regresión de Poison versus 358.4 en la regresión ponderada). Los cantones con un mayor riesgo de mortalidad por COVID-19 tuvo una población más densa; bienestar material más alto; menor proporción de cobertura de salud y están ubicadas en el área del Pacífico de Costa Rica. Conclusiones: Una estrategia de intervención de COVID-19 específica debería concentrarse en áreas de la costa pacífica con poblaciones más densas, mayor bienestar material y menor población por unidad de salud.

Introduction: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has spread among the population of Costa Rica and has had a great global impact. However, there are important geographic differences in mortality from COVID-19 among world regions and within Costa Rica. Objective: To explore the effect of some sociodemographic factors on COVID-19 mortality in the small geographic divisions or cantons of Costa Rica. Methods: We used official records and applied a classical epidemiological Poisson regression model and a geographically weighted regression model. Results: We obtained a lower Akaike Information Criterion with the weighted regression (927.1 in Poisson regression versus 358.4 in weighted regression). The cantons with higher risk of mortality from COVID-19 had a denser population; higher material well-being; less population by health service units and are located near the Pacific coast. Conclusions: A specific COVID-19 intervention strategy should concentrate on Pacific coast areas with denser population, higher material well-being and less population by health service units.

Prevalencia de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles en las personas privadas de la libertad en Costa Rica / Prevalence of chronic noncommunicable diseases in persons deprived of liberty in Costa Rica

Mediante un estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo y de corte transversal se realiza una comparación entre la población penal de la Unidad de Atención Integral (UAI) 20 de diciembre y la población penal total costarricense. Hasta no hace mucho tiempo, en el ámbito penitenciario se ha experimentado un cambio importante en la morbimortalidad de las personas privadas de la libertad, pasando de un modelo casi unicausal de origen infeccioso, a procesos de etiología múltiple, con desarrollo poco predecible y alto porcentaje del gasto público sanitario. En el siguiente estudio se determina la similitud existente en prevalencia de enfermedades crónicas no trasmisibles tanto a nivel país, sistema penitenciario nacional y UAI 20 de diciembre.

Through a quantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional study, a comparison is made between the prison population of the Unidad de Atención Integral (UAI) 20 de diciembre and the total Costa Rican prison population. Until recently, there has been an important change in the morbimortality of persons deprived of liberty in the penitentiary environment, going from an almost unicausal model of infectious origin, to processes of multiple etiology, with little predictable development and a high percentage of public health expenditure. The following study determines the existing similarity in the prevalence of chronic non-communicable diseases at the country level, the national prison system and the UAI December 20.

Comportamiento epidemiológico de la enfermedad de Hansen en Costa Rica, periodo 2018 a 2022 / Epidemiological Behavior of Hansen's Disease in Costa Rica, 2018-2022

Resumen Objetivos: Describir el comportamiento epidemiológico de la enfermedad de Hansen en Costa Rica durante el periodo 2018-2022 para la identificación y análisis de las tendencias de la patología con miras al desarrollo de estrategias más efectivas para su erradicación. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo observacional retrospectivo de casos con enfermedad de Hansen entre 2018 y 2022, realizado mediante el registro de la boleta de notificación individual y clasificados según la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades 10ma Revisión. Para determinar el número de casos nuevos del periodo de estudio, se solicitó la información anonimizada a la Unidad de Epidemiología de la Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social y a la Unidad de Epidemiología de la Dirección de Vigilancia de la Salud del Ministerio de Salud. Resultados: En Costa Rica, entre 2018-2022, se registraron 50 casos de enfermedad de Hansen (promedio anual de 10). El promedio de edad al momento del diagnóstico fue de 48,46 ± 17,88 años para el grupo en general, con un rango de edad de 15-78 años. La razón por sexos (hombre/ mujer) fue 2,33 (15/35). La provincia de Puntarenas registró 26 casos (52%). El cantón de Garabito se observó una tasa de prevalencia a nivel subnacional superior a 1 por cada 10000 habitantes. No se reportaron casos en menores de 15 años. La tasa media global de detección de enfermedad de Hansen durante el período de estudio fue de 0,2 (50/ 25 549 059) por 100000 habitantes. La tasa de detección de lepra disminuyó de 0,26 (13/ 5 003 402) a 0,249 (8 / 5213374) por 100000 habitantes entre 2018 y 2022. La proporción de casos clasificados como lepra multibacilar aumentó a 100% a partir del año 2019. La proporción de casos de lepra en mujeres disminuyó de 38,46 a 12,5%. Conclusión: A nivel nacional, la prevalencia de la enfermedad mantuvo los niveles de eliminación. No obstante, a nivel sub- nacional aún persisten cantones con niveles superiores a 1 por 10000 habitantes.

Abstract Objective: To describe the epidemiological characteristics of leprosy in Costa Rica from 2018-2022. Methods: Retrospective observational descriptive study from 2018 to 2022 of Hansen's Disease cases using individual notification records under the International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision. To determine the number of new cases, anonymized information was requested from the Epidemiology Unit of the Costa Rican Social Security Fund and the Epidemiology Unit of the Health Surveillance Directorate of the Ministry of Health. Results: In Costa Rica, between 2018-2022, 50 cases of Hansen's disease were registered (annual average of 10). The mean age at diagnosis was 48.46 ± 17.88 years for the group in general, with an age range between 15 -78 years. The sex ratio (male/ female) was 2.33 (15/35). The province of Puntarenas recorded 26 cases (52%). The canton of Garabito registered a prevalence rate at the subnational level of more than 1 per ten thousand inhabitants. No cases in children under 15 years of age were reported. The overall mean leprosy detection rate during the study period was 0.2 (50/25 549 059) per 100000 population. The leprosy detection rate decreased from 0.26 (13/5,003,402) to 0.249 (8/5213374) per 100000 population between 2018 and 2022. The proportion of cases classified as multibacillary leprosy increased by 100% in 2019. The proportion of leprosy in women decreased from 38.46% to 12.5%. Conclusion: Nationwide, the disease prevalence is maintained at elimination levels. However, at the subnational level, districts with rates higher than 1 per 10000 inhabitants still exist.

Estimating the cumulative incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Costa Rica: modelling seroprevalence data in a population-based cohort.

Background: The true incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Costa Rica was likely much higher than officially reported, because infection is often associated with mild symptoms and testing was limited by official guidelines and socio-economic factors. Methods: Using serology to define natural infection, we developed a statistical model to estimate the true cumulative incidence of SARS-CoV-2 in Costa Rica early in the pandemic. We estimated seroprevalence from 2223 blood samples collected from November 2020 to October 2021 from 1976 population-based controls from the RESPIRA study. Samples were tested for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid and the receptor-binding-domain of the spike proteins. Using a generalized linear model, we estimated the ratio of true infections to officially reported cases. Applying these ratios to officially reported totals by age, sex, and geographic area, we estimated the true number of infections in the study area, where 70% of Costa Ricans reside. We adjusted the seroprevalence estimates for antibody decay over time, estimated from 1562 blood samples from 996 PCR-confirmed COVID-19 cases. Findings: The estimated total proportion infected (ETPI) was 4.0 times higher than the officially reported total proportion infected (OTPI). By December 16th, 2021, the ETPI was 47% [42-52] while the OTPI was 12%. In children and adolescents, the ETPI was 11.0 times higher than the OTPI. Interpretation: Our findings suggest that nearly half the population had been infected by the end of 2021. By the end of 2022, it is likely that a large majority of the population had been infected. Funding: This work was sponsored and funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases through the National Cancer Institute, the Science, Innovation, Technology and Telecommunications Ministry of Costa Rica, and Costa Rican Biomedical Research Agency-Fundacion INCIENSA (grant N/A).

Epidemiological Patterns of Common Cancers in Costa Rica: An Overview up to 2020.

Introduction: The increasing cancer incidence and mortality rates in Costa Rica have become a public health concern, with prostate, breast, and colorectal cancers being the most prevalent. This study aimed to analyze the trends in cancer incidence and mortality rates by tumor type, sex, age group, and geographic region using data from the Costa Rican National Cancer Registry. Methods: In this retrospective study, we analyzed cancer incidence and mortality anonymized data from the Costa Rican National Cancer Registry between 2010 and 2020. The study included data on cancer cases diagnosed and deaths attributable to cancer within the population. Results: Our findings revealed variations in cancer incidence and mortality rates based on geographic region, age group, and tumor type. Cancer was most predominant in the province of San Jose, followed by Alajuela, Heredia, Cartago, Guanacaste, and Puntarenas. Breast cancer, colorectal cancer, and prostate cancer were the leading causes of cancer in both sexes. Mortality rates due to gastric cancer and prostate cancer were highest among men, while breast cancer was the leading cause of cancer mortality among women. Conclusion: The results of this study underscore the need for targeted prevention and screening programs, improved access to treatment for patients living in rural areas, and a comprehensive cancer control program in Costa Rica. By implementing evidence-based interventions, such as tobacco control programs, cancer screening initiatives, and equitable access to cancer treatment, the cancer burden in Costa Rica can be mitigated, ultimately improving the overall health of the population.

Prevalencia de niveles bajos de 25(OH)-vitamina D en universitarios costarricenses / Prevalence of low 25 OH-Vitamin D levels in Costa Rican university students

Resumen Objetivo: Describir la prevalencia de hipovitaminosis D3 y sus características clínicas y bioquímicas en una población de universitarios costarricenses. Métodos: Investigación transversal y descriptiva en un total de 118 individuos sanos, de ambos sexos, con edades entre los 18-43 años. Se preguntó sobre historia familiar de enfermedades crónicas, nivel de exposición al sol, uso de protectores solares, presión arterial. En el laboratorio, se analizaron en suero: glucosa, calcio, fosfato, hormona paratiroidea, insulina, 25 OH-Vitamina D e inmunoglobulina E. Se calcularon el índice de masa corporal y el modelo matemático de evaluación para la homeostasis de la resistencia a la insulina. Resultados: La prevalencia de hipovitaminosis D3 (<30 ng/mL) en este estudio fue de 25% sin diferencia significativa por sexo. La concentración promedio de 25 OH-vitamina D fue 36,2 ng/mL, con valores que van desde 14,5 a 59,5 ng/mL. Un total de 26 estudiantes presentaba insuficiencia de 25 OH-vitamina D (21-29 ng/mL) y solamente 4 fueron clasificados con una deficiencia grave (<20 ng/mL). No se encontraron casos de hipervitaminosis D3 (>100 ng/mL) en la muestra de estudio. Al comparar aquellos sujetos con deficiencia de 25 OH-Vitamina D3 contra los que presentaron niveles séricos normales de esta vitamina, se observaron diferencias significativas solamente en dos parámetros bioquímicos: insulina (10,9 ± 7,4 µUI/ mL vs 8,3 ± 4,1 µUI/mL; p=0,017) y el índice HOMA IR (2,48 ± 1,86 vs 1,85 ± 0,3; p=0,002). Cerca de la mitad de los estudiantes relataron antecedentes familiares de diabetes mellitus (49,2%) e hipertensión arterial (52,9%). El 29% de los participantes tenía sobrepeso y obesidad. Conclusiones: El 25% de los sujetos estudiados presentó deficiencia de 25 OH-Vitamina D. Estos sujetos, a su vez, presentaron una mayor prevalencia de hiperinsulinemia y resistencia a la insulina en comparación con personas con concentraciones normales de esta vitamina. También existe una alta prevalencia de factores de riesgo entre los familiares de la población joven, los cuales podrían aumentar el riesgo de estos estudiantes de padecer diabetes mellitus o enfermedades cardiovasculares en un futuro cercano.

Abstract Objective: To determine the prevalence of hypovitaminosis D3 in a population of Costa Rican University students and describe its clinical and biochemical characteristics. Methods: Cross-sectional and descriptive research with a total of 118 healthy individuals of both genders aged between 18-43 years. Questions were asked about family history of chronic diseases, level of sun exposure, use of sunscreens, blood pressure. In the laboratory, glucose, calcium, phosphate, parathyroid hormone, insulin, 25 OH-Vitamin D and immunoglobulin E were analyzed in serum. Body Mass Index and the mathematical assessment model for the homeostasis of insulin resistance were calculated. Results: The prevalence of hypovitaminosis D3 (<30 ng/mL) in this study was 25% with no significant difference by sex. The average concentration of 25 OH-Vitamin D was 36.2 ng/mL, with values ranging from 14.5 to 59.5 ng/mL. A total of 26 students had 25 OH- Vitamin D insufficiency (21-29 ng/mL) and only 4 were classified as severely deficient (<20 ng/mL). No cases of hypervitaminosis D3 (> 100 ng/mL) were found in the study sample. When comparing those subjects with 25 OH-Vitamin D3 deficiency against those with normal serum levels of this vitamin, significant differences were observed only in two biochemical parameters: insulin (10.9 ± 7.4 µIU/mL vs 8.3 ± 4.1 µUI/mL; p=0.017) and the HOMA IR index (2.48 ± 1.86 vs 1.85 ± 0.3; p=0.002). Nearly half of the students reported a family history of Diabetes Mellitus (49.2%) and arterial hypertension (52.9%). Near 29% of the participants were overweight and obese. Conclusions: Around 25% of the subjects studied presented 25 OH-Vitamin D deficiency. These subjects, in turn, presented a higher prevalence of hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance compared with people with normal concentrations of this vitamin. There is also a high prevalence of risk factors among the relatives of the young population that could increase the risk of these students of suffering from Diabetes Mellitus or cardiovascular diseases in the future.

Reseña del libro ''Diccionario histórico geográfico de Costa Rica de Félix F. Noriega (1904-1923)''

Se presenta en este artículo una reseña del libro Diccionario histórico geográfico de Costa Rica (1904-1923), del autor Félix F. Noriega, elaborada por Saray Córdoba González, Catedrática jubilada de la Universidad de Costa Rica. El documento rescata las principales apreciaciones de parte de la comentarista sobre el aporte del diccionario como una obra de construcción colectiva, que contribuyó -y podría continuar haciéndolo- a la educación costarricense. Sin duda, la misma es parte de la memoria que debemos guardar y fortalecer, porque solo repasándola podremos comprender el presente y no reiterar los errores cometidos en otras épocas.

This article presents a review of the book Diccionario histórico geográfico de Costa Rica (1904-1923), by Félix F. Noriega, written by Saray Córdoba González, retired professor of the University of Costa Rica. The document rescues the main appreciations of the commentator on the contribution of the dictionary as a work of collective construction, which contributed -and could continue to do so- to Costa Rican education. Undoubtedly, it is part of the memory that we must keep and strengthen, because only by reviewing it we will be able to understand the present and not repeat the mistakes made in other times.

Two decades of research in human movement science in Costa Rica: future growth and development / Dos décadas de investigación en ciencias del movimiento humano en Costa Rica: crecimiento y desarrollo futuro

Rojas-Valverde, D. (2023). Two decades of research in human movement science in Costa Rica: future growth and development. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 21(1), 1-20. This manuscript provides a thorough analysis of the two-decade study of human movement science in Costa Rica, emphasizing the noteworthy expansion and advancement of the field. To enhance athletic performance, avoid injuries, treat diseases, and encourage physical exercise, researchers in Costa Rica have developed in-depth analyses, from the basic mechanics of human movement to the development of novel methods and technologies to do so. This article also looks at the potential for Costa Rica to become a leader in the field of human movement science research in the region, as well as its future growth and development. To spur innovation and enhance the outcomes of this research, the author discusses the significance of collaboration with specialists from across the world as well as the requirement for ongoing investment in research and development. The future challenges section provides keys to maintaining the exponential growth of recent years to foster development in issues such as the participation of women in the area, the permanent renewal of study plans, and the incorporation of cross-cutting axes of systematization and research in academic and labour processes. Finally, this study offers a path for the development of human movement science research in Costa Rica, with the potential to significantly move forward in the worldwide endeavour to enhance human movement, performance, and health.

Rojas-Valverde, D. (2023). Dos décadas de investigación en ciencias del movimiento humano en Costa Rica: crecimiento y desarrollo futuro. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 21(1), 1-20. Este manuscrito proporciona un análisis completo del estudio de dos décadas de la ciencia del movimiento humano en Costa Rica, enfatizando la notable expansión y avance del campo. Con el fin de mejorar el rendimiento deportivo, evitar lesiones, tratar enfermedades y fomentar el ejercicio físico, investigadores en Costa Rica han desarrollado análisis profundos, desde la mecánica básica del movimiento humano hasta la creación de métodos y tecnología novedosos para hacerlo. El artículo también analiza el potencial de Costa Rica para convertirse en un líder en el campo de la investigación de la ciencia del movimiento humano en la región, así como su futuro crecimiento y desarrollo. Con el fin de estimular la innovación y mejorar los resultados de esta investigación, el autor analiza la importancia de la colaboración con especialistas de todo el mundo, así como el requisito de una inversión continua en investigación y desarrollo. La sección de retos futuros entrega claves para mantener el crecimiento exponencial de los últimos años y evolucionar en temas como la participación de la mujer en el área, la renovación permanente de los planes de estudio y la incorporación de ejes transversales de sistematización e investigación en los procesos universitarios y laborales. Al final, esta investigación ofrece un camino para el desarrollo de la ciencia del movimiento humano en Costa Rica, con el potencial de avanzar significativamente en el esfuerzo mundial para mejorar el movimiento, el rendimiento y la salud humanos.

Rojas-Valverde, D. (2023). Duas décadas de pesquisa em ciência do movimento humano na Costa Rica: crescimento e desenvolvimento futuros. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 21(1),1-20. Este manuscrito fornece uma análise abrangente do estudo de duas décadas da ciência do movimento humano na Costa Rica, enfatizando a notável expansão e o avanço do campo. Para melhorar o desempenho esportivo, prevenir lesões, tratar doenças e promover o exercício físico, os pesquisadores da Costa Rica desenvolveram análises aprofundadas, desde a mecânica básica do movimento humano até a criação de novos métodos e tecnologias para isso. O artigo também analisa o potencial da Costa Rica para se tornar líder no campo da pesquisa da ciência do movimento humano na região, bem como seu crescimento e desenvolvimento futuros. Com a finalidade de estimular a inovação e melhorar os resultados desta pesquisa, o autor discute a importância da colaboração com especialistas de todo o mundo, bem como a necessidade de investimento contínuo em pesquisa e desenvolvimento. A seção sobre desafios futuros fornece as chaves para manter o crescimento exponencial dos últimos anos e evoluir em áreas como a participação das mulheres no campo, a renovação permanente dos planos de estudo e a incorporação de temas transversais de sistematização e pesquisa nos processos universitários e de trabalho. Por fim, esta pesquisa oferece um caminho para o desenvolvimento da ciência do movimento humano na Costa Rica, com o potencial de avançar significativamente o esforço global para melhorar a saúde, o movimento e o desempenho humanos.

Actividad física en la población urbana costarricense y su relación con patrones sociodemográficos y antropométricos / Physical activity in Costa Rican urban population and its relationship to socio-demographic and anthropometric patterns

Gómez, G., Salas, E., Sheik, A. y Ferrari, G. (2023). Actividad física en la población urbana costarricense y su relación con patrones sociodemográficos y antropométricos. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 21(1), 1-20. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir la cantidad de actividad física realizada por la población urbana costarricense y determinar su asociación con variables sociodemográficas y antropométricas. Se analizó una muestra representativa de la población urbana costarricense, constituida por 798 individuos. Los datos de actividad física (desplazamiento, tiempo libre y total) se tomaron mediante el Cuestionario Internacional de Actividad Física (IPAQ, por sus siglas en inglés). Los participantes fueron clasificados como activos o inactivos conforme la recomendación internacional de actividad física. El 37.1% de los participantes no cumplió con estas recomendaciones. Se observó, además, que el tiempo de actividad física fue significativamente mayor (p< .001) en los hombres (535.3 vs 371.3 min/sem), en las personas de menor edad (584.3 min/sem en el grupo de 15 a 19 años vs 309.2 min/sem en el grupo de 50 a 65 años) y en los que no presentaron exceso de peso (521.3 vs 411.7min/sem). La circunferencia de cintura fue significativamente menor entre las personas activas (90.6 vs 94.1 cm, p < .011) y, los hombres activos también mostraron una menor circunferencia de cuello (38.2 vs 39.6 cm, p < .001), menor peso (75.7 vs 79.3 kg, p = .025) y menor índice de masa corporal (26.1 vs 27.9 kg/m2, p = .004). Estos resultados podrían usarse para concientizar sobre la necesidad de mejoras en la implementación de políticas y prácticas globales que promuevan la actividad física.

Gómez, G., Salas, E., Sheik, A. & Ferrari, G. (2023). Physical activity in Costa Rican urban population and its relationship to socio-demographic and anthropometric patterns. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 21(1), 1-20. The objective of this study was to describe the amount of physical activity carried out by Costa Rican urban population and to determine its relationship to socio-demographic and anthropometric variables. A representative sample of Costa Rican urban population, made up of 798 individuals, was analyzed. The physical activity data (displacement, free time and total) were taken through the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Participants were classified as active or inactive according to the international recommendation for physical activity. 37.1% of participants did not meet the recommendations. It was also observed that the time of physical activity was significantly longer (p< .001) in men (535.3 vs. 371.3 min/week) in younger people (584.3 min/week in the 15-19 years old group vs. 309.2 min/week in the 50-65 years old group) and in people that were not overweight (521.3 vs. 411.7 min/week). The waist circumference was significantly lower in active people (90.6 vs. 94.1 cm, p < .011), and active men also showed a lower neck circumference (38.2 vs. 39.6 cm, p < .001), lower weight (75.7 vs. 79.3 kg, p = .025) and a lower body mass index (26.1 vs. 27.9 kg/m2, p = .004). These results could be used to raise awareness on the need for improvement in the implementation of global policies and practices to promote physical activity.

Gómez, G., Salas, E., Sheik, A. e Ferrari, G. (2023). Atividade física na população urbana costarriquenha e sua relação com os padrões sociodemográficos e antropométricos. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 21(1), 1-20. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a quantidade de atividade física realizada pela população urbana costarriquenha e determinar sua associação com variáveis sociodemográficas e antropométricas. Foi analisada uma amostra representativa da população urbana costarriquenha de 798 indivíduos. Os dados de atividade física (deslocamento, lazer e total) foram coletados utilizando o Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física (IPAQ). Os participantes foram classificados como ativos ou inativos, de acordo com a recomendação internacional de atividade física. Dos participantes, 37,1% não cumpriram estas recomendações. Também foi observado que o tempo de atividade física foi significativamente maior(p<0,001) nos homens (535,3 vs 371,3 min/sem), nas pessoas mais jovens (584,3 min/sem na faixa etária de 15-19 anos vs 309,2 min/sem na faixa etária de 50-65 anos) e naqueles que não apresentaram excesso de peso (521,3 vs 411,7min/sem). A circunferência da cintura foi significativamente menor nas pessoas ativas (90,6 vs 94,1 cm, p < .011) e, os homens ativos também mostraram circunferência inferior do pescoço (38,2 vs 39,6 cm, p < .001), peso inferior (75,7 vs 79,3 kg, p = .025) e índice de massa corporal inferior (26,1 vs 27,9 kg/m2, p = .004). Estes resultados poderiam ser usados para aumentar a conscientização da necessidade de melhorias na implementação de políticas e práticas globais que promovam a atividade física.

In Silico Pipeline to Identify Tumor-Specific Antigens for Cancer Immunotherapy Using Exome Sequencing Data.

Tumor-specific antigens or neoantigens are peptides that are expressed only in cancer cells and not in healthy cells. Some of these molecules can induce an immune response, and therefore, their use in immunotherapeutic strategies based on cancer vaccines has been extensively explored. Studies based on these approaches have been triggered by the current high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies. However, there is no universal nor straightforward bioinformatic protocol to discover neoantigens using DNA sequencing data. Thus, we propose a bioinformatic protocol to detect tumor-specific antigens associated with single nucleotide variants (SNVs) or "mutations" in tumoral tissues. For this purpose, we used publicly available data to build our model, including exome sequencing data from colorectal cancer and healthy cells obtained from a single case, as well as frequent human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I alleles in a specific population. HLA data from Costa Rican Central Valley population was selected as an example. The strategy included three main steps: (1) pre-processing of sequencing data; (2) variant calling analysis to detect tumor-specific SNVs in comparison with healthy tissue; and (3) prediction and characterization of peptides (protein fragments, the tumor-specific antigens) derived from the variants, in the context of their affinity with frequent alleles of the selected population. In our model data, we found 28 non-silent SNVs, present in 17 genes in chromosome one. The protocol yielded 23 strong binders peptides derived from the SNVs for frequent HLA class I alleles for the Costa Rican population. Although the analyses were performed as an example to implement the pipeline, to our knowledge, this is the first study of an in silico cancer vaccine using DNA sequencing data in the context of the HLA alleles. It is concluded that the standardized protocol was not only able to identify neoantigens in a specific but also provides a complete pipeline for the eventual design of cancer vaccines using the best bioinformatic practices. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43657-022-00084-9.