Equivalence between physicians and associate clinicians in the frequency of iatrogenic urogenital fistula following cesarean section in Tanzania and Malawi.

BACKGROUND: Physicians and associate (non-physician) clinicians conduct cesarean sections in Tanzania and Malawi. Urogenital fistulas may occur as complications of cesarean section. Location and circumstances can indicate iatrogenic origin as opposed to ischemic injury following prolonged, obstructed labor. METHODS: This retrospective review assessed the frequency of iatrogenic urogenital fistulas following cesarean sections conducted by either associate clinicians or physicians in Tanzania and Malawi. It focuses on 325 women with iatrogenic fistulas among 1290 women who had fistulas after cesarean birth in Tanzania and Malawi between 1994 and 2017. An equivalence test compared the proportion of iatrogenic fistulas after cesarean sections performed by associate clinicians and physicians (equivalence margin = 0.135). Logistic regression was used to model the occurrence of iatrogenic fistula after cesarean section, controlling for cadre, date, maternal age, previous abdominal surgery and parity. RESULTS: Associate clinicians attended 1119/1290 (86.7%) cesarean births leading to fistulas, while physicians attended 171/1290 (13.3%). Iatrogenic fistulas occurred in 275/1119 (24.6%) cesarean births by associate clinicians and in 50/171 (29.2%) cesarean births by physicians. The risk difference and 90% confidence interval were entirely contained within an equivalence margin of 13.5%, supporting a conclusion of equivalence between the two cadres. The odds of iatrogenic fistula after cesarean section were not statistically significantly different between associate clinicians and physicians (aOR 0.90; 95% CI 0.61-1.33). CONCLUSIONS: Associate clinicians appear equivalent to physicians performing cesarean sections in terms of iatrogenic fistula risk. Lower iatrogenic proportions for associate clinicians could reflect different caseloads. The occurrence of iatrogenic fistulas illustrates the importance of appropriate labor management and cesarean section decision-making, irrespective of health provider cadre. Given the noninferior performance and lower costs of employing associate clinicians, other countries with insufficient and/or unequally distributed health workforces could consider task-shifting cesarean sections to associate clinicians.

Patient experience and nurse staffing level in South Korea.

Patient experience has recently become a key driver for hospital quality improvement in South Korea, marked by the introduction of the Patient Experience Assessment (PXA) within its National Health Insurance in 2017. While the PXA has garnered special attention from the media and hospitals, there has been a lack of focus on its structural determinants, hindering continuous and sustained improvement in patient experience. Given the relatively low number of practicing nurses per 1000 population in South Korea and the significant variation in nurse staffing levels across hospitals, the staffing level of nurses in hospitals could be a crucial structural determinant of patient experience. This study examines the association between patient experience and hospital nurse staffing levels in South Korea. We used individual- and hospital-level data from the 2019 PXA, encompassing 7250 patients from 42 tertiary hospitals and 16 235 patients from 109 non-tertiary general hospitals with 300 or more beds. The dependent variables were derived from the complete set of 21 proper questions on patient experience in the Nurse and other domains. The main explanatory variable was the hospital-level Nurse Staffing Grade (NSG), employed by the National Health Insurance to adjust reimbursement to hospitals. Multilevel ordered/binomial logistic or linear regression was conducted accounting for other hospital- and patient-level characteristics as well as acknowledging the nested nature of the data. A clear, positive association was observed between patient experience in the Nurse domain and NSG, even after accounting for other characteristics. For example, the predicted probability of reporting the top-box category of "Always" to the question "How often did nurses treat you with courtesy and respect?" was 70.3% among patients from non-tertiary general hospitals with the highest NSG, compared to 63.1% among patients from their peer hospitals with the lowest NSG. Patient experience measured in other domains that were likely to be affected by nurse staffing levels also showed similar associations, although generally weaker and less consistent than in the Nurse domain. Better patient experience was associated with higher hospital nurse staffing levels in South Korea. Alongside current initiatives focused on measuring and publicly reporting patient experience, strengthening nursing and other hospital workforce should also be included in policy efforts to improve patient experience.

The health workforce conundrum for burn care in Uttar Pradesh, India: a qualitative exploration.

Delivering specialised care for major burns requires a multidisciplinary health workforce. While health systems 'hardware' issues, such as shortages of the healthcare workforce and training gaps in burn care are widely acknowledged, there is limited evidence around the systems 'software' aspects, such as interest, power dynamics, and relationships that impact the healthcare workforce performance. This study explored challenges faced by the health workforce in burn care to identify issues affecting their performance. Qualitative in-depth interviews were conducted with a purposively selected sample (n = 31, 18 women and 13 men) of various cadres of the burn care health workforce in Uttar Pradesh, India. Inductive coding and thematic analysis identified three major themes. First, the dynamics within the multidisciplinary team where complex relations, power and normative hierarchy hampered performance. Second, the dynamics between health workers and patients due to the clinical and emotional challenges of dealing with burn injuries and multitasking. Third, dynamics between specialised burn units and broader health systems are narrated in challenges due to inadequate first response and delayed referral from primary care facilities. These findings indicate that burn care health workers in India face multiple challenges that need systemic intervention with a multipronged human resource for health framework.

Public-Private engagement and health systems resilience in times of health worker strikes: a Ghanaian case study.

In low and middle-income countries like Ghana, private providers, particularly the grouping of faith-based non-profit health providers networked by the Christian Health Association of Ghana (CHAG), play a crucial role in maintaining service continuity during health worker strikes. Poor engagement with the private sector during such strikes could compromise care quality and impose financial hardships on populations, especially the impoverished. This study delves into the engagement between CHAG and the Government of Ghana (GoG) during health worker strikes from 2010 to 2016, employing a qualitative descriptive and exploratory case study approach. By analysing evidence from peer-reviewed literature, media archives, grey literature and interview transcripts from a related study using a qualitative thematic analysis approach, this study identifies health worker strikes as a persistent chronic stressor in Ghana. Findings highlight some system-level interactions between CHAG and GoG, fostering adaptive and absorptive resilience strategies, influenced by CHAG's non-striking ethos, unique secondment policy between the two actors and the presence of a National Health Insurance System. However, limited support from the government to CHAG member facilities during strikes and systemic challenges with the National Health Insurance System pose threats to CHAG's ability to provide quality, affordable care. This study underscores private providers' pivotal role in enhancing health system resilience during strikes in Ghana, advocating for proactive governmental partnerships with private providers and joint efforts to address human-resource-related challenges ahead of strikes. It also recommends further research to devise and evaluate effective strategies for nations to respond to strikes, ensuring preparedness and sustained quality healthcare delivery during such crises.

Panorama dos recursos humanos da saúde em terras indígenas da Amazônia Legal / Panorama of health human resources in indigenous lands in the Legal Amazon

As especificidades do subsistema de saúde indígena, em particular na Amazônia Legal, trazem desafios para o planejamento do provimento de profissionais de saúde para atuar nos territórios indígenas, pois ainda não existem normas e parâmetros que indiquem qual a proporção é adequada para áreas indígenas. O presente artigo traz um inédito panorama da situação atual dos recursos humanos que atuam junto aos Distritos Sanitários Especiais Indígena (DSEIs) da Amazônia Legal. Os dados foram obtidos por meio do banco de dados registrados no Sistema de Gerenciamento de Recursos Humanos da Secretaria Especial de Saúde Indígena (SESAI). Foi realizada uma análise descritiva dos recursos humanos e infraestrutura dos serviços de atenção primária à saúde indígena. Verificou-se que não há uma padronização no dimensionamento da força de trabalho que atua na saúde indígena. Não foi possível identificar se tais variações estão relacionadas à falta de um padrão no dimensionamento de profissionais, ou se refletem a dificuldade de fixação de profissionais na saúde indígena, ou até mesmo se são adequações locais ao perfil do território. A dificuldade de fixação de profissionais na saúde indígena é multifatorial, se associada à falta de dimensionamento da força de trabalho pode gerar vazios assistenciais.

The specificities of the indigenous health subsystem, particularly in the Legal Amazon, bring challenges to planning the provision of health professionals to work in indigenous territories, as there are still no standards and parameters that indicate what proportion is appropriate for indigenous areas. This article provides an unprecedented overview of the current situation of human resources working with Special Indigenous Health Districts (DSEIs) in the Legal Amazon. The data were obtained through the database registered in the Human Resources Management System of the Special Secretariat for Indigenous Health (SESAI). A descriptive analysis of human resources and infrastructure of primary care services for indigenous health was carried out. It was found that there is no standardization in the size of the workforce that works in indigenous health. It was not possible to identify whether such variations are related to the lack of a standard in the sizing of professionals, or whether they reflect the difficulty of retaining professionals in indigenous health, or even whether they are local adjustments to the profile of the territory. The difficulty in retaining professionals in indigenous health is multifactorial, and if associated with the lack of dimensioning of the workforce, it can generate care gaps.

Avaliação do processo de aprendizagem no ambiente virtual do Programa Saúde com Agente / Evaluation of the learning process in the virtual environment of the Health Program with Agent / Evaluación del proceso de aprendizaje en el entorno virtual del Programa Salud con Agente

RESUMO: O estudo aqui apresentado teve por objetivo avaliar a percepção da qualidade do processo de aprendizagem no ambiente virtual dos estudantes do Programa Saúde com Agente. Tratou-se de um estudo transversal, realizado em 2022, com 9.145 estudantes dos cursos de Técnico em Agente Comunitário de Saúde e Técnico em Vigilância em Saúde com Ênfase no Combate às Endemias. Informações sobre a qualidade do processo de aprendizagem foram obtidas por meio do questionário Constructivist On-Line Learning Environment Survey, que consiste em 24 questões agrupadas em seis dimensões: relevância, reflexão crítica, interação, apoio dos tutores, apoio dos colegas e compreensão. Avaliaram-se o perfil sociodemográfico dos participantes e as principais formas de acesso ao curso e acompanhamento. Realizou-se análise descritiva; para análise de associação, utilizou-se o teste qui-quadrado ou exato de Fisher. A maioria dos participantes é do sexo feminino, faixa etária de 40 a 49 anos, da região Nordeste; realiza as atividades em casa e usa o celular/smartphone. Ao se considerarem as seis dimensões avaliadas, relevância, interação e apoio dos colegas obtiveram diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os estudantes dos cursos de Técnico em Agente Comunitário de Saúde e Técnico em Vigilância em Saúde com Ênfase no Combate às Endemias.

ABSTRACT: The study presented here aimed to evaluate the perception of the quality of the learning process in the virtual environment of the students of the Health Program with Agent. It was a cross-sectional study conducted in 2022 with 9,145 students from the Community Health Agent Technician and Health Surveillance Technician courses with an Emphasis on Combating Endemic Diseases. Information on the quality of the learning process was obtained through the Constructivist On-Line Learning Environment Survey, which consists of 24 questions grouped into six dimensions: relevance, critical reflection, interaction, tutor support, peer support, and understanding. The sociodemographic profile of the participants and the primary forms of access to the course and monitoring were evaluated. Descriptive analysis was performed; for association analysis, the chi-square or Fisher's exact test was used. Most participants are females aged 40 to 49 from the Northeast region; they perform activities at home and use their cell phones/smartphones. When considering the six dimensions evaluated, relevance, interaction, and support of colleagues obtained statistically significant differences between the students of the courses of Community Health Agent Technician and Health Surveillance Technician with Emphasis on Combating Endemic Diseases.

RESUMEN: El objetivo del estudio presentado fue evaluar la percepción de la calidad del proceso de aprendizaje en el entorno virtual de los alumnos del Programa Salud con Agentes. Se trató de un estudio transversal realizado en 2022 con 9.145 alumnos de los cursos de Técnico en Agente Comunitario de Salud y Técnico en Vigilancia Sanitaria con énfasis en la lucha contra las enfermedades endémicas. La información sobre la calidad del proceso de aprendizaje se obtuvo a través de la Encuesta Constructivist On-Line Learning Environment Survey, que consta de 24 preguntas agrupadas en seis dimensiones: relevancia, reflexión crítica, interacción, apoyo de los tutores, apoyo de los alumnos y comprensión. Se evaluó el perfil sociodemográfico de los participantes y las principales vías de acceso al curso y seguimiento. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo y se utilizó la prueba de chi-cuadrado o la prueba exacta de Fisher para analizar las asociaciones. Los participantes eran en su mayoría mujeres, en la franja de edad 40 a 49 años, de la región Nordeste; realizaban las actividades en casa y utilizaban teléfonos móviles/smartphones. Al considerar las seis dimensiones evaluadas, la relevancia, la interacción y el apoyo de los compañeros mostraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los alumnos de los cursos de Técnico en Agente Comunitario de Salud y Técnico en Vigilancia Sanitaria con Énfasis en la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Endémicas.

Evolução das desigualdades na distribuição de dentistas no Brasil / The evolution of inequalities in the distribution of dentists in Brazil

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a evolução da distribuição de dentistas e cursos de graduação em odontologia no Brasil entre 1960 e 2022, a partir de dados institucionais e de sua correlação com dados econômicos e demográficos. Foram calculadas as proporções entre número de dentistas e população para as unidades federativas em diferentes períodos, e para determinar a concentração de dentistas, da população e dos cursos de graduação em odontologia,foi utilizado o índice Herfindahl-Hirschman (HHI). Para testar a correlação entre variáveis foi empregado o teste de Pearson, com um nível de significância de 95%. Entre 1960 e 2022, a proporção de dentistas por 10 mil habitantes aumentou de 3,3 para 16,9. Ainda em 2022, as unidades federativas com maior renda média domiciliar per capita estavam fortemente correlacionadas à maior concentração de dentistas (R2 = 0,90; p < 0,00). Entretanto, de 1975 a 2022, a concentração de dentistas medida pelo HHI caiu de 45,1 para 33,4. A diminuição da concentração geográfica dos cursos de odontologia foi ainda mais pronunciada, tendo o HHI passado de 39,3 em 1991 para 25,6 em 2022.

Abstract The scope of this article is to analyze the evolution of the distribution of dentists and undergraduate courses in Dentistry in Brazil between 1960 and 2022, based on institutional data and its correlation with economic and demographic data. The proportions between number of dentists and population were calculated for the federative units in different periods, and the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) was used. to determine the concentration of dentists, population and undergraduate courses in Dentistry. The Pearson test was used, with a significance level of 95%, to test the correlation between variables. In the period from 1960 to 2022, the ratio of dentists per 10,000 inhabitants increased from 3.3 to 16.9. Moreover in 2022, the federative units with the highest average household income per capita were closely correlated with the highest concentration of dentists (R2= 0.90; p < 0.00). However, from 1975 to 2022, the concentration of dentists measured by the HHI dropped from 45.1 to 33.4. The decrease in the geographic concentration of Dentistry courses was even more pronounced, with the HHI rising from 39.3 in 1991, to 25.6 in 2022.

Continuing nursing education actions in the face of homophobia: an integrative review / Acciones de educación permanente en enfermería frente a la homofobia: una revisión integradora / Ações de educação permanente da enfermagem frente à homofobia: uma revisão integrativa

ABSTRACT Objectives: to analyze continuing nursing education actions in the scientific literature in the face of homophobia. Methods: an integrative literature review with structured search in June 2022 in eight databases, using the descriptors Nursing Education, Homophobia, Sexual and Gender Minorities. Final sample consisted of six primary studies. Results: continuing nursing education actions are supported by strategies such as use of teaching materials, lectures, case studies and focus groups, addressing content such as gender identity issues and affective-sexual orientation, health disparities and their relationship with homophobia in healthcare settings. Final considerations: carried out in various healthcare settings, continuing education actions proved to be successful in raising nurses' awareness in facing homophobia in health services, however, their expansion is necessary to create health spaces that meet the specific needs of these people.

RESUMEN Objetivos: analizar las acciones de educación continua en enfermería en la literatura científica frente a la homofobia. Métodos: revisión integrativa de la literatura con búsqueda estructurada en junio de 2022 en ocho bases de datos, utilizando los descriptores Nursing Education, Homophobia, Sexual and Gender Minorities. La muestra final estuvo compuesta por seis estudios primarios. Resultados: las acciones de educación continua en enfermería se apoyan en estrategias como el uso de materiales didácticos, conferencias, estudios de casos y grupos focales, abordando contenidos como cuestiones de identidad de género y orientación afectivo-sexual, disparidades en salud y su relación con la homofobia en el ámbito de la salud. Consideraciones finales: realizadas en diversos ámbitos de atención de salud, las acciones de educación continua demostraron ser exitosas en la sensibilización de los enfermeros para enfrentar la homofobia en los servicios de salud, sin embargo, su ampliación es necesaria para crear espacios de salud que atiendan las necesidades específicas de estas personas.

RESUMO Objetivos: analisar na literatura científica ações de educação permanente da enfermagem frente à homofobia. Métodos: revisão integrativa da literatura com busca estruturada em junho de 2022 em oito bases de dados, utilizando os descritores Nursing Education, Homophobia, Sexual and Gender Minorities. Amostra final foi composta por seis estudos primários. Resultados: as ações de educação permanente da enfermagem apoiam-se em estratégias como utilização de materiais didáticos, palestras, estudos de casos e grupos focais, com abordagem de conteúdos como questões identitárias de gênero e de orientação afetivossexual, disparidades de saúde e sua relação com a homofobia nos locais de cuidados de saúde. Considerações finais: realizadas em variados cenários de cuidados de saúde, as ações de educação permanente mostraram-se exitosas quanto à sensibilização dos enfermeiros no enfrentamento da homofobia nos serviços de saúde, sendo necessária, no entanto, sua ampliação para a criação de espaços de saúde que atendam às necessidades específicas dessas pessoas.

Integração ensino-serviço-comunidade: perspectivas do Comitê Gestor Local do Contrato Organizativo de Ação Pública Ensino-Saúde / Integración enseñanza-servicio-comunidad: perspectivas del Comité Gestor Local del Contrato Organizativo de Acción Pública Enseñanza-Salud / Teaching-service-community integration: perspectives of the Local Management Committee of the TeachingHealth Public Action Organizational Contract

Com o objetivo de compreender o desenvolvimento da integração ensino-serviço-comunidade (Iesc) no município de Bragança Paulista, São Paulo, por meio do Contrato Organizativo de Ação Pública Ensino-Saúde (Coapes), realizou-se um estudo de caso. Uma amostra intencional com dez integrantes do Comitê Gestor Local que participaram de entrevistas semiestruturadas, em ambiente virtual, gravadas e transcritas na íntegra. Os relatos passaram por análise de conteúdo na modalidade temática e os resultados indicaram que a condução da Iesc e do Coapes foi bem-sucedida. A sustentabilidade e os êxitos da contratualização estão relacionados a estratégias, como aproximação, diálogo institucional, igualdade de valor e transparência, provenientes de discussões técnicas, compreensão do processo, escolha do formato, sensibilização e engajamento dos atores. A combinação desses elementos, aliada a novos projetos e atitudes, aponta caminhos para a consolidação da Iesc no território, que apresenta desafios a serem superados.(AU)

Con el objetivo de comprender el desarrollo de la integración enseñanza-servicio-comunidad (IESC) en el municipio de Braganza Paulista (Estado de São Paulo), a partir del Contrato Organizativo de Acción Pública Enseñanza-Salud (Coapes), se realizó un estudio de caso. Una muestra intencional con diez integrantes del Comité Gestor Local participó en entrevistas semiestructuradas, realizadas en ambiente virtual, grabadas y transcritas integralmente. Los relatos pasaron por un análisis de contenido en la modalidad temática. Los resultados indicaron que la conducción de la IESC y del Coapes fue exitosa. La sostenibilidad y los éxitos de la contractualización están relacionados con estrategias tales como la aproximación, el diálogo institucional, la igualdad de valor y transparencia, provenientes de discusiones técnicas, comprensión del proceso, elección del formato, sensibilización y compromiso de los actores. La combinación de esos elementos, aliada a nuevos proyectos y actitudes, señala caminos para la consolidación de la IESC en el territorio que presenta desafíos que hay que superar.(AU)

To comprehend the evolution of education-service-community integration (ESCI) in the municipality of Bragança Paulista, SP, through the Teaching-Health Public Action Organizational Contract (Coapes), a case study was conducted. An intentional sample of ten members from the Local Management Committee participated in semi-structured interviews, conducted virtually, recorded, and transcribed in full. The narratives underwent thematic content analysis. The results indicated that the implementation of IESC and Coapes was successful. The sustainability and achievements in contractualization are related to strategies such as approaching, institutional dialogue, equal value, and transparency, resulting from technical discussions, understanding of the process, format selection, sensitization, and actor engagement. The combination of these elements, along with new projects and attitudes, points towards the consolidation of IESC in the territory, which presents challenges to be overcome.(AU)

Egressos de um programa de residência multiprofissional em cardiopneumologia e inserção no mercado de trabalho / Egresses from a multiprofessional residency program in cardiopneumology and insertion in the labor market / Egresos de un programa de residencia multiprofesional en cardiopneumología e inserción en el mercado de trabajo

A Residência Multiprofissional é uma importante estratégia de Educação Permanente (EPS) no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), sendo a primeira oportunidade para muitos recém-graduados de exercer sua profissão e adquirir experiência. O objetivo do presente estudo foi conhecer o perfil de profissionais egressos de um programa de Residência Multiprofissional em Cardiopneumologia no Ceará e sua inserção no mercado de trabalho. No estudo, transversal e quantitativo, coletaram-se dados socioeconômicos, sociodemográficos e sobre histórico no mercado de trabalho, entre junho e outubro de 2022, via formulário eletrônico enviado aos egressos. A grande maioria estava empregada, atuando no SUS como terceirizados, vinculados como celetistas ou cooperados, em áreas de atuação diversas, destacando o potencial de contribuição na saúde, na educação e na gestão pública. Estudos com profissionais egressos de outros programas hospitalares são necessários para melhor elucidar as potencialidades, contribuições e lacunas do processo formativo à inserção dos profissionais no mercado de trabalho.

Multiprofessional Residency is an important strategy for Continuing Education (PDE) in the Unified Health System (SUS), being the first opportunity for many recent graduates to exercise their profession and acquire experience. The aim of this study was to know the profile of professionals graduating from a Multiprofessional Residency in Cardiopneumology program in Ceará and their insertion in the labor market. In this cross-sectional and quantitative study, socioeconomic, sociodemographic and labor market history data were collected between June and October 2022, via an electronic form sent to the graduates. The vast majority were employed, working in the SUS as outsourced, contracted, or cooperative workers, in diverse areas, highlighting the potential to contribute to health, education, and public management. Studies with professionals graduating from other hospital programs are necessary to better elucidate the potentialities, contributions, and gaps of the formative process to the insertion of the professionals in the labor market.

La Residencia Multiprofesional es una importante estrategia de Educación Continuada (PDE) en el Sistema Único de Salud (SUS), siendo la primera oportunidad para muchos recién graduados de ejercer su profesión y adquirir experiencia. El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer el perfil de los profesionales egresados de un programa de Residencia Multiprofesional en Cardoneumología en Ceará y su inserción en el mercado de trabajo. En este estudio transversal y cuantitativo, se recogieron datos socioeconómicos, sociodemográficos y de historia laboral entre junio y octubre de 2022, a través de un formulario electrónico enviado a los graduados. La gran mayoría estaba empleada, trabajando en el SUS como tercerizados, contratados o cooperativistas, en diversas áreas, destacando el potencial de contribución a la salud, educación y gestión pública. Estudios con profesionales egresados de otros programas hospitalarios son necesarios para dilucidar mejor las potencialidades, contribuciones y lagunas del proceso formativo para la inserción de los profesionales en el mercado de trabajo.

Estudios de brechas de especialidades médicas: alcances y limitaciones de su aplicación

Abordar la planificación de recursos humanos en salud requiere de metodologías rigurosas y con datos de calidad que sean factibles y útiles para la toma de decisiones informadas. Se plantea identificar los principales aportes, las limitaciones y algunos desafíos del proceso de estimación de brechas entre la necesidad y oferta real de los recursos humanos en salud desde una perspectiva de salud pública. La metodología se basa en analizar los estudios en Uruguay a partir de fuentes primarias y una revisión de bibliografía de estudios de casos en el mundo. La realización de los estudios de brechas en las especialidades médicas son técnicamente factibles en sistemas de salud de diversos países. La información se encuentra disponible de manera directa en las bases de datos o a través de la elaboración de variables proxy, dependiendo de si el enfoque está más centrado en la demanda y utilización real de los servicios o en la identificación de los problemas y la necesidad de salud de la población.

Addressing human resources planning in healthcare requires rigorous methodologies and high-quality data that are feasible and useful for informed decision-making. The objective is to identify the primary contributions, limitations, and some challenges of the gap estimation process between the actual need and supply of human resources in health, from a public health perspective. The methodology relies on analyzing studies from Uruguay using primary sources and conducting a literature review of case studies from various countries worldwide. The conduct of gap studies in medical specialties is technically feasible in healthcare systems across various countries on all five continents. The information is readily available either directly in databases or through the creation of proxy variables, depending on whether the focus is more on the actual demand and utilization of services or on the identification of problems and health needs of the population.

Abordar o planejamento de recursos humanos em saúde requer metodologias rigorosas com dados de qualidade que sejam viáveis e úteis para a tomada de decisões informada. Propõe-se identificar as principais contribuições, limitações e alguns desafios do processo de estimativa de lacunas entre a necessidade e a real oferta de recursos humanos em saúde, numa perspectiva de saúde pública. A metodologia baseia-se na análise de estudos do Uruguai a partir de fontes primárias e na revisão bibliográfica de estudos de caso em vários países do mundo. A realização de estudos de lacunas em especialidades médicas é tecnicamente viável nos sistemas de saúde de vários países dos cinco continentes. A informação é disponibilizada diretamente nas bases de dados ou através do desenvolvimento de variáveis proxy, dependendo se a abordagem está orientada na real procura e utilização dos serviços ou na identificação de problemas e necessidades de saúde da população.

Human Resource Management in the Gig Economy: towards a new configuration?

The context of the Gig Economy involves a break in the standard employment relationship between employees and employer; and a questioning of the role of Human Resources management (HR) in charge of managing this link. This article aims to analyse the role and configuration of HR management in the context of the Gig Economy From the contingent configurational approach, the way in which HR practices are combined and configured to contribute to performance and manage the relationship with the individuals who participate in this economy is argued. It is found that the labour relationship between companies and gig workers is characterized by being transactional and symbiotic based on the utilitarian premise of mutual benefit. For this reason, for this context, an HR configuration oriented towards the market or maximizing productivity and the fulfilment of agreements would predominate. JEL CLASSIFICATION J0I; J2I; MI2

O contexto da Gig Economy implica uma ruptura da relação de emprego padrão entre empregados e empregador e um questionamento do papel da gestão de Recursos Humanos (RH) no gerenciamento desse vínculo. Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar o papel e a configuração da GRH no contexto da Gig Economy. A partir de uma abordagem configuracional contingente, ele argumenta como as práticas de RH são combinadas e configuradas para contribuir para o desempenho e gerenciar o relacionamento com os indivíduos que participam dessa economia. O estudo conclui que a relação de emprego entre as empresas e os trabalhadores autônomos é caracterizada como transacional e simbiótica, com base na premissa utilitarista do benefício mútuo. Assim, nesse contexto, predominaria uma configuração de RH orientada para o mercado ou para maximizar a produtividade e o cumprimento de acordos. CLASSIFICAÇÃO JEL J01; J21; M12

El contexto de la Gig Economy supone una ruptura de la relación laboral estándar entre empleados y empleador; y un cuestionamiento sobre la función de la gestión de Recursos Humano (RR.HH.) encargada de gestionar dicho vínculo. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la función y configuración de la gestión de RR.HH. en el contexto de la Gig Economy. Desde el enfoque configuracional contingente se argumenta el modo en el que las prácticas de RR.HH. se combinan y configuran para aportar al desempeño y gestionar el relacionamiento con los individuos que participan de esta economía. Se encuentra que la relación laboral entre las empresas y los trabajadores gig se caracteriza por ser transaccional y simbiótica basada en la premisa utilitaria del beneficio mutuo. Por ello, para este contexto predominaría una configuración de RR.HH. orientada hacia el mercado o en maximizar la productividad, y al cumplimiento de acuerdos. CLASIFICACIÓN JEL J0I; J2I; MI2

Factores psicosocioculturales relacionados con la formación técnica o profesional del personal de enfermería en Tlaxcala, México / Psychosociocultural factors related to the technical or professional training of nursing staff in Tlaxcala, México

Introducción: las demandas actuales en el cuidado de los pacientes ameritan cambios curriculares en la formación del personal de enfermería y su relación con los factores socioculturales. Objetivo: identificar y describir los factores psico-socioculturales que se relacionan con la formación técnica o profesional del personal de enfermería en Tlaxcala. Metodología: se realizó un estudio transversal descriptivo en el Hospital General de Zona No. 1, con personal de enfermería en cursos de formación técnico o profesional, seleccionados de manera no probabilística. Variables: edad, sexo, factores psico-socioculturales. Análisis con frecuencias, porcentajes y medidas de dispersión. Resultados: de un total de 51 enfermeras, la edad promedio es de 46.4 ± 8.9 años y 44% son enfermeras generales. Los factores referidos por el personal son: nivel de preparatoria (98%), nivel técnico (46%), estudios de licenciatura (84%), problemas económicos (48%), apoyo familiar (82%), enfermedad (8%), trabajo y estudio (20%), cambio de residencia (10%), interés (94%), vocación (100%), escuela de procedencia (94%), rendimiento escolar (8%), programa académico (88%), forma de trabajo (10%), técnicas docentes (10%), carga académica (14%), ambiente académico (84%), reglamento escolar (2%) y prácticas (4%). Conclusiones: el género se relaciona con la formación de nivel licenciatura y la edad con el nivel técnico, nivel licenciatura, trabajo y estudio, y carga académica; el estado civil con el interés por estudiar; y la religión con el apoyo docente.

Abstract Introduction: Current demands in patient care warrant curricular changes in the training of nursing personnel and their relationship with sociocultural factors. Objective: Identify and describe the Psychosocial Cultural factors that are related to the technical or professional training of nursing staff in Tlaxcala. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out at the General Hospital of Zone No. 1, with nursing staff in technical or professional training courses, selected in a non-probabilistic manner. Variables: age, sex, Psychosociocultural factors. Analysis with frequencies, percentages and dispersion measures. Results: Of a total of 51 nurses, the average age is 46.4 ± 8.9 years and 44% are general nurses. The factors referred to by the staff are: high school level (98%), technical level (46%), bachelor's studies (84%), economic problems (48%), family support (82%), illness (8%), work and study (20%), change of residence (10%), interest (94%), vocation (100%), school of origin (94%), school performance (8%), academic program (88%), form of work (10%), teaching techniques (10%), academic load (14%), academic environment (84%), school regulations (2%) and practices (4%). Conclusions: Gender is related to bachelor's level training and age to technical level, bachelor's level, work and study, and academic load; marital status with interest in studying; and religion with teaching support.

Educação Interprofissional nos cursos da área da saúde de uma universidade pública / Interprofessional Education in health courses at a public university

RESUMO Visto que a Educação Interprofissional tem sido apontada para a reorientação da formação e do trabalho em saúde, objetivou-se analisar sua inserção nos Projetos Pedagógicos dos Cursos de graduação em saúde de uma universidade pública. Trata-se de uma pesquisa pautada na análise documental, dividida em três etapas: leitura exploratória, pré-análise e análise dos documentos. Todos os documentos dos cursos analisados referem-se ao trabalho em equipe como competência importante para a formação, ainda que façam apenas algumas menções pontuais e específicas à interprofissionalidade. Os documentos não apresentam projetos para a implementação da Educação Interprofissional nos currículos regulares, apenas delegam a inserção da interprofissionalidade à extensão universitária. Assim, observou-se que os projetos pedagógicos inserem a Educação Interprofissional de forma restrita nos cursos da área da saúde.

ABSTRACT Since Interprofessional Education has been identified as a means of reorientation health training and work, the objective was to analyze its insertion in the pedagogical projects of undergraduate health courses at a public university. This research is based on document analysis, divided into three stages: exploratory reading, pre-analysis and document analysis. All documents of the analyzed courses refers to teamwork as an important skill for training, even though they only make a few punctual and specific mentions of interprofessionality. The documents do not present projects for the implementation of Interprofessional Education in regular curriculum, they just delegate the insertion of interprofessionality to university extension. Thus, it was observed that pedagogical projects include Interprofessional Education in a restricted way in health courses.

Job Satisfaction and Burnout Levels of the Human Resources of a Public Oncology Hospital During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

To investigate job satisfaction and burnout levels among the personnel of a public oncology hospital amid the COVID-19 pandemic, a cross-sectional survey was designed. The study was carried out from December 2021 to January 2022 through the application of an anonymous, structured, self-completed, closed-ended questionnaire, consisting of the Job Satisfaction Survey (JSS) and the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI) in a convenience sample comprised by 117 employees of "Agioi Anargyroi" General Oncology Hospital (response rate: 98%). It was observed that while overall job satisfaction was reduced, several of its determining dimensions like supervision, relationship with co-workers, or work nature were increased. Also, an average overall burnout of 49% was observed across all participants, with women, nurses, and those with a lower educational level experiencing it more intensely. The COVID-19 pandemic outbreak affected negatively healthcare professionals who experienced significant personal and occupational burnout, consequently reducing their job satisfaction.

Assessing the impact of anaesthetic and surgical task-shifting globally: a systematic literature review.

The global shortage of skilled anaesthesiologists, surgeons and obstetricians is a leading cause of high unmet surgical need. Although anaesthetic and surgical task-shifting are widely practised to mitigate this barrier, little is known about their safety and efficacy. This systematic review seeks to highlight the existing evidence on the clinical outcomes of patients operated on by non-physicians or non-specialist physicians globally. Relevant articles were identified by searching four databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and Global Health) in all languages between January 2008 and February 2022. Retrieved documents were screened against pre-specified inclusion and exclusion criteria, and their qualities were appraised critically. Data were extracted by two independent reviewers and findings were synthesized narratively. In total, 40 studies have been included. Thirty-five focus on task-shifting for surgical and obstetric procedures, whereas four studies address anaesthetic task-shifting; one study covers both interventions. The majority are located in sub-Saharan Africa and the USA. Seventy-five per cent present perioperative mortality outcomes and 85% analyse morbidity measures. Evidence from low- and middle-income countries, which primarily concentrates on caesarean sections, hernia repairs and surgical male circumcisions, points to the overall safety of non-surgeons. On the other hand, the literature on surgical task-shifting in high-income countries (HICs) is limited to nine studies analysing tube thoracostomies, neurosurgical procedures, caesarean sections, male circumcisions and basal cell carcinoma excisions. Finally, only five studies pertaining to anaesthetic task-shifting across all country settings answer the research question with conflicting results, making it difficult to draw conclusions on the quality of non-physician anaesthetic care. Overall, it appears that non-specialists can safely perform high-volume, low-complexity operations. Further research is needed to understand the implications of surgical task-shifting in HICs and to better assess the performance of non-specialist anaesthesia providers. Future studies must adopt randomized study designs and include long-term outcome measures to generate high-quality evidence.

Catorce años después de abierto el debate sobre formación de un cirujano torácico general certificado / Fourteen Years following the Discussion about Training a Certified General Thoracic Surgeon

Introducción: En Cuba existen numerosos cirujanos que han dedicado una gran parte de su vida profesional a la cirugía del tórax no cardiovascular, pero solo ostentan el título de especialista de primer o segundo grado en cirugía general. Objetivo: Exponer los argumentos que demuestren la necesidad de crear e implementar la especialización de primer grado en cirugía torácica general o la maestría en cirugía del tórax. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda documental a partir de los motores de búsqueda de información científica Google Académico y Highwire Press. De la Web of Science, PubMed, Lilacs y Scopus se seleccionaron 23 artículos relacionados directamente con el objetivo propuesto. Desarrollo: En 2008 el profesor Benito Saínz Menéndez publicó un artículo en el cual expuso la necesidad de crear un programa de posgrado sobre cirugía torácica general; sin embargo, después de 14 años, aún se mantiene el debate sobre este tema. En tal sentido, los reclamos de la comunidad quirúrgica cubana en la propuesta de un programa de maestría y en una tesis doctoral se han hecho sentir en varias reuniones académicas y en diversas publicaciones. La nueva solicitud se justifica desde distintas aristas. Conclusión: El desarrollo de la educación de posgrado y la necesidad de formar recursos humanos capacitados en cirugía general ha acumulado los suficientes preceptos para solicitar la cirugía torácica como una subespecialidad o la inserción de una maestría sobre este tema. Se recomienda que se evalúe la posibilidad de la creación e implementación de la especialización o maestría en cirugía de tórax no cardiovascular(AU)

Introduction: In Cuba, there are numerous surgeons who have dedicated a large part of their professional life to noncardiovascular thoracic surgery, but they only hold the title of first- or second-degree specialist in General Surgery. Objective: To present the fundamentals demonstrating the need to create and implement the first-degree residence for general thoracic surgery or a master's degree in thoracic surgery. Methods: A document search was carried out using the scientific information search engines Google Scholar and Highwire Press. From the Web of Science, PubMed, Lilacs and Scopus, 23 articles directly related to the proposed objective were selected. Development: In 2008, Professor Benito Saínz Menéndez published an article in which he presented the need to create a postgraduate curriculum for general thoracic surgery; however, after 14 years, the debate on this subject is still ongoing. In this respect, the claims of the Cuban surgical community concerning the proposal of a master's program and a doctoral dissertation have been felt in several academic meetings, as well as in several publications. The new request is justified from different points of view. Conclusion: Through the development of postgraduate education and the need to train skilled human resources in general surgery, enough principles have been accumulated for requesting that thoracic surgery be taught as a subspecialty, or the insertion of a master's degree on this subject. The assessment is recommended for the possibility of creating and implementing a specialization or a master's degree in noncardiovascular thoracic surgery(AU)

A residência em saúde da família e comunidade no fortalecimento do Sistema Único de Saúde / La residencia de salud familiar y comunitaria en el fortalecimiento del Sistema Único de Salud / The family and community health residency in the strengthening of the Unified Health System

Objetivo: compreender a maneira como a residência em saúde da família e comunidade atua como instrumento para o fortalecimento e a defesa do Sistema Único de Saúde sob a ótica da enfermagem. Método: estudo do tipo exploratório-descritivo com abordagem qualitativa, desenvolvido com 13 enfermeiros residentes. Neste estudo, os dados foram coletados de modo remoto por meio de entrevista semiestruturada, processados pelo software IRaMuTeQ e interpretados conforme análise de conteúdo de Bardin. Resultados: os resultados apontam que as residências na área da saúde se expressam com força política, conhecimento teórico e formação na prática, essenciais para fortalecer o controle social. Conclusão: faz-se necessário que a formação dos profissionais seja orientada a partir dos princípios/objetivos do SUS e que ocorra o combate aos ataques iminentes, exemplificados pelo baixo financiamento e má gestão.

Objective: to understand the way in which residency in family and community health acts as an instrument for strengthening and defending the Unified Health System from the perspective of nursing. Method: exploratory-descriptive study with a qualitative approach, developed with 13 resident nurses.In this study, data were collected remotely with semi-structured interviews, processed by the IRAMUTEQ software, and interpreted according to Bardin's content analysis. Results: the results indicate that residencies in the health area express themselves with political force, theoretical knowledge, and training in practice, essential to strengthen social control. Conclusion: the training of professionals must be guided from the principles/objectives of the SUS and the fight against imminent attacks, exemplified by low funding and poor management, must occur.

Objetivo: comprender el modo en que la residencia en salud familiar y comunitaria actúa como instrumento de fortalecimiento y defensa del Sistema Único de Salud (SUS) desde la perspectiva de la enfermería. Método: estudio exploratório descriptivo, con enfoque cualitativo, desarrollado con 13 enfermeras residentes. En este estudio, los datos se recolectaron de forma remota mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas, que, posteriormente, fueron procesadas por el software IRaMuTeQ e interpretadas de acuerdo con el análisis de contenido de Bardin. Resultados: las residencias en el área de la salud se desarrollan con fuerza política, conocimiento teórico y formación práctica, lo que es esencial para fortalecer el control social. Conclusión: es necesario que la formación de los profesionales se base en los principios/objetivos del SUS y que ocurra la lucha contra los inminentes ataques, ejemplificados por una baja financiación y mala gestión.

Multiempleo en salud en provincia de Buenos Aires: estudio transversal de profesiones afectadas al cuidado de pacientes con COVID-19 / Multi-employment in health in the province of Buenos Aires: cross-sectional study of professions involved in COVID-19 patient care

RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN La pandemia de COVID-19 expuso el impacto del multiempleo en los servicios de salud. El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar el multiempleo en médicos y enfermeros que trabajaron en internación general y cuidados críticos durante la pandemia en la provincia de Buenos Aires. MÉTODOS Se realizó un estudio exploratorio, descriptivo y transversal. Los datos se recolectaron en el primer trimestre de 2021 con una encuesta estructurada anónima autoadministrada mediante muestreo no probabilístico en cadena. RESULTADOS El 96,3% de los médicos y el 68,1% de los enfermeros declararon estar multiempleados. La media de empleos fue 3,1 para médicos (entre 1 y 5) y 1,9 para enfermeros (entre 1 y 3). Los enfermeros declararon trabajos con mayor carga horaria, predominio del empleo público y contratación estable. Los médicos multiempleados manifestaron mayor diversidad en la forma de contratación. En ambas profesiones el multiempleo es motivado principalmente por razones de índole económica. DISCUSIÓN El multiempleo es difícil de medir mediante los registros oficiales. La proporción de multiempleo autorreportado en este estudio supera las cifras comunicadas por las estadísticas e informes oficiales. Aun así, las diferencias halladas entre médicos y enfermeros respecto al número de empleos son coincidentes con estudios previos. El problema del multiempleo requiere ser abordado desde la desprecarización del empleo, con mejoras en las condiciones económicas y de trabajo.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION The COVID-19 pandemic exposed the impact of multi-employment in health services. The objective of this study was to characterize multi-employment among physicians and nurses working in general hospitalization and critical care during the pandemic in the province of Buenos Aires. METHODS An exploratory, descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted. Data were collected in the first quarter of 2021 with a structured anonymous self-administered survey using non-probabilistic chain sampling. RESULTS A total of 96.3% of physicians and 68.1% of nurses reported being multi-employed. The mean number of jobs was 3.1 for physicians (between 1 and 5) and 1.9 for nurses (between 1 and 3). Nurses reported having jobs with longer hours, mostly public and stable employment. Multi-employed physicians reported greater variety in the form of hiring. In both professions, multi-employment is mainly motivated by economic reasons. DISCUSSION Multi-employment is difficult to measure through official records. The proportion of self-reported multiemployment in this study exceeds the figures shown by official statistics and reports. The differences found between physicians and nurses regarding the number of jobs are still consistent with previous studies. The problem of multi-employment needs to be tackled by making employment less precarious, with improvements in economic and working conditions.

Enfermeiros imigrantes no Brasil: de 1973 a 2021 / Immigrant nurses in Brazil: from 1973 to 2021 / Enfermeros inmigrantes en Brasil: de 1973 a 2021

Objetivo: Atualizar o censo dos enfermeiros imigrantes no Brasil. Métodos: estudo descritivo e quantitativo sobre a dimensão e as características do censo dos enfermeiros imigrantes, segundo os estados e as regiões de destino, países de origem, idade e sexo. Os dados foram obtidos da base de dados do Conselho Federal de Enfermagem e analisados de forma descritiva. Resultados: Do total de 176 imigrantes, 145 são mulheres e 31 são homens, mostrando a prevalência feminina na profissão de enfermagem. Destes, 96 são peruanos, 126 sul americanos, 28 europeus, 9 cubanos, 5 norte americanos 8 imigrantes originários de diversos países. Conclusão: O censo de 1973 a 2021 mostra a predominância de imigrantes peruanos, com alta concentração na região norte e sudeste do Brasil, respectivamente no estado do Amazonas e de São Paulo. (AU)

Objective: To update the census of immigrant nurses in Brazil. Methods: descriptive and quantitative study on the dimension and characteristics of the census of immigrant nurses, according to the states and regions of destination, countries of origin, age, and sex. Data were obtained from the Federal Nursing Council database and analyzed descriptively. Results: Of the total of 176 immigrants, 145 are women and 31 are men, showing the female prevalence in the nursing profession. Of these, 96 are Peruvians, 126 South Americans, 28 Europeans, 9 Cubans, 5 North Americans, and 8 immigrants from different countries. Conclusion: the census from 1973 to 2021 shows the predominance of Peruvian immigrants, with a high concentration in the north and southeast of Brazil, respectively in the state of Amazonas and São Paulo. (AU)

Objetivo: Actualizar el censo de enfermeros inmigrantes en Brasil. Métodos: estudio descriptivo y cuantitativo sobre la dimensión y características del censo de enfermeras inmigrantes, según estados y regiones de destino, países de origen, edad y sexo. Los datos fueron obtenidos de la base de datos del Consejo Federal de Enfermería y analizados descriptivamente. Resultados: Del total de 176 inmigrantes, 145 son mujeres y 31 son hombres, mostrando el predominio femenino en la profesión de enfermería. De estos, 96 son peruanos, 126 sudamericanos, 28 europeos, 9 cubanos, 5 norteamericanos y 8 inmigrantes de diferentes países. Conclusion: el censo de 1973 a 2021 muestra el predominio de inmigrantes peruanos, con una alta concentración en el norte y sureste de Brasil, respectivamente en el estado de Amazonas y São Paulo. (AU)