Catheter-related thrombosis in a neonatal intensive care unit: a case-control study / Trombose relacionada a cateter em unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal: um estudo de caso-controle

INTRODUCTION: Catheter-related thrombosis (CRT) accounts for most thrombotic events in the neonate. OBJECTIVE: Investigate CRT frequency, association with days of catheter use until diagnosis, and number of catheters used, in a single-center Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. METHODS: A case-control study that included 14 cases and 42 controls. Data collection occurred between January 2017 and December 2020 in a public NICU. Crude odds ratios (COR) were calculated. The study complied with ethical standards from national guidelines. RESULTS: Two hundred and ninety-four neonates used central venous catheters, of which 14 (4.7%) were diagnosed with CRT. Catheter in use when diagnosis was made was centrally inserted central catheters in 8 (57.1%). Before diagnosis, the cumulative duration of catheter use was 34.5 days and the median number of catheters used was three. A higher SNAPPE-II (COR 1.03; 95% CI 1.01-1.06; p=0.03), cumulative days of catheter use >30 (COR 19.11; 95% CI 2.28-160.10; p=0.007) and number of catheters used ≥3 (COR 7.66; 95% CI 1.51-38.70; p=0.01) were associated with CRT. CONCLUSION: CRT cases were associated with clinical severity; number of catheters and cumulative days of catheter use. We suggest that screening for thrombosis should be performed in neonates who need a long time of catheter use and more than three catheters. Reducing the duration and number of venous catheters used will help to reduce CRT.

INTRODUÇÃO: A trombose relacionada ao cateter (TRC) é responsável pela maioria dos eventos trombóticos no neonato. OBJETIVO: Investigar a frequência da TRC, a associação com os dias de uso do cateter até o diagnóstico e o número de cateteres utilizados em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal unicêntrico. MÉTODOS: Estudo caso-controle que incluiu 14 casos e 42 controles. A coleta de dados ocorreu entre janeiro de 2017 e dezembro de 2020 em uma UTIN pública. Foram calculadas razões de chances brutas (COR). O estudo respeitou os padrões éticos das diretrizes nacionais. RESULTADOS: Duzentos e noventa e quatro neonatos utilizaram cateter venoso central, dos quais 14 (4,7%) foram diagnosticados com TRC. O cateter em uso no momento do diagnóstico foi o cateter central inserido centralmente em 8 (57,1%). Antes do diagnóstico, o tempo acumulado de uso do cateter foi de 34,5 dias e a mediana do número de cateteres utilizados foi de três. Um maior número de dias de uso do cateter >30 (COR 19,11; IC 95% 2,28-160,10; p=0,007) e número de cateteres utilizados >3 (COR 7,66; IC 95% 1,51-38,70; p=0,01). CONCLUSÃO: Os casos de TRC foram associados à gravidade clínica; número de cateteres e dias cumulativos de uso do cateter. Sugerimos que o rastreamento de trombose seja realizado em neonatos que necessitem de longo tempo de uso do cateter e mais de três cateteres. Reduzir a duração e o número de cateteres venosos usados ajudará a reduzir a TRC.

Factors associated with early initiation of breastfeeding / Fatores associados ao aleitamento materno na primeira hora de vida

INTRODUCTION: Early initiation of breastfeeding (EIBF) is still little stimulated in several hospitals in Brazil. Objective: To estimate the prevalence and factors associated with Early initiation of breastfeeding (EIBF). METHODS: Cross-sectional, quantitative study with retrospective secondary data collection in hospital records of 250 full-term newborns, regardless of the type of delivery, with no history of maternal gestational risk, seen in the last six months. Data collection period in a public maternity hospital in Greater São Paulo. Data collection was performed between November 2018 and January 2019, with approval from the hospital and the FMABC Research Ethics Committee under register n. 2,924,393. RESULTS: The prevalence of EIBF was 66%. BFH is associated with anesthesia at childbirth (p<0,001), APGAR less than or equal to 8 in the 1st and 5th minutes (p<0,001), and with c-section (p<0,001), which represented 29.2% of deliveries in the sample. Respiratory distress (38.82%), hypotonia (24.70%), followed by unfavorable maternal conditions (18.82%), were shown to be impeding factors for EIBF, although 90% of newborns received Apgar 9 /10 in the 5th minute. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of early breastfeeding is lower than recommended, but compatible with the most recent national frequency proportions.

INTRODUÇÃO: O aleitamento materno na primeira hora de vida ainda é pouco estimulado em vários hospitais do Brasil. OBJETIVO: Analisar a prevalência e os fatores associados ao aleitamento materno na primeira hora de vida (AMP) entre recém-nascidos a termo. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, de natureza quantitativa, com coleta de dados secundários retrospectivos em prontuários hospitalares de 250 recém-nascidos a termo, independentemente do tipo de parto, com histórico de gestacional de risco habitual, atendidos nos últimos seis meses anteriores ao período de coleta de dados, em uma maternidade pública da Grande São Paulo. Os dados foram coletados entre novembro de 2018 e janeiro de 2019, por meio de roteiro estruturado, mediante aprovação do hospital e do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da FMABC (Parecer n.º 2.924.393). O banco de dados e o tratamento estatístico foram realizados através do programa STATA®. Para a análise, utilizou-se proporções e teste qui-quadrado, adotando-se um nível de significância de 5% e 95% o intervalo de confiança. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de AMP foi de 66%. O AMP está associado a anestesia no parto (p<0,001), APGAR menor ou igual a 8 no 1º e 5º minutos (p<0,001) e ao parto cesárea (p<0,001), cuja proporção na amostra foi de 29,2%. Desconforto respiratório (38,82%), hipotonia (24,70%), seguido de condições maternas desfavoráveis (18,82%), mostraram-se como fatores impeditivos para o AMP, embora 90% dos recém-nascidos tenham recebido Apgar 9/10 no 5º minuto. CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência do aleitamento materno precoce é inferior ao recomendado, porém compatível com as proporções de frequência nacional mais recentes.

An Evidence-Based Discussion of Fetal Pain and Stress.

BACKGROUND: The concept of fetal pain results from procedures conducted without anesthesia in preterm newborns and fetuses, which indicate that it is possible to examine fetal pain based on stress hormone, metabolic, and behavioral changes. Anatomical and physiological data suggest that fetuses become capable of processing nociceptive stimuli around midgestation, although the associated changes in fetal brain development remain unclear. What constitutes fetal pain remains controversial in the light of the definition of pain adopted by the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP), which posits pain as an "unpleasant sensory and emotional experience." SUMMARY: Here, we examine the notion that human fetuses cannot "experience" pain and potential implications of this claim. We highlight the key scientific evidence related to fetal pain, including clinical studies on pain in fetuses and preterm newborns. We argue that consistent patterns of stress hormones, metabolic changes, body movements, hemodynamic changes, and pain-related facial expressions in fetuses exposed to invasive procedures overcome the need for subjective proof of pain as articulated in the IASP definition. No study to date has conclusively proven the absence of fetal pain beyond the age of viability. KEY MESSAGES: Based on the current evidence, we propose that all fetuses receive anesthesia regardless of the invasive procedures being performed to guarantee the least possible pain and physiological, behavioral, or hormonal responses without exposing the mother or her baby to unnecessary complications.

Non-invasive versus invasive respiratory support in preterm infants.

Respiratory insufficiency is almost ubiquitous in infants born preterm, with its incidence increasing with lower gestational age. A wide range of respiratory support management strategies are available for these infants, separable into non-invasive and invasive forms of respiratory support. Here we review the history and evolution of respiratory care for the preterm infant and then examine evidence that has emerged to support a non-invasive approach to respiratory management where able. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is the non-invasive respiratory support mode currently with the most evidence for benefit. CPAP can be delivered safely and effectively and can commence in the delivery room. Particularly in early life, time spent on non-invasive respiratory support, avoiding intubation and mechanical ventilation, affords benefit for the preterm infant by virtue of a lessening of lung injury and hence a reduction in incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. In recent years, enthusiasm for application of non-invasive support has been further bolstered by new techniques for administration of exogenous surfactant. Methods of less invasive surfactant delivery, in particular with a thin catheter, have allowed neonatologists to administer surfactant without resort to endotracheal intubation. The benefits of this approach appear to be sustained, even in those infants subsequently requiring mechanical ventilation. This cements the notion that any reduction in exposure to mechanical ventilation leads to alleviation of injury to the vulnerable preterm lung, with a long-lasting effect. Despite the clear advantages of non-invasive respiratory support, there will continue to be a role for intubation and mechanical ventilation in some preterm infants, particularly for those born <25 weeks' gestation. It is currently unclear what role early non-invasive support has in this special population, with more studies required.

Satisfacción de madres neonatales frente a los cuidados de enfermería en hospital de los Andes peruanos / Satisfaction of neonatal mothers with nursing care in a hospital in the Peruvian Andes / Satisfação das mães neonatais com os cuidados de enfermagem em um hospital nos Andes peruanos

La satisfacción de las madres de recién nacidos con los cuidados de enfermería es crucial, dado el impacto emocional que supone la llegada de un nuevo bebé. Durante los primeros días tras el parto, es fundamental establecer un fuerte vínculo madre-recién nacido, así como garantizar un cuidado efectivo del bebé para que las madres se sientan seguras y confiadas en la atención hospitalaria. Además, las enfermeras desempeñan un papel esencial en el apoyo a la lactancia materna, con beneficios significativos para la salud del bebé. Objetivo. Determinar el nivel de satisfacción de las madres de recién nacidos con los cuidados de enfermería en el servicio de atención inmediata del recién nacido - alojamiento conjunto del Hospital de Pampas de Huancavelica. Materiales y métodos. La metodología empleada fue no experimental, de tipo descriptivo, transversal y prospectivo. Se encuestó a 262 madres de recién nacidos durante los meses de marzo a julio de 2023, utilizando un cuestionario estructurado con 24 ítems como instrumento de medición. Resultados. Se indica que el 65.3% de las madres encuestadas expresaron un nivel de satisfacción completa, el 25.2% mostró un nivel de satisfacción intermedia, y el 9.5% manifestó insatisfacción. Conclusiones. Aunque la mayoría de las madres encuestadas están satisfechas o muy satisfechas con los cuidados de enfermería recibidos, aún existe un porcentaje considerable de insatisfacción. Esto sugiere la necesidad de mejorar ciertos aspectos para garantizar una atención óptima a los recién nacidos y sus madres.

New mothers' satisfaction with nursing care is crucial, given the emotional impact of the arrival of a new baby. During the first days after delivery, establishing a strong mother-newborn bond is critical, as is ensuring effective infant care so that mothers feel secure and confident in hospital care. In addition, nurses play an essential role in supporting breastfeeding, with significant benefits for the baby's health. Objective. To determine the level of satisfaction of mothers of newborns with nursing care in the immediate newborn care service - joint accommodation of the Hospital de Pampas de Huancavelica. Materials and methods. The methodology used was non-experimental, descriptive, cross-sectional and prospective. A total of 262 mothers of newborns were surveyed during the months of March to July 2023, using a structured questionnaire with 24 items as a measurement instrument. Results. It is indicated that 65.3% of the mothers surveyed expressed a level of complete satisfaction, 25.2% showed an intermediate level of satisfaction, and 9.5% expressed dissatisfaction. Conclusions. Although most of the mothers surveyed are satisfied or very satisfied with the nursing care received, there is still a considerable percentage of dissatisfaction. This suggests the need to improve certain aspects to guarantee optimal care for newborns and their mothers.

A satisfação das novas mães com os cuidados de enfermagem é crucial, dado o impacto emocional da chegada de um novo bebê. Durante os primeiros dias após o nascimento, estabelecer um forte vínculo entre a mãe e o recém-nascido e garantir o cuidado eficaz do bebê é essencial para que as mães se sintam seguras e confiantes no atendimento hospitalar. Além disso, os enfermeiros desempenham um papel essencial no apoio ao aleitamento materno, com benefícios significativos para a saúde do bebê. Objetivo. Determinar o nível de satisfação das mães de recém-nascidos com o atendimento de enfermagem no serviço de atendimento imediato ao recém-nascido - alojamento conjunto do Hospital Pampas de Huancavelica. Materiais e métodos. A metodologia utilizada foi não experimental, descritiva, transversal e prospectiva. Um total de 262 mães de recém-nascidos foi pesquisado durante os meses de março a julho de 2023, usando um questionário estruturado com 24 itens como instrumento de medição. Resultados. Indicou-se que 65,3% das mães pesquisadas expressaram um nível de satisfação completa, 25,2% mostraram um nível intermediário de satisfação e 9,5% expressaram insatisfação. Conclusões. Embora a maioria das mães pesquisadas esteja satisfeita ou muito satisfeita com a assistência de enfermagem recebida, ainda há uma porcentagem considerável de insatisfação. Isso sugere a necessidade de melhorar certos aspectos para garantir o cuidado ideal para os recém-nascidos e suas mães.

Maternal and neonatal health outcomes for First Nations Australian women and children: A retrospective cohort study in a Western Sydney metropolitan tertiary referral centre.

AIM: To analyse key pregnancy and birth outcomes for First Nations women and children at a Western Sydney metropolitan tertiary referral centre. METHODS: The birth and health-determining characteristics of 470 First Nations infants born at Nepean Hospital in 2018 and their mothers were included in a retrospective audit and compared with a contemporaneous control group of 470 infants and their mothers. RESULTS: Mothers of First Nations infants had significantly higher rates of socioeconomic disadvantage (P < 0.001), psychosocial vulnerability (P < 0.007), mental illness (P < 0.001), teenage pregnancy (P < 0.001), smoking (45.6% vs. 19.4%, P < 0.001) and drug and alcohol use than control mothers (P < 0.001, P < 0.048). First Nations peoples did not have increased rates of maternal morbidity, nor any difference in rates of Caesarean section, resuscitation at birth, NICU admission, preterm birth or low birth weight in multivariable analysis. However, multivariable analysis demonstrated significant associations between low birth weight and maternal smoking (P < 0.001), hypertension (P < 0.01) and drug use (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Despite challenges facing First Nations mothers and infants, our study found no significant difference in maternal morbidity nor adverse birth outcomes for First Nations infants. The study occurred in the context of culturally specific, First Nations-led antenatal and infant services. Future studies should further investigate relationships between participation in these services and health outcomes. This could identify strengths and areas for improvement in current services, with the goal of further improving outcomes for First Nations peoples through targeted health services that address their psychosocial vulnerabilities and support women to make healthy choices during pregnancy.

Are multiple projections necessary when assessing umbilical venous catheter placement in neonates? A retrospective study.

INTRODUCTION: There is variability in clinical practice regarding the number of radiographic views required to accurately determine umbilical venous catheter (UVC) tip position. Some units prefer performing a single anteroposterior (AP) view and others do both AP and lateral views. The aim of this study was to compare the need for one versus two radiographical views to accurately determine UVC tip position. METHODS: Radiographs of 382 infants (all gestations) from two level six neonatal units were included in the study. Patients with congenital anomalies and those who had adjustment of UVC position between AP and lateral films being performed were excluded. Six clinicians reviewed anonymized AP only images and documented UVC tip position. Subsequently, they reviewed both AP and lateral views and again documented the UVC tip position. Results were compared to the expert consensus which was taken from the consensus of two paediatric radiologists. RESULTS: The study population had a mean gestational age of 32.8 weeks and birth weight of 2190 g, with 58% males. The UVC tip positions were accurately determined 76% times by the AP view alone and 82% times by using both the AP and lateral views (P < 0.001). The low placed UVC tip position which is the most inappropriate for use was more accurately determined by two images (78% times) rather than single image (70% times) (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Utilising both AP and lateral views was superior in accurately determining UVC tip position to AP view alone.

Coagulation assessment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) infected pregnant women and their offspring by using rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM).

OBJECTIVES: During pregnancy, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) infection may intensify the gestational procoagulant state. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) associated coagulopathy (CAC) constitutes an exacerbated immunothrombosis response. There is limited data regarding the coagulation profile of SARS-CoV2-infected pregnant women, especially those with CAC, and the effect on their offspring. This prospective study aimed to compare the hemostatic profile of those women and their neonates with healthy mother-neonate pairs. METHODS: Conventional coagulation tests (CCTs) and rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) were employed to evaluate the hemostatic profiles. Neonates were assessed at birth and on the fourth day of life. RESULTS: We enrolled 46 SARS-CoV2-infected pregnant women and 22 healthy controls who gave birth to 47 and 22 neonates, respectively. CAC was present in 10 participants. SARS-CoV2-infected pregnant women manifested slightly prolonged APTT and higher fibrinogen levels. Regarding ROTEM, we noted decreased FIBTEM CFT, with higher A10, A-angle, and MCF. The CAC group presented lower platelet count, increased fibrinogen levels, and higher FIBTEM A10 and MCF. PT was slightly prolonged at birth in neonates born to SARS-CoV2-infected mothers. During the fourth day of life, D-dimers were significantly increased. Concerning ROTEM, neonates born to SARS-CoV2-infected mothers showed lower FIBTEM CT at birth. CONCLUSIONS: SARS-CoV2-infected pregnant women present a hypercoagulable profile. Hypercoagulability with elevated fibrinolysis and lower platelet count is observed in participants with CAC. The coagulation profile of neonates born to SARS-CoV2 mothers seems unaffected. Elevated D-dimers on the fourth day may reflect a neonatal inflammatory response to maternal SARS-CoV2.

Curds in the way: A milk curd obstruction review and normal sonographic bowel appearances using a novel scoring system in neonates on fortified breast milk feeds.

INTRODUCTION: Fortified expressed breast milk (FEBM) is a standard of care for premature and low birth weight neonates, but comes with an elevated risk of a rare but re-emergent pathology called milk curd obstruction (MCO). Little is known about normal sonographic appearances of bowel contents in this feeding setting, making the recognition of abnormalities difficult. Thus, we aimed to describe appearances that may be considered typical pre- and post-fortifier inclusion. METHODS: Ten neonates of <32 weeks' gestation or a birth weight of <1,800 g recruited from Auckland City Hospital Neonatal Intensive Care between 1/5/2019 and 10/9/2019 received bowel ultrasounds within 24 h before and 10-14 days after starting FEBM. Bowel contents in six abdominal regions were assigned scores of 1-6 based on increasing solidification. RESULTS: Lower gestational age was correlated with more solid contents on the pre-fortifier ultrasound (P = 0.02). Fortifier was significantly associated with increasing solidity, particularly in the left abdomen (P < 0.001). The left lower quadrant and rectum accounted for much of this change (P = 0.012 and P = 0.002). One subject who subsequently developed a clinical picture consistent with early MCO had uniquely demonstrated non-rectal solid contents (score 6). The interobserver kappa score for two assessors was 0.91 (95% CI 0.94-0.99) on still images. CONCLUSION: This small cohort demonstrated increasing bowel content solidification after breast milk fortification using a novel ultrasound scoring system with good interobserver agreement. Non-rectal solid contents (score 6) appeared atypical. Ultrasound shows promise for its non-irradiating diagnostic utility in the setting of early milk curd disease evaluation of the premature neonate.

Retrospective analysis of referrals for hypoxic challenge testing in children born preterm.

INTRODUCTION: Children with a history of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) may be at risk of hypoxaemia at altitude, such as during air travel. We have performed preflight hypoxic challenge testing (HCT) since 2006, incorporating British Thoracic Society (BTS) guidance since 2011, to determine which children may require oxygen during air travel. AIMS: We aimed to compare the outcome of HCTs in children with a history of BPD who met the 2011 BTS criteria and those who did not and, in addition to this, to interrogate the data for factors that may predict the outcome of HCT in this population. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of data from HCTs of children with a history of BPD referred 2006-2020. Cases were excluded if the patient had a respiratory comorbidity, was still on oxygen therapy, if the test was a repeat or if the clinical record was incomplete. Descriptive and univariate analysis of the data was performed, and a binary logistic regression model was fitted. RESULTS: There were 79 HCTs, of which 24/79 (30%) did not meet BTS 2011 guidelines referral criteria. The analysis showed a greater proportion of desaturation in the group that did not meet criteria: 46% vs 27% (no statistical significance). Baseline oxygen saturations were higher in those who did not require oxygen during HCT and this variable was significant when adjusted for confounders. CONCLUSIONS: This study found that the current criteria for referral for preflight testing may incorrectly identify those most at risk and highlights the need for further investigation to ensure those most at risk are being assessed prior to air travel.

Comparación del inicio de terapia antirretroviral antes versus durante la gestación como factor de riesgo asociado a resultados neonatales adversos en el tratamiento del VIH en el Hospital de Referencias Regional en Trujillo, periodo 2015-2023 / Comparing starting antiretroviral therapy for hiv before pregnancy versus during pregnancy as a risk factor associated to poor neonatal outcomes in a regional reference hospital in trujillo in 2015-2023

RESUMEN Objetivo: determinar si el inicio de tratamiento antirretroviral (TARV) preconcepción es factor de riesgo para resultados adversos neonatales comparado con el inicio de TARV durante la gestación en el tratamiento de VIH en mujeres mayores de 18 años en Hospital Belén de Trujillo (HBT). Materiales y métodos: estudio analítico, observacional de cohorte retrospectiva. El tamaño muestral estuvo conformado por 168 gestantes con diagnóstico de VIH en tratamiento antirretroviral, divididos en dos grupos: 84 gestantes que inician TARV preconcepción y 84 gestantes que inician TARV después de la gestación. El análisis se realizó con la prueba chi cuadrado y el cálculo del riesgo relativo (RR) con intervalos de confianza al 95% y significancia del 5%. Resultados: la frecuencia de resultados adversos neonatales fue 48,8% en mujeres que iniciaron TARV antes de la concepción y 21,4% en las que iniciaron terapia posconcepción, siendo esta diferencia significativa (p<0,001). Resultados neonatales adversos como el peso bajo al nacer (p=0,015) y recién nacido pequeño para la edad gestacional (p=0,035) se asociaron de manera significativa al inicio de TARV antes de la gestación. Conclusiones: el inicio de TARV antes de la gestación pareciera estar asociado con resultados adversos neonatales comparado con el inicio de TARV durante la gestación, aunque requiere ser ajustado por posibles confusores.

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine whether pre-conception initiation of antiretroviral (ARV) therapy compared to pregnancy ARV initiation is a risk factor for adverse neonatal outcomes in women more than 18 years old in Belen Hospital in Trujillo (BHT). Material and Methods: This is an analytical observational study performed in a retrospective cohort. Sample size was 168 pregnant women diagnosed with HIV infection and receiving antiretroviral (ARV) therapy, who were divided in two groups: 84 women who started ARV prior to conception and 84 who started ARV after conception. The analysis was performed using the Chi-square test and relative risk (RR) was calculated, with 95% confidence intervals (CI) and 5% significance. Results: The rate of adverse neonatal outcomes was 48.8% in women starting ARV after conception and 21.4% in those who started ARV after conception, and this difference was significant (p<0.001). Adverse neonatal outcomes, such as low birthweight (p= 0.015) and being small for gestational age (p= 0.035) were significantly associated with ARV initiation before pregnancy. Conclusion: ARV initiation before pregnancy seems to be associated with adverse neonatal outcomes when compared with ARV initiation during pregnancy, although this may be adjusted for potential confounding factors.

Manutenção do cateter central de inserção periférica neonatal: protocolo de revisão de escopo / Maintenance of the neonatal peripherally inserted central catheter: a scoping review protocol

OBJETIVO: Mapear e sintetizar as evidências sobre os cuidados realizados por enfermeiros para a manutenção do cateter central de inserção periférica neonatal. MÉTODO: O protocolo foi construído seguindo as recomendações do Instituto Joanna Briggs (JBI), atendendo às diretrizes Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). A revisão de escopo descreverá e mapeará as evidências científicas relativas à manutenção do cateter central de inserção periférica neonatal presentes nas literaturas nacionais e internacionais.

OBJECTIVE: To map and synthesize the evidence regarding the care provided by nurses for the maintenance of neonatal peripherally inserted central catheters. METHOD: The protocol was developed following the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) recommendations, adhering to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. The scoping review will describe and map the scientific evidence of maintaining neonatal peripherally inserted central catheters from the national and international literature.

Pediatricians' focus of sight at pain assessment during a neonatal heel puncture / Foco do olhar do pediatra na avaliação da dor neonatal durante uma punção de calcanhar

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the focus of pediatricians' gaze during the heel prick of neonates. Methods: Prospective study in which pediatricians wearing eye tracker glasses evaluated neonatal pain before/after a heel prtick. Pediatricians scored the pain they perceived in the neonate in a verbal analogue numerical scale (0=no pain; 10=maximum pain). The outcomes measured were number and time of visual fixations in upper face, lower face, and hands, in two 10-second periods, before (pre) and after the puncture (post). These outcomes were compared between the periods, and according to pediatricians' pain perception: absent/mild (score: 0-5) and moderate/intense (score: 6-10). Results: 24 pediatricians (31 years old, 92% female) evaluated 24 neonates. The median score attributed to neonatal pain during the heel prick was 7.0 (Interquartile range: 5-8). Compared to pre-, in the post-periods, more pediatricians fixed their gaze on the lower face (63 vs. 92%; p=0.036) and the number of visual fixations was greater on the lower face (2.0 vs. 5.0; p=0.018). There was no difference in the number and time of visual fixations according to the intensity of pain. Conclusions: At bedside, pediatricians change their focus of attention on the neonatal face after a painful procedure, focusing mainly on the lower part of the face.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o foco do olhar do pediatra durante a punção do calcanhar de neonatos. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo no qual pediatras, utilizando óculos de rastreamento visual, avaliaram a dor neonatal antes/depois de uma punção de calcanhar. Os pediatras pontuaram a dor de acordo com a sua percepção por meio de uma escala analógica verbal (0=sem dor; 10=dor máxima). Os desfechos analisados foram o número e o tempo das fixações visuais na face superior, face inferior e mãos, em dois períodos de 10 segundos, antes (PRÉ) e depois da punção (PÓS). Os resultados foram comparados entre os períodos e segundo a percepção da dor do pediatra: ausente/leve (escore: 0-5) e moderada/grave (escore: 6-10). Resultados: Vinte e quatro pediatras (31 anos, 92% sexo feminino) avaliaram 24 neonatos. A mediana do escore atribuído à dor do recém-nascido durante a punção do calcanhar foi 7,0 (intervalo interquartil: 5-8). Comparado ao período PRÉ, no período PÓS, o maior número de pediatras fixou o olhar na face inferior (63 vs. 92%; p=0,036) e o número de fixações visuais foi maior na face inferior (2,0 vs. 5,0; p=0,018). Não houve diferença no número e no tempo das fixações visuais de acordo com a intensidade da dor. Conclusões: À beira do leito, os pediatras mudam seu foco de atenção visual na face do recém-nascido após um procedimento doloroso, focando o olhar principalmente na parte inferior da face.

Identificação do contexto familiar e social em registros de consultas de enfermagem ao binômio mãe-bebê / Identificación del contexto familiar y social en registros de consultas de enfermería para el binomio madre-bebé / Identification of the family and social context in records of nursing consultations with the mother-baby binomial

Objetivo: identificar informações relacionadas ao contexto familiar e social em registros da primeira consulta de enfermagem ao binômio mãe-bebê. Método: estudo de Métodos Mistos com Estratégia Incorporada Concomitante de Dados. Utilizou-se roteiro composto por oito questões com respostas do tipo dicotômicas e espaço para transcrever as sentenças relacionadas ao contexto familiar e social. Dados analisados por estatística descritiva e análise de conteúdo dedutiva. Resultados: dos 326 registros, 30% descreveram a presença de outros familiares na consulta e o estado emocional da puérpera. Informações sobre estrutura familiar e rede de apoio estavam presentes em 27,3 e 21,8% deles, respectivamente. A experiência da gestação foi o aspecto menos mencionado (4,3%). O diagnóstico comumente incluído foi "Vínculo mãe e filho preservado". As sentenças convergiram com os dados quantitativos ao indicar limitada exploração do contexto e centralidade no modelo biomédico. Conclusão: na maioria dos registros não constava informações sobre o contexto familiar e social.

Objective: to identify information related to the family and social context in records of the first nursing consultation with the mother-baby binomial. Method: Mixed-methods study with Concomitant Data Incorporated Strategy. A script was used consisting of eight questions with dichotomous answers and space to transcribe the sentences related to the family and social context. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and deductive content analysis. Results: of the 326 records, 30% described the presence of other family members at the appointment and the emotional state of the puerperal woman. Information on family structure and support networks was present in 27.3 and 21.8% of them, respectively. The experience of pregnancy was the least mentioned aspect (4.3%). The diagnosis most commonly included was "Mother-child bond preserved". The sentences converged and indicated a limited exploration of the context and a focus on the biomedical model. Conclusion: the majority of records lacked information on the family and social context.

Objetivo: identificar información relacionada al contexto familiar y social en registros de la primera consulta de enfermería para el binomio madre-bebé. Método: estudio de métodos mixtos con estrategia integrada de datos concomitantes. Se utilizó un guion compuesto por ocho preguntas con respuestas dicotómicas y espacio para transcribir las frases relacionadas con el contexto familiar y social. Datos analizados mediante estadística descriptiva y análisis de contenido deductivo. Resultados: de los 326 registros, el 30% describió la presencia de otros familiares en la consulta y el estado emocional de la puérpera. La información sobre la estructura familiar y la red de apoyo estuvo presente en el 27,3 y el 21,8% de ellos, respectivamente. La experiencia del embarazo fue el aspecto menos mencionado (4,3%). El diagnóstico comúnmente incluido fue "Vínculo preservado entre madre e hijo". Las frases convergieron con los datos cuantitativos al indicar una exploración limitada del contexto y la centralidad en el modelo biomédico. Conclusión: la mayoría de los registros no contenían información sobre el contexto familiar y social.

Bundle para regulação da temperatura corporal de recém-nascidos maiores de 34 semanas: construção e validação / Bundle for regulating the body temperature of newborns over 34 weeks: Construction and validation / Paquete para regular la temperatura corporal de recién nacidos de más de 34 semanas: construcción y validación

Objetivo: Descrever o processo de construção e validação de um bundle para promoção da regulação da temperatura corporal de recém-nascidos maiores de 34 semanas. Métodos: Pesquisa metodológica executada em três etapas: revisão de escopo, construção da primeira versão do bundle e validação de conteúdo realizada por 15 experts, sendo nove enfermeiros e seis médicos, selecionados conforme critérios adaptados de referencial na área. O índice de validade de conteúdo acima de 0,80 foi considerado aceitável para a concordância entre os experts sobre cada cuidado. Foram necessárias duas rodadas de avaliação para a confecção da versão final. Resultados: O bundle foi estruturado em cuidados: na sala de parto, no transporte e no alojamento conjunto, com total de 15 itens, todos com concordância acima de 0,90 após a segunda rodada de avaliação. Conclusão: O bundle elaborado foi considerado válido quanto ao conteúdo e estabelece cuidados baseados em evidências científicas de maneira padronizada e segura para a equipe de assistência ao parto.

Objective: Describe the process of building and validating a bundle to promote body temperature regulation in newborns over 34 weeks of age. Methods: This methodological research was carried out in three stages: a scoping review, construction of the first version of the bundle, and content validation by 15 experts, nine nurses and six physicians, selected according to criteria adapted from references in the field. A content validity index above 0.80 was considered acceptable for the agreement among the experts on each type of care. Two rounds of evaluation were required to produce the final version. Results: The bundle was structured into care in the delivery room, during transportation, and in the rooming- in unit, with a total of 15 items, all with agreement above 0.90 after the second round of evaluation. Conclusion: The bundle developed was considered valid in terms of content and establishes care based on scientific evidence in a standardized and safe way for the childbirth care team.

Objetivo: Describir el proceso de creación y validación de un paquete para promover la regulación de la temperatura corporal en recién nacidos de más de 34 semanas de edad. Métodos: Investigación metodológica realizada en tres etapas: una revisión del alcance, la construcción de la primera versión del paquete y la validación del contenido llevada a cabo por 15 expertos, nueve enfermeras y seis médicos, seleccionados según criterios adaptados a partir de referencias en la materia. Se consideró aceptable un índice de validez de contenido superior a 0,80 para el acuerdo entre los expertos sobre cada tipo de atención. Fueron necesarias dos rondas de evaluación para elaborar la versión final. Resultados: El paquete se estructuró en cuidados: en la sala de partos, durante el transporte y en la unidad de alojamiento, con un total de 15 ítems, todos ellos con una concordancia superior a 0,90 tras la segunda ronda de evaluación. Conclusión: El paquete se consideró válido en cuanto a su contenido y establece una atención basada en pruebas científicas de forma estandarizada y segura para el equipo de atención al parto.

Aleitamento materno exclusivo e uso da bolsa canguru em bebês a termo entre o primeiro e segundo mês de idade / Exclusive breastfeeding and the use of kangaroo slings among full-term infants between their first and second months of age / Amamantamiento materno exclusivo y uso de la bolsa canguro en bebés a término entre el primer y segundo mes de edad

Objetivo: verificar a associação entre o uso da bolsa canguru, desde a maternidade até o domicílio, e aleitamento materno exclusivo, entre o 1o e 2o mês de idade, em bebês a termo saudáveis; identificar o nível de autoeficácia para o aleitamento materno, das mães que utilizaram a bolsa canguru. Métodos: estudo transversal com mães que receberam uma bolsa canguru após o parto, na maternidade, e foram orientadas sobre manterem seus bebês nesta postura, pelo menos uma hora por dia. Entre um e dois meses após o nascimento, foram investigadas a frequência do uso da bolsa canguru, autoeficácia materna da amamentação e tipo de alimentação dos bebês. Para análise foi empregado o teste ꭓ2 ou Exato de Fisher e o coeficiente V de Cramer (p < 0,05). Resultados: participaram 98 mães. Todas utilizaram a bolsa canguru no alojamento conjunto, 39,8% utilizaram três ou mais vezes por semana, no domicílio entre o primeiro e segundo mês após o parto; 70,4% dos bebês permaneceram em Aleitamento Materno Exclusivo (AME), o nível da autoeficácia materna para amamentação foi alto. AME esteve associado ao uso da bolsa canguru no domicílio (p = 0,014). Conclusão: bebês a termo saudáveis podem se beneficiar do uso da bolsa canguru desde a maternidade, estendido até o domicílio.

Objectives: to verify the association between kangaroo slings used from maternity hospital to home, and exclusive breastfeeding among healthy full-term babies between the 1st and 2nd months of age; to identify breastfeeding self-efficacy level of those mothers using a kangaroo sling. Method: this cross-sectional study addressed mothers who received a kangaroo sling after giving birth, at maternity hospital, and were instructed to keep the babies in this posture at least one hour daily. The frequency with which the mothers used the kangaroo sling, breastfeeding self-efficacy, and the type of feeding were investigated between one and two months after delivery. ꭓ2 or Fisher's exact test and Cramer's V coefficient (p < 0.05) were adopted in the analysis. Results: ninety-eight mothers participated in the study. All of them used the kangaroo sling in rooming-in; 39.8% used it three or more times a week at home between the 1st and 2nd months after giving birth; 70.4% of the babies remained on Exclusive Breastfeeding (EBF), the level of breastfeeding self-efficacy was high, and EBF was associated with the use of a kangaroo sling at home (p = 0.014). Conclusion: healthy full-term babies can benefit from using a kangaroo sling, starting at the maternity hospital and extending its use to home.

Objetivo: verificar la asociación entre el uso de la bolsa canguro, desde la maternidad hasta el domicilio, y amamantamiento materno exclusivo, entre el 1o e 2o mes de edad, en bebés a término saludables; identificar el nivel de autoeficacia para el amamantamiento materno, de las madres que utilizaron la bolsa canguro. Métodos: estudio transversal con madres que recibieron una bolsa canguro después del parto, en la maternidad, y fueron orientadas sobre mantener sus bebés en esta postura, por lo menos una hora por día. Entre uno y dos meses después del nacimiento, fueron investigadas la frecuencia del uso de la bolsa canguro, autoeficacia materna del amamantamiento y tipo de alimentación de los bebés. Para el análisis fue empleado el test ꭓ2 o Exacto de Fisher y el coeficiente V de Cramer (p < 0,05). Resultados: participaron 98 madres. Todas utilizaron la bolsa canguro en alojamiento conjunto, 39,8% utilizaron tres o más veces por semana, en el domicilio entre el primero y segundo mes después el parto; 70,4%, de los bebés, permaneció en Lactancia Materno Exclusivo (LME); el nivel de la autoeficacia materna para amamantamiento fue alto. El LME estuvo asociado al uso de la bolsa canguro en el domicilio (p = 0,014). Conclusión: bebés a término saludables pueden beneficiarse del uso de la bolsa canguro desde la maternidad, extendido hasta el domicilio.

Visita domiciliar na primeira semana saúde integral, segundo enfermeiros da atenção primária / Home visit in the first week integral health, according to primary care nurses / Visita domiciliaria en la primera semana salud integral, según enfermeras de atención primaria

Objetivo: compreender a percepção e implementação da visita domiciliar na Primeira Semana Saúde Integral, segundo enfermeiros da Atenção Primária. Método: estudo qualitativo, realizado por entrevistas com cinco enfermeiras em Unidades de Saúde da Família no curimataú paraibano, entre agosto e dezembro de 2019. Os dados foram interpretados pela Análise de Conteúdo. Resultados: percebeu-se a partir de duas categorias que, os enfermeiros reconhecem a Primeira Semana Saúde Integral como estratégia de integralidade na saúde ao binômio, utilizando unicamente a visita domiciliar como ação; distinguem os elementos necessários para a implementação desta conforme as diretrizes nacionais, todavia identificaram desafios, bem como estratégias para dirimi-los. Considerações finais: reforça-se a ideia da educação permanente para qualificação dos profissionais na Atenção Primária, bem como a inserção de um instrumento para a realização das visitas domiciliares, potencializando assim as ações de cuidado

Objective: to understand the perception and implementation of home visits in the First Integral Health Week, according to Primary Care nurses. Method: qualitative study, carried out with five nurses in Family Health Units in curimataú, Paraíba, between August and December 2019. Data were interpreted by Content Analysis. Results: it was noticed from two categories that the nurses recognize the First Integral Health Week as a strategy of integrality in health to the binomial, using only the home visit as an action; distinguish the elements necessary for the implementation of this according to the national guidelines, however they identified challenges, as well as strategies to solve them. Final considerations: the idea of continuing education for the qualification of professionals in Primary Care is reinforced, as well as the insertion of an instrument for carrying out home visits, thus enhancing care actions

Objetivos: comprender la percepción e implementación de la visita domiciliaria en la Primera Semana de Salud Integral, según los enfermeros de Atención Primaria. Método: estudio cualitativo, realizado con cinco enfermeros en Unidades de Salud de la Familia en Curimataú, Paraíba, entre agosto y diciembre de 2019. Los datos fueron interpretados por Análisis de Contenido. Resultados: se percibió a partir de dos categorías que los enfermeros reconocen la Primera Semana de Salud Integral como una estrategia de integralidad en salud al binomio, utilizando únicamente la visita domiciliaria como acción; distinguen los elementos necesarios para la implementación de este de acuerdo a los lineamientos nacionales, sin embargo identificaron desafíos, así como estrategias para solucionarlos. Consideraciones finales: se refuerza la idea de educación continua para la calificación de profesionales en la Atención Básica, así como la inserción de un instrumento para la realización de visitas domiciliarias, potenciando así las acciones de cuidado

Patients' prognosis with congenital heart disease followed by ten years: survival and associated factors / Prognóstico de pacientes com cardiopatia congênita seguidos por dez anos: sobrevida e fatores associados

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the prognosis and influence of associated factors in patients with congenital heart disease admitted for the first time to the Intensive Care Unit of the Hospital da Criança Santo Antônio/Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, especially those factors associated with death. Methods: Patients were prospectively and consecutively allocated over a period of one year (August 2005 to July 2006). Now, 15 years after the initial selection, we collected data from these patients in the database of the Cytogenetics Laboratory of the Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre and in the medical records of the hospital. Results: Of the 96 patients, 11 died and 85 were alive until 20 years old. Four patients died in the Intensive Care Unit. The survival probability up to 365 days of life was 95.8%. The survival assessment identified that the deaths occurred mainly before the patients completed one thousand days of life. We found that complex heart disease was independently associated with an odds ratio of 5.19 (95% confidence interval — CI:1.09-24.71; p=0.038) for death. Conclusions: Knowledge about the factors that interfere with the prognosis can be crucial in care practice planning, especially considering that congenital heart disease is an important cause of mortality in the first year of life.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o prognóstico e a influência de fatores associados em pacientes com cardiopatia congênita internados pela primeira vez na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva do Hospital da Criança Santo Antônio/Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, principalmente aqueles fatores associados ao óbito. Métodos: Os pacientes foram alocados prospectiva e consecutivamente por um período de um ano (agosto de 2005 a julho de 2006). Agora, 15 anos após a seleção inicial, coletamos dados desses pacientes no banco de dados do Laboratório de Citogenética da Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre e nos prontuários do hospital. Resultados: Dos 96 pacientes, 11 faleceram e 85 permaneceram vivos até completar 20 anos. Quatro pacientes morreram na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva. A probabilidade de sobrevida até 365 dias de vida foi de 95,8%. A avaliação da sobrevida identificou que os óbitos ocorreram principalmente antes de os pacientes completarem mil dias de vida. Verificamos que a doença cardíaca complexa foi independentemente associada a um odds ratio de 5,19 (intervalo de confiança — IC95% 1,09-24,71; p=0,038) para morte. Conclusões: O conhecimento dos fatores que interferem no prognóstico pode ser fundamental no planejamento da prática assistencial, principalmente considerando-se que as cardiopatias congênitas são importante causa de mortalidade no primeiro ano de vida.

Skin injuries in newborns hospitalized in neonatal intensive care: a cross-sectional study / Lesiones cutáneas en recién nacidos hospitalizados en cuidados intensivos neonatales: estudio transversal / Lesão de pele em recém-nascidos hospitalizados em terapia intensiva neonatal: estudo seccional

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the skin injuries of hospitalized newborns and identify factors related to the number of lesions. Method: This was a cross-sectional epidemiological study carried out over a period of one year in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit in the west of Paraná. The study included 74 newborns with a score ≥5 on the Newborn Skin Condition Scale. Data analysis by chi-square and Pearson's test (p < 0.05). Results: The frequency was 25.4%, 59.4% had more than one lesion, mainly dermatitis and pressure injury. Birth characteristics were not related to the number of lesions. Not using antibiotics and parenteral nutrition, hemoglobin >11g/dl, phototherapy, pain score <4 and hospitalization >30 days were related to the number of lesions. The presence of two injuries led to longer healing time and three to longer hospitalization. A higher score on the Skin Condition Scale was related to healing time and late start of the diet. Conclusion: Skin injuries were found to be infrequent among newborns, but there is still a need to improve practices to prevent and maintain skin integrity.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar las lesiones cutáneas en recién nacidos hospitalizados e identificar los factores relacionados con el número de lesiones. Material y método: Estudio epidemiológico transversal realizado durante un año en una unidad de terapia intensiva neonatal del oeste de Paraná. Fueron incluidos 74 recién nacidos con puntuación ≥5 en la Escala de Estado de la Piel del Recién Nacido. Los datos se analizaron mediante chi-cuadrado y test de Pearson (p < 0,05). Resultados: La frecuencia fue del 25,4%, el 59,4% presentaba más de una lesión, principalmente dermatitis y lesiones por presión. Las características del nacimiento no se relacionaron con el número de lesiones. No utilizar antibióticos ni nutrición parenteral, hemoglobina >11g/dl, fototerapia, puntuación del dolor <4 y hospitalización >30 días se relacionaron con el número de lesiones. La presencia de dos lesiones conllevaba un mayor tiempo de curación y tres una hospitalización más prolongada. Una puntuación más alta en la escala de estado de la piel se relacionó con el tiempo de curación y el inicio tardío de la dieta. Conclusión: Se observó que las lesiones cutáneas son poco frecuentes entre los recién nacidos, pero sigue siendo necesario mejorar las prácticas de prevención y mantenimiento de la integridad de la piel.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar as lesões de pele de recém-nascidos hospitalizados e identificar fatores relacionados ao número de lesões. Método: Estudo epidemiológico seccional, realizado no período de um ano, em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal do Oeste do Paraná. Foram incluídos 74 recém-nascidos com escore ≥5 na Escala de Condição da Pele do Recém-Nascido. Análise de dados por teste qui-quadrado e Pearson (p < 0,05). Resultados: A frequência foi de 25,4%, 59,4% apresentaram mais de uma lesão, principalmente dermatites e lesão por pressão. Características do nascimento não se relacionaram ao número de lesões. Não usar antibióticos e nutrição parenteral, hemoglobina >11g/dl, fototerapia, escore de dor <4 e hospitalização >30 dias foram relacionados ao número de lesões. Presença de duas lesões levou maior tempo de cicatrização e três, de hospitalização. Maior escore na Escala de Condição da Pele se relacionou ao tempo de cicatrização e início tardio da dieta. Conclusão: A lesão de pele mostrou-se pouco frequente entre os recém-nascidos, mesmo assim, é preciso aprimorar as práticas para prevenir e manter a integridade da pele.