Factors influencing hospital charges for tonsillectomy to treat obstructive sleep apnea in children.

PURPOSE: This study investigates the impact of patient characteristics and demographics on hospital charges for tonsillectomy as a treatment for pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The aim is to identify potential disparities in hospital charges and contribute to efforts for equitable access to care. METHODS: Data from the 2016 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) Kid Inpatient Database (KID) was analyzed. The sample included 3,304 pediatric patients undergoing tonsillectomy ± adenoidectomy for OSA. Variables such as age, race, length of stay, hospital region, residential location, payer information, and median household income were collected. The primary outcome variable was hospital charge. Statistical analyses, including t-tests, ANOVA, and multiple linear regression, were conducted. RESULTS: Among 3,304 pediatric patients undergoing tonsillectomy for OSA. The average total charges for tonsillectomy were $26,400, with a mean length of stay of 1.70 days. Significant differences in charges were observed based on patient race, hospital region, and payer information. No significant differences were found based on gender, discharge quarter, residential location, or median household income. Multiple linear regression showed race, hospital region, and residential location were significant predictors of total hospital charges. CONCLUSION: This study highlights the influence of patient demographics and regional factors on hospital charges for pediatric tonsillectomy in OSA cases. These findings underscore the importance of addressing potential disparities in healthcare access and resource allocation to ensure equitable care for children with OSA. Efforts should be made to promote fair and affordable treatment for all pediatric OSA patients, regardless of their demographic backgrounds.

Adapting an Adolescent and Young Adult Program Housed in a Quaternary Cancer Centre to a Regional Cancer Centre: Creating Equitable Access to Developmentally Tailored Support.

Adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with cancer, representing those between 15 and 39 years of age, face distinctive challenges balancing their life stage with the physical, emotional, and social impacts of a cancer diagnosis. These challenges include fertility concerns, disruptions to educational and occupational pursuits, issues related to body image and sexual health, and the need for age-appropriate psychosocial support within their communities. The Princess Margaret Cancer Centre (PM), a quaternary care center, established a specialized AYA program in 2014, offering holistic and developmentally tailored psychosocial support and currently, efforts are underway to expand this to other regions in the province to address the need for equitable access. The establishment process involves securing funding, conducting an environmental scan, identifying service gaps, developing clinical pathways, and implementing AYA supportive care. An accessible AYA program should also consider social determinants of health, social location, intersectionality, and an interdisciplinary health approach in understanding health inequities in AYA oncology care. This paper describes the processes implemented and challenges faced in creating a community-based AYA program beyond major resource-rich cities and efforts to address intersectionality.

Available but inaccessible: patient experiences during the first 2 years of a primary care-based medical cannabis program at an academic medical center.

BACKGROUND: Medical cannabis use and public acceptance in the United States have increased over the past 25 years. However, access to medical cannabis remains limited, particularly for underserved populations. To understand how patients experience medical cannabis accessibility, we measured medical cannabis use and barriers to use after medical cannabis certification in an urban safety-net academic medical center. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study among patients seen in Montefiore's Medical Cannabis Program (MMCP) from 2017 to 2019. Patient demographic and clinical characteristics, as well purchase history of medical cannabis, were extracted from electronic medical records. We also administered a phone questionnaire to a subset of patients to assess usage patterns, effectiveness, and barriers to medical cannabis use. RESULTS: Among 562 patients who were newly certified for medical cannabis between 2017 and 2019, 45% purchased medical cannabis, while 55% did not. Patients who purchased medical cannabis were more likely to be white and have private insurance or Medicare. Unregulated cannabis use and current tobacco use were less common among those who purchased medical cannabis. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, unregulated cannabis use remained negatively associated with purchasing medical cannabis. Patients reported that affordability and dispensary accessibility were their main barriers to purchasing medical cannabis. CONCLUSION: Among patients certified for medical cannabis use, fewer than half purchased medical cannabis after certification. Improving access to medical cannabis is crucial for ensuring equitable access to regulated cannabis, and to reducing unregulated cannabis use.

How can we deliver on the promise of precision medicine in oncology and beyond? A practical roadmap for action.

Background: Precision medicine (PM) is a form of personalized medicine that recognizes that individuals with the same condition may have different underlying factors and uses molecular information to provide tailored treatments. This approach can improve treatment outcomes and transform lives through favorable risk/benefit ratios, avoidance of ineffective interventions, and possible cost savings, as evidenced in the field of lung cancer and other oncology/therapeutic settings, including cardiac disease, diabetes, and rare diseases. However, the potential benefits of PM have yet to be fully realized. Discussion: There are many barriers to the implementation of PM in clinical practice, including fragmentation of the PM landscape, siloed approaches to address shared challenges, unwarranted variation in availability and access to PM, lack of standardization, and limited understanding of patients' experience and needs throughout the PM pathway. We believe that a diverse, intersectoral multistakeholder collaboration, with three main pillars of activity: generation of data to demonstrate the benefit of PM, education to support informed decision-making, and addressing barriers across the patient pathway, is necessary to reach the shared goal of making PM an accessible and sustainable reality. Besides healthcare providers, researchers, policymakers/regulators/payers, and industry representatives, patients in particular must be equal partners and should be central to the PM approach-from early research through to clinical trials and approval of new treatments-to ensure it represents their entire experience and identifies barriers, solutions, and opportunities at the point of delivery. Conclusion: We propose a practical and iterative roadmap to advance PM and call for all stakeholders across the healthcare system to employ a collaborative, cocreated, patient-centered methodology to close gaps and fully realize the potential of PM.

Mapping the Landscape of Equitable Access to Advanced Neurotechnologies in Canada.

Geographic, social, political, and economic factors shape access to advanced neurotechnologies, yet little previous research has explored the barriers, enablers, and areas of opportunity for equitable and meaningful access for diverse patient communities across Canada. We applied a mixed-mode approach involving semi-structured interviews and rating scale questions to consult with 24 medical experts who are involved in the care of patients who undergo functional neurosurgery targeting the brain. Seven major themes emerged from the qualitative analysis: Health care system, Neurotechnology features, Patient demographics, Target condition features, Ethics, Upstream barriers and enablers, and Areas of opportunity. Descriptive statistics of the Likert-scale responses suggest that interviewees perceive a disparity between the imperative of access to advanced neurotechnologies for people living in rural and remote areas and the likelihood of achieving such access. The results depict a complex picture of access to functional neurosurgery in Canada with pockets of excellence and a motivation to improve the availability of care for vulnerable populations through the expansion of distributed care models, improved health care system efficiencies, increasing funding and support for patient travel, and increasing awareness about and advocacy for advanced neurotechnologies.

Prices of new medicines: International analysis and policy options.

Equitable and sustainable access to medicines is a global challenge, including for high-income countries. Over the last two decades, launch prices of new medicines have considerably increased, making some medicines unaffordable for many countries. This article is based on a presentation held by the author at the IQWiG Autumn Symposium in November 2021. The medicine price situation in European countries and beyond is presented informed by international evidence. Medicine prices vary across countries, and for some therapeutic groups (e.g., cancer drugs) medicines are largely unaffordable and/or unsustainable for most countries. Selected policy options to improve affordability, which are commonly applied and considered as potential solutions, are discussed. The article stresses the importance of price regulation, and of transparency of prices and further components across the pharmaceutical value chain. Many governments opted for concluding managed-entry agreements (e.g., pay-for-performance) with confidential discounts to make new medicines with high price tags affordable and/or to manage uncertainty about their performance. However, this policy is linked to limitations, particularly due to its secrecy of discounts. Patent expiry of biological medicines can contribute to affordable access; however, it is important to strategically exploit the biosimilar potential by implementing a mix of appropriate policies to foster competition and enhance the uptake of biosimilar medicines.

Management of COVID-19 vaccines cold chain logistics: a scoping review.

BACKGROUND: Successful mass vaccination programmes are public health achievements of the contemporary world. While pharmaceutical companies are actively developing new vaccines, and demonstrating results of effectiveness and safety profiles, concerns on COVID-19 vaccine management are under-reported. We aimed to synthesise the evidence for efficient cold chain management of COVID vaccines. METHODS: The scoping review's conduct and reporting were based on the PRISMA-ScR 2018 checklist. We searched from April 2020 to January 2022 for publications in PubMed (LitCovid), Scopus and ScienceDirect. All review stages were pilot-tested to calibrate 2 reviewers. Articles on cold chain logistics and management were included, while publications solely describing COVID vaccines, their development and clinical aspects of the vaccine, were excluded. To capture relevant data, charting was conducted by one reviewer and verified by another. Results were analysed thematically and summarised descriptively in a table and in-text. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: We assessed 6984 potentially relevant citations. We included 14 publications originating from USA (n = 6), India (n = 2), Finland, Spain, Bangladesh, Netherlands, Switzerland and Ethiopia. They were reported as reviews (4), policy or guidance documents (3), experimental studies (2), case reports (2), expert commentary (1), phenomenological study (1), and decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory trial (1). The findings were presented in three themes: (i) regulatory requirements for cold-chain logistics, (ii) packaging and storage, and (iii) transportation and distribution. A conceptual framework emerged linking regulatory requirements, optimal logistics operation and formulation stability as the key to efficient cold chain management. Recommendations were made for improving formulation stability, end-product storage conditions, and incorporating monitoring technologies. CONCLUSION: COVID-19 vaccines require special end-to-end supply cold chain requirements, from manufacture, and transportation to warehouses and healthcare facilities. To sustain production, minimise wastage, and for vaccines to reach target populations, an efficient and resilient vaccine supply chain which is assisted by temperature monitoring technologies is imperative.

Cobertura y acceso a los servicios de salud para el abordaje de la tuberculosis / Coverage and access to health services for addressing Tuberculosis

RESUMEN Introducción: La estrategia cobertura universal podría contribuir a eliminar la tuberculosis como problema de salud. Objetivo: Actualizar los elementos teóricos sobre la cobertura y acceso a los servicios de salud para el abordaje de la tuberculosis. Metodología: Revisión bibliográfica y documental en bases de datos digitales de ciencias de la salud. Se usaron los descriptores: "acceso", "servicios de salud", "tuberculosis". Los expertos seleccionaron y ordenaron los artículos por temáticas para realizar el análisis de contenidos. Resultados: Se presentan las diferentes perspectivas y críticas desde la noción de acceso equitativo de los servicios de salud. Esta podría ayudar a un abordaje integrador de la tuberculosis desde la lógica de justicia social y el derecho a la salud. Se enfatiza en la activación del principio de responsabilidad moral en todos los niveles del sistema y desde el punto de vista ético igual acceso real y efectivo a los cuidados de salud, preventivos y curativos, a través de su redistribución diferenciada. Estos elementos son sustrato para fortalecer las políticas de salud y su efectividad. Conclusiones: se actualizó los aspectos teóricos de acceso universal para el abordaje de la tuberculosis. Se evidenció que el enfoque de equidad de la lógica de justicia social y derecho a la salud constituye el punto de partida para actuar con un enfoque sociocultural sobre las desigualdades que influyen en la determinación social de esta enfermedad. La construcción de políticas para su eliminación necesita cambios en el pensar y actuar de todos los sectores de la comunidad.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The universal coverage strategy could contribute to eliminate tuberculosis as a health problem. Objective: To update the theoretical elements on universal coverage and access to health services for addressing Tuberculosis. Methodology: It was carried out a bibliographic and documentary review in digital databases of health sciences. The descriptors used were: "access", "health services", "tuberculosis". The experts selected and ordered the articles by topics to perform the content analysis. Results: Different perspectives and reviews were presented from the notion of equitable access to health services. This could help to have an integrative approach to tuberculosis from the logic of social justice and the right to health. Emphasis is placed on the activation of the principle of moral responsibility at all levels of the system and from the ethical point of view of equal real and effective access to health, preventive and curative care, through its differentiated redistribution. These elements are a substrate to strengthen health policies and their effectiveness. Conclusions: The theoretical aspects of universal access to address Tuberculosis were updated. It was evidenced that the equity approach of the logic of social justice and the right to health constitutes the starting point to act with a sociocultural approach on inequitable and avoidable inequalities that influence the social determination of this disease. The creation of policies for their elimination requires changes in the state of mind and acting of all sectors of the community.

Bioética del derecho al agua potable / Bioethics of the right to drinking water

Se observa también, que en la prestación del servicio domiciliario de agua potable en Colombia, servicio que ha de ser asumido como derechos humanos fundamental, hoy enColombia se conrroboran aspectos preocupantes en relación a la prestación de este servicio fundamental en los que se evidencia improvisación, manejo bajo la lógica del negocio y aplicación por ende de modelos inequitativos de prestación de servicios públicos.

It is observed that in the provision of the service of drinking water in Colombia, a service that has to be taken as a fundamental human right. Today in Colombia, worrying aspects as for the provision of this key service are corroborated, in which improvisation is made evident, which is carried out under the logics of business and the application, therefore, of inequitable models of the provision of public utilities.

Utilização de medicamentos genéricos no município de São Paulo em 2003: estudo de base populacional / Uso de medicamentos genéricos en San Paulo, Brasil, en 2003: estudio de base poblacional / Use of generic drugs in São Paulo city, Brazil, in 2003: a population-based study

OBJETIVO: analisar a utilização e a percepção sobre medicamentos genéricos pela população com diabetes e hipertensão na cidade de São Paulo, considerando-se a Política de Medicamentos Genéricos no Brasil. MÉTODOS: estudo transversal com dados do Inquérito de Saúde do Município de São Paulo (ISA-Capital), coletados em 2003; foi analisado o conhecimento sobre medicamentos genéricos e a associação entre utilização desses medicamentos e características sociodemográficas e socioeconômicas. RESULTADOS: foram incluídos 603 participantes; entre hipertensos e diabéticos, foi encontrada baixa utilização de medicamento genérico (33,3% e 26,3%, respectivamente) e a principal vantagem atribuída ao medicamento genérico foi o baixo custo (71,0% e 71,1%, respectivamente); não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre uso de medicamento genérico e idade, sexo ou escolaridade. CONCLUSÃO: o baixo custo e não haver diferença entre uso do genérico e escolaridade reforçam a importância do medicamento genérico para a promoção da equidade e do acesso universal a medicamentos.

OBJETIVO: analizar el uso de medicamentos genéricos en la población con diabetes e hipertensión en São Paulo, Brasil, considerando la política de medicamentos genéricos en Brasil. MÉTODOS: estudio transversal con datos de la Encuesta en Salud del municipio de São Paulo (ISA-Capital), colectados en 2003; se analizó el conocimiento sobre medicamentos genéricos y la asociación entre el uso de estos y las características sociodemográficas y socioeconómicas de la población. RESULTADOS: incluimos 603 participantes, entre hipertensos y diabéticos se encontró un uso escaso de genéricos (33,3% y 26,3%, respectivamente) y la principal ventaja atribuida al medicamento genérico fue el bajo costo (71,0% y 71,1%, respectivamente); no hubo diferencia entre el uso de medicación genérica y la edad, sexo o educación. CONCLUSIÓN: el bajo costo y ninguna diferencia entre el uso de genérico y educación refuerza la importancia de los genéricos para la promoción de la equidad y el acceso universal a los medicamentos.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the use and perception of generic drugs by people with diabetes and hypertension in São Paulo City, Brazil, considering the Brazilian Generic Drug Policy. METHODS: this was a cross-sectional study using data from a household health survey (ISA-Capital) in 2003; analysis was performed on knowledge regarding generic drugs and on the association between their use and sociodemographic and socio-economic characteristics. RESULTS: 603 people with hypertension and diabetes were included in the study, low use of generic drugs was found (33.3% and 26.3, respectively) and low cost was the major reported advantage of generic drugs (71.0% and 71.1%, respectively); there was no statistically significant difference between the use of generic medication and age, sex or schooling. CONCLUSION: low cost and there being no difference between generic drug use and education level strengthen the importance of generic drugs for promoting equity and universal access to medication.