Efficacy of texture and color enhancement imaging for the visibility and diagnostic accuracy of non-polypoid colorectal lesions.

Objective: A newly launched endoscopy system (EVIS X1, CV-1500; Olympus) is equipped with texture and color enhancement imaging (TXI). We aimed to investigate the efficacy of TXI for the visibility and diagnostic accuracy of non-polypoid colorectal lesions. Methods: We examined 100 non-polypoid lesions in 42 patients from the same position, angle, and distance of the view in three modes: white light imaging (WLI), narrow-band imaging (NBI), and TXI. The primary outcome was to compare polyp visibility in the three modes using subjective polyp visibility score and objective color difference values. The secondary outcome was to compare the diagnostic accuracy without magnification. Results: Overall, the visibility score of TXI was significantly higher than that of WLI (3.7 ± 1.1 vs. 3.6 ± 1.1; p = 0.008) and lower than that of NBI (3.7 ± 1.1 vs. 3.8 ± 1.1; p = 0.013). Color difference values of TXI were higher than those of WLI (11.5 ± 6.9 vs. 9.1 ± 5.4; p < 0.001) and lower than those of NBI (11.5 ± 6.9 vs. 13.1 ± 7.7; p = 0.002). No significant differences in TXI and NBI (visibility score: 3.7 ± 1.0 vs. 3.8 ± 1.1; p = 0.833, color difference values: 11.6 ± 7.1 vs. 12.9 ± 8.3; p = 0.099) were observed for neoplastic lesions. Moreover, the diagnostic accuracy of TXI was significantly higher than that of NBI (65.5% vs. 57.6%, p = 0.012) for neoplastic lesions. Conclusions: TXI demonstrated higher visibility than that of WLI and lower than that of NBI. Further investigations are warranted to validate the performance of the TXI mode comprehensively.

Long-term survival of an infant with complete tetraploidy: A case report.

We present the case of a girl with complete tetraploidy who has survived to her present age of 4 years and 1 month. Infants with complete tetraploidy have been described to have a limited lifespan owing to complications. We report her characteristics, medical history, and development.

High expression of phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase predicts poor outcome in patients with high-grade serous ovarian cancer.

INTRODUCTION: High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) is characterized by high mortality and prevalent recurrences. This study investigates the prognostic value of phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH) in HGSOC which has been linked to metabolic reprogramming and recurrences in other cancers. METHODS: Data from 306 patients with advanced-stage HGSOC treated between 2008 and 2015 were analyzed. PHGDH expression levels were determined using immunohistochemistry and categorized as "low" or "high." RESULTS: PHGDH-high was associated with higher FIGO stage and increased use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Patients with PHGDH-high tumors had significantly worse survival than PHDH-low, even after adjusting for confounding factors.

Impact of evolution on lifestyle in microbiome.

This chapter analyses the interaction between microbiota and humans from an evolutionary point of view. Long-term interactions between gut microbiota and host have been generated as a result of dietary choices through coevolutionary processes, where mutuality of advantage is essential. Likewise, the characteristics of the intestinal environment have made it possible to describe different intrahost evolutionary mechanisms affecting microbiota. For its part, the intestinal microbiota has been of great importance in the evolution of mammals, allowing the diversification of dietary niches, phenotypic plasticity and the selection of host phenotypes. Although the origin of the human intestinal microbial community is still not known with certainty, mother-offspring transmission plays a key role, and it seems that transmissibility between individuals in adulthood also has important implications. Finally, it should be noted that certain aspects inherent to modern lifestyle, including refined diets, antibiotic intake, exposure to air pollutants, microplastics, and stress, could negatively affect the diversity and composition of our gut microbiota. This chapter aims to combine current knowledge to provide a comprehensive view of the interaction between microbiota and humans throughout evolution.

"A great step in treating cervical cancer": Patient and provider perceptions about cervical cancer therapeutic vaccines.

OBJECTIVE: This study explored patients and providers' perspectives on therapeutic vaccines for cervical cancer and assessed barriers and facilitators. METHODS: Qualitative semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with patients who had cervical dysplasia, or a past or current cervical cancer diagnosis and providers who provided care to patients with cervical abnormalities or cervical cancer. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis in NVivo. RESULTS: A total of 28 in-depth interviews were conducted with patients (N = 15) and providers (N = 13). Participants in both groups expressed enthusiasm for the prospect of a therapeutic vaccine for cervical cancer and were encouraged by less invasive treatment opportunities. Perceived patient barriers included concerns about side effects, eligibility criteria, costs, transportation, and logistical obstacles. Providers echoed these concerns, highlighted additional structural barriers such as racism and limited availability of culturally sensitive educational aids, and underscored the need for provider training on this topic. CONCLUSION: Our results reinforce the need for future multi-level interventions discussing vaccine efficacy, durability, and safety, as well as addressing factors such as awareness, knowledge, and beliefs. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Our findings can contribute to the development of provider and patient-centered tools that promote therapeutic vaccine acceptance.

The effect of mailed outreach on FIT completion among patients aged 45-50 in a safety net healthcare system.

PURPOSE: Colorectal cancer screening is recommended starting at age 45, but there has been little research on strategies to promote screening in patients younger than 50. METHODS: An outreach program quasi-randomly assigned patients aged 45-50 without recent fecal immunochemical test (FIT), colonoscopy or contraindications to screening to two intervention arms: electronic outreach with email and text (electronic outreach only) versus electronic outreach plus mailed outreach with FIT, an instructional letter and a prepaid return envelope (mailed + electronic outreach). In response to known disparities in screening uptake, all Black patients were assigned to receive mailed + electronic outreach. RESULTS: Among patients quasi-randomly assigned to an intervention (non-Black patients), the 180-day FIT completion rate was 18.8% in the electronic outreach only group (n = 1,318) and 25.0% in the mailed + electronic outreach group (n = 1,364) (difference 6.2% [95% CI 3.0, 9.4]). FIT completion was 16.6% among Black patients (n = 469), 8.4% (95% CI 4.1, 12.6) lower than among non-Black patients also assigned to mailed + electronic outreach. CONCLUSION: Among patients aged 45-50, mailed + electronic outreach had a greater effect on FIT completion than electronic outreach alone. Crossover between intervention groups likely lead to an underestimation of the effect of mailed outreach.

Treatment of non-hypertrophic pseudoarthrosis of long bones with a Tissue Engineered Product loaded with autologous bone marrow-derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells: Results from a phase IIa, prospective, randomized, parallel, pilot clinical trial comparing to iliac crest autograft.

BACKGROUND: Atrophic pseudoarthrosis is a serious complication with an incidence of 5-10 % of bone fractures located in the diaphysis of long bones. Standard treatments involve aggressive surgical procedures and re-interventions requiring the use of autografts from the iliac crest as a source of bone-forming biological activity (Standard of Care, SoC). In this context, regenerative ex vivo expanded osteogenic cell-based medicines could be of interest. Particularly, Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSC) offer new prospects to promote bone tissue repair in pseudoarthrosis by providing biological activity in an osteoconductive and osteoinductive environment. METHODS: We conducted a phase IIa, prospective, randomised, parallel, two-arms, open-label with blinded assessor pilot clinical trial to compare SoC vs. a tissue-engineered product (TEP), composed of autologous bone marrow (BM)-derived MSCs loaded onto allogeneic decellularised, lyophilised spongy bone cubes, in a cohort of 20 patients with non-hypertrophic pseudoarthrosis of long bones. Patients were followed up for 12 months. Radiological bone healing was evaluated by standard X-ray and computed tomography (CT) scanning. Quality of life was measured using the EUROQOL-5D questionnaire. RESULTS: Ten patients were randomized to TEP and 10 to SoC with iliac crest autograft. Manufacturing of TEP was feasible and reproducibly achieved. TEP implantation in the bone defect was successful in all cases and none of the 36 adverse events (AE) reported were related to the treatment. Efficacy analyses were performed in the Full Analysis Set (FAS) population, which included 17 patients after 3 patients withdrew from the study. The degree of consolidation, estimated by measuring Hounsfield units (HU) on CT, showed no significant differences between the two treatment groups at 12 months post treatment (main efficacy variable) (p = 0.4835) or at 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: Although only a small number of patients were included in our study, it is notable that no significant differences were observed between the experimental treatment and SoC, thus suggesting TEP as an alternative where autograft is not available or contraindicated.

Bovine Leukemia Virus molecular detection and associated factors among dairy herd workers in Antioquia, Colombia.

The Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV) affects mainly cattle, is transmitted by exposure to contaminated biological fluids, and generates lymphomas in 5 % of infected animals. The zoonotic potential of BLV has been studied, and it is currently unknown if it circulates in human workers on dairy herds in Antioquia. Objective: To determine the frequency of BLV detection, the genotypes of the virus, and the factors associated with its detection in workers for dairy herds in Antioquia, Colombia. Through a cross-sectional study in 51 dairy herds, 164 adults were recruited. A peripheral blood sample was collected from each participant for molecular detection of the BLV env and tax genes, and associated factors were explored through bivariate and multivariate mixed Poisson model analyses. The analysis showed that 82 % (134/164) of the participants were men, with an average age of 40. Using qPCR, the constitutive gene GAPDH was amplified to evaluate the presence of amplification inhibitors in the DNA samples. Using nested PCR, the amplification of the env viral gene was obtained in 13 % (22/164) of the total samples analyzed, while all the samples tested negative for tax. The amplicons of the env gene were sequenced, and the identity compatible with BLV was verified by BLAST analysis (NCBI). Using molecular phylogeny analysis, based on maximum likelihood and haplotype network analysis, it was identified that BLV genotype 1 is present in the evaluated population. 16 % (26/164) of the participants reported having ever had an accident with surgical material during work with cattle; this variable was associated with BLV positivity even after adjusting for other variables (PRa =2.70, 95 % CI= 1.01- 7.21). Considering that other studies have reported the circulation of BLV genotype 1 in cattle from this same region and the present report in humans from dairy herds, the results suggest a possible zoonotic transmission of BLV genotype 1 in Antioquia, reinforcing the need to continue investigating to determine the potential role of this virus as an etiological agent of disease in livestock farmers in the department.

The Janus kinase 1 is critical for pancreatic cancer initiation and progression.

Interleukin-6 (IL-6)-class inflammatory cytokines signal through the Janus tyrosine kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway and promote the development of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC); however, the functions of specific intracellular signaling mediators in this process are less well defined. Using a ligand-controlled and pancreas-specific knockout in adult mice, we demonstrate in this study that JAK1 deficiency prevents the formation of KRASG12D-induced pancreatic tumors, and we establish that JAK1 is essential for the constitutive activation of STAT3, whose activation is a prominent characteristic of PDAC. We identify CCAAT/enhancer binding protein δ (C/EBPδ) as a biologically relevant downstream target of JAK1 signaling, which is upregulated in human PDAC. Reinstating the expression of C/EBPδ was sufficient to restore the growth of JAK1-deficient cancer cells as tumorspheres and in xenografted mice. Collectively, the findings of this study suggest that JAK1 executes important functions of inflammatory cytokines through C/EBPδ and may serve as a molecular target for PDAC prevention and treatment.

Colon cancer: the 2023 Korean clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis and treatment.

Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in Korea and the third leading cause of death from cancer. Treatment outcomes for colon cancer are steadily improving due to national health screening programs with advances in diagnostic methods, surgical techniques, and therapeutic agents.. The Korea Colon Cancer Multidisciplinary (KCCM) Committee intends to provide professionals who treat colon cancer with the most up-to-date, evidence-based practice guidelines to improve outcomes and help them make decisions that reflect their patients' values and preferences. These guidelines have been established by consensus reached by the KCCM Guideline Committee based on a systematic literature review and evidence synthesis and by considering the national health insurance system in real clinical practice settings. Each recommendation is presented with a recommendation strength and level of evidence based on the consensus of the committee.

Alteration of Keratinized Mucosa Dimensions in the Early Healing Period after Implant Placement: A 6-month Prospective Study.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to assess the alteration in keratinized mucosa (KM) dimensions in the early healing period after implant placement, and the influence of variables obtained during implant surgery on KM alteration. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Study participants were consecutively recruited from patients who had received implants following a non-submerged surgical protocol. The implant had to be installed in the extraction socket that had healed for more than 6 months without any soft or hard tissue augmentation. Keratinized mucosa width (KMW), keratinized mucosa thickness (KMT), soft tissue level (STL), and probing pocket depth (PPD) were measured at implant placement and 3 and 6 months after implant surgery. The influence of variables obtained during implant surgery on the 6-month KMW alteration was assessed. RESULTS: A total of 66 implants in 55 patients who completed the follow-up examination after 6 months were included in this study. KMW, KMT, and STL significantly decreased at 3- and 6-months examination by 0.7-1.2 mm. KMW was reduced by 24.6%. Mesial PPD significantly increased between the 3- and 6-months follow-up. In the multivariate generalized estimating estimations analysis, the implant diameter negatively influenced the 6-month KMW alteration, but the KMW at implant surgery positively influenced the 6-month KMW alteration. CONCLUSIONS: The KMW decreased significantly at 3 and 6 months after implant placement. If the initial KMW was wider, the KMW was reduced more at 6 months after implant placement. Therefore, it is important to carefully monitor KMW alterations during the early healing period to ensure optimal esthetics and peri-implant tissue health.

Addressing barriers and identifying facilitators to support informed consent and recruitment in the Cavernous malformations A Randomised Effectiveness (CARE) pilot phase trial: insights from the integrated QuinteT recruitment intervention (QRI).

Background: It was anticipated that recruitment to the Cavernous malformations: A Randomised Effectiveness (CARE) pilot randomised trial would be challenging. The trial compared medical management and surgery (neurosurgical resection or stereotactic radiosurgery) with medical management alone, for people with symptomatic cerebral cavernous malformation (ISRCTN41647111). Previous trials comparing surgical and medical management for intracranial vascular malformations failed to recruit to target. A QuinteT Recruitment Intervention was integrated during trial accrual, September 2021-April 2023 inclusive, to improve informed consent and recruitment. Methods: The QuinteT Recruitment Intervention combined iterative collection and analysis of quantitative data (28 trial site screening logs recording numbers/proportions screened, eligible, approached and randomised) and qualitative data (79 audio-recorded recruitment discussions, 19 interviews with healthcare professionals, 11 interviews with patients, 2 investigator workshops, and observations of study meetings, all subject to thematic, content or conversation analysis). We triangulated quantitative and qualitative data to identify barriers and facilitators to recruitment and how and why these arose. Working with the chief investigators and trial management group, we addressed barriers and facilitators with corresponding actions to improve informed consent and recruitment. Findings: Barriers identified included how usual care practices made equipoise challenging, multi-disciplinary teams sometimes overrode recruiter equipoise and logistical issues rendered symptomatic cavernoma diagnosis and assessment for stereotactic radiosurgery challenging. Facilitators identified included the preparedness of some neurosurgeons' to offer surgery to people otherwise offered medical management alone, multi-disciplinary team equipoise, and effective information provision presenting participation as a solution to equipoise regarding management. Actions, before and during recruitment, to improve inclusivity of site screening, approach and effectiveness of information provision resulted in 72 participants recruited following a 5-month extension, exceeding the target of 60 participants. Interpretation: QuinteT Recruitment Intervention insights revealed barriers and facilitators, enabling identification of remedial actions. Recruitment to a definitive trial would benefit from further training/support to encourage clinicians to be comfortable approaching patients to whom medical management is usually offered, and broadening the pool of neurosurgeons and multi-disciplinary team members prepared to offer surgery, particularly stereotactic radiosurgery. Funding: National Institute for Health and Care Research.

Review of the comparative pathological and immunohistochemical features of human and canine cutaneous melanocytic neoplasms.

Melanocytic neoplasms originate from melanocytes and melanoma, the malignant form, is a common canine neoplasm and the most aggressive human skin cancer. Despite many similarities between these neoplasms in both species, only a limited number of studies have approached these entities in a comparative manner. Therefore, this review compares benign and malignant melanocytic neoplasms in dogs and humans, exclusively those arising in the haired skin, with regard to their clinicopathological, immunohistochemical and molecular aspects. Shared features include spontaneous occurrence, macroscopic features and microscopic findings when comparing human skin melanoma in the advanced/invasive stage and canine cutaneous melanoma, immunohistochemical markers and several histopathological prognostic factors. Differences include the apparent absence of active mutations in the BRAF gene in canine cutaneous melanoma and less aggressive clinical behaviour in dogs than in humans. Further studies are required to elucidate the aetiology and genetic development pathways of canine cutaneous melanocytic neoplasms. Evaluation of the applicability of histopathological prognostic parameters commonly used in humans for dogs are also needed. The similarities between the species and the recent findings regarding genetic mutations in canine cutaneous melanomas suggest the potential utility of dogs as a natural model for human melanomas that are not related to ultraviolet radiation.

Perioperative care in acute liver failure: An anaesthesiologist perspective in the operating theatre.

Acute liver failure (ALF) is a life-threatening condition characterized by rapid liver function deterioration, necessitating a multidisciplinary approach for optimal perioperative care. This comprehensive review focuses on the critical role of the anaesthesiologist throughout the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative phases, addressing the unique challenges posed by ALF. The article begins with an exploration of ALF, underlining the urgency of timely referral to specialized hepatology centres. Liver transplantation emerges as a life-saving intervention, and the complex decision-making process is discussed, emphasizing the need for a multidisciplinary team to assess transplantation candidacy based on established prognostic criteria. In the preoperative phase, the review stresses the importance of early engagement with tertiary liver centres for timely referrals and identifies patients suitable for transplantation. Safe transport protocols are detailed, highlighting the meticulous planning required for the secure transfer of ALF patients between healthcare facilities. The intraoperative management section delves into the anaesthesiologist's key concerns, including neurological status, sepsis, acute kidney injury, body mass index, and preoperative fasting. Hemodynamic stability, fluid management, and coagulation balance during surgery are emphasized, with insights into anaesthesia techniques, vascular access, monitoring, and hemodynamic management tailored to the challenges posed by ALF patients. The postoperative care is thoroughly examined covering neurological, hemodynamic, metabolic, renal, and nutritional aspects. Management of ALF involves multidisciplinary team, including nephrology for continuous renal replacement therapy, transfusion medicine for plasma exchange, critical care for overall patient care, nutritionists for ensuring adequate nutrition, and hepatologists as the primary guides. In conclusion, the review recognizes the anaesthesiologist as a linchpin in the perioperative care of ALF patients. The integration of safe transport protocols and multidisciplinary approach is deemed crucial for navigating complexities of ALF, contributing to improved patient outcomes. This article serves as an invaluable resource for gastroenterologist and intensivists, enhancing their understanding of the anaesthesiologist's indispensable role in the holistic care of ALF patients in an ever-evolving healthcare landscape.

Application of ultrasound-guided single femoral triangle and adductor canal block in arthroscopic knee surgery: a prospective, double-blind, randomized clinical study.

PURPOSE: To compare the difference in analgesic effect between femoral triangle block (FTB) and adductor canal block (ACB) during arthroscopic knee surgery. METHODS: Patients who underwent arthroscopic knee surgery were randomized preoperatively to FTB group or ACB group. For each group, 20 mL of 0.1% ropivacaine was injected. PRIMARY OUTCOMES: The numeric rating score (NRS) at 12 h after surgery at rest and during movement. SECONDARY OUTCOME: (1) The NRS at post anesthesia care unit (PACU) and 2, 24 h after surgery at rest and during movement; (2) The quadriceps muscle strength at PACU and 2, 12, 24 h after surgery; (3) Consumption of Rescue analgesia; (4) Incidence of adverse reactions. RESULTS: The NRS at 12 h after surgery at rest and during movement of ACB group were higher than FTB group. Among secondary outcomes, the NRS at PACU at rest and during movement, 2 h after surgery during movement of FTB group lower than ACB group; the quadriceps muscle strength at 2 h after surgery of FTB group stronger than ACB group. After multiple linear regression model analysis, the data showed additional statistically significant reduction NRS at 24 h after surgery at rest (0.757, p = 0.037) in FTB group. Other outcomes were similar between two groups. CONCLUSIONS: The FTB appears to provide superior pain control after knee arthroscopy than ACB, the FTB is superior to the ACB in quadriceps muscle strength at 2 h after surgery. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The trial was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR2300068765). Registration date: 28/02/2023.

Preclinical Data Extrapolation to Clinical Reality: A Translational Approach.

In vivo investigations are much more complex than trials conducted in a test tube; the results sometimes aren't as illuminating and could raise more questions than answers. Preclinical data projection into clinical truth is a transcriptional science that remains a compelling trial in drug development. Preclinical in vivo and in vitro education is important in novel drug's non-violent or active growth. Pharmacokinetic and metabolic research is necessary to better understand the chemical and biological effects of medicines and their metabolites. Information produced by such a policy can be used to progress Phase I studies, primarily for anticancer medication. Both living and deceased in vitro models are theoretically excellent preclinical tools for calculating the pharmacological action of counterparts from the same family, such as vinca alkaloids. The animal species most closely linked to humans are chosen based on metabolic patterns. The estimation of the duration of drug action, particularly for medicines with varied metabolic clearances (e.g., benzodiazepines); The empathetic or estimate of medicine relations, i.e., those defined for cyclosporin A and macrolide antibiotics; and Sclarification of the metabolic roots of individual inconsistencies in pharmaceutical action.

Age and sex mediated effects of estrogen and Β3-adrenergic receptor on cardiovascular pathophysiology.

Sex differences are consistently identified in determining the prevalence, manifestation, and response to therapies in several systemic disorders, including those affecting the cardiovascular (CV), skeletal muscle, and nervous system. Interestingly, such differences are often more noticeable as we age. For example, premenopausal women experience a lower risk of CV disease than men of the same age. While at an advanced age, with menopause, the risk of cardiovascular diseases and adverse outcomes increases exponentially in women, exceeding that of men. However, this effect appears to be reversed in diseases such as pulmonary hypertension, where women are up to seven times more likely than men to develop an idiopathic form of the disease with symptoms developing ten years earlier than their male counterparts. Explaining this is a complex question. However, several factors and mechanisms have been identified in recent decades, including a role for sex hormones, particularly estrogens and their related receptors. Furthermore, an emerging role in these sex differences has also been suggested for ß-adrenergic receptors (ßARs), which are essential regulators of mammalian physiology. It has in fact been shown that ßARs interact with estrogen receptors (ER), providing further demonstration of their involvement in determining sexual differences. Based on these premises, this review article focused on the ß3AR subtype, which shows important activities in adipose tissue but with new and interesting roles in regulating the function of cardiomyocytes and vascular cells. In detail, we examined how ß3AR and ER signaling are intertwined and whether there would be sex- and age-dependent specific effects of these receptor systems.

Multi-UniFocality (MUF), in contrast to multifocality, in thyroid lesions: Relation to lymphocytic thyroiditis.

Whereas multifocality typically concerns papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) without specification of intrathyroidal metastatic or independent nature of tumor foci, the designation of the latter as Multi-UniFocal (MUF) may be relevant for select cases. A case series involving multifocal thyroid lesions with divergent histopathological morphology and/or molecular profile, with molecular evaluation of multiple individual tumor foci per patient based on a next-generation sequencing approach, was retrospectively reviewed. Twenty-five patient cases with multifocal thyroid lesions suggestive of MUF, with 2-6 (median 3) tumor foci per patient, were described. Tumor lesions comprised diverse histopathology, including PTC, (E)FVPTC, NIFTP, FA, FTC, and oncocytic. Morphologically similar and/or diverse tumor foci harbored different molecular alterations (suggestive of non-shared clonality); with(out) coexistent similar foci harboring identical molecular alterations; or (partly) shared molecular alterations. MUF was associated with chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis in almost half of the cases. The recognition of MUF may justify the independent clinical consideration per individual tumor focus; as separate lesions albeit within a multifocal context. The potential clinical relevance and prognostic value of MUF remain to be further established.

Pandemic Risk Assessment for Swine Influenza A Virus in Comparative In Vitro and In Vivo Models.

Swine influenza A viruses pose a public health concern as novel and circulating strains occasionally spill over into human hosts, with the potential to cause disease. Crucial to preempting these events is the use of a threat assessment framework for human populations. However, established guidelines do not specify which animal models or in vitro substrates should be used. We completed an assessment of a contemporary swine influenza isolate, A/swine/GA/A27480/2019 (H1N2), using animal models and human cell substrates. Infection studies in vivo revealed high replicative ability and a pathogenic phenotype in the swine host, with replication corresponding to a complementary study performed in swine primary respiratory epithelial cells. However, replication was limited in human primary cell substrates. This contrasted with our findings in the Calu-3 cell line, which demonstrated a replication profile on par with the 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus. These data suggest that the selection of models is important for meaningful risk assessment.