Mastectomy in ten mares: indications, surgical technique, complications, and long-term outcome.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the indications for and surgical technique of mastectomy of mares and to describe the outcome of 10 mares that underwent mastectomy in a retrospective case series. ANIMALS: 10 mares having disease of one or both mammary glands. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: Medical records (1995 to 2022) from 2 university teaching hospitals were searched to identify mares that had undergone unilateral or bilateral mastectomy. Data regarding history, signalment, diagnostic tests, preoperative treatment, surgical procedure, and postoperative management were reviewed. Follow-up information was obtained by interviewing the owners by telephone. RESULTS: One (n = 4 mares) or both mammary glands (6 mares) were excised for the following reasons: chronic bacterial mastitis (4), neoplasia (3), lymphangiectasia (1), pythiosis (1), and lymphoid hamartoma (1). None of the mares experienced intraoperative complications. The surgical site was closed primarily in 2 mares and left unsutured in 8 mares. Both sutured wounds developed a seroma, and 1 dehisced. The owners reported that the surgical wound, whether sutured or unsutured, was healed within 3 months. All mares returned to use for their intended purpose, but 3 mares were euthanized 2 to 4 years after surgery due to progression of disease. One mare drowned 1 year after discharge. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Mastectomy can be an effective treatment for mares suffering from disease of one or both mammary glands when the mare is refractory to medical treatment.

Untargeted Metabolomic Analysis Reveals Plasma Differences between Mares with Endometritis and Healthy Ones.

The aim of this study was to explore alterations in plasma metabolites among mares afflicted with endometritis. Mares were divided into two groups, namely, the equine endometritis group (n = 8) and the healthy control group (n = 8), which included four pregnant and four non-pregnant mares, using a combination of clinical assessment and laboratory confirmation. Plasma samples from both groups of mares were analyzed through untargeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) metabolomics. A total of 28 differentially abundant metabolites were identified by screening and identifying differentially abundant metabolites and analyzing the pathway enrichment of differentially. Ten metabolites were identified as potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of endometritis in mares. Among them, seven exhibited a decrease in the endometritis groups, including hexadecanedioic acid, oleoyl ethanolamide (OEA), [fahydroxy(18:0)]12_13-dihydroxy-9z-octa (12,13-diHOME), deoxycholic acid 3-glucuronide (DCA-3G), 2-oxindole, and (+/-)9-HPODE, and 13(S)-HOTRE. On the other hand, three metabolites, adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP), 5-hydroxy-dl-tryptophan (5-HTP), and l-formylkynurenine, demonstrated an increase. These substances primarily participate in the metabolism of tryptophan and linolenic acid, as well as fat and energy. In conclusion, metabolomics revealed differentially abundant metabolite changes in patients with mare endometritis. These specific metabolites can be used as potential biomarkers for the non-invasive diagnosis of mare endometritis.

Effect of pregnancy on isolation efficiency and in vitro proliferation of equine peripheral-blood derived mesenchymal stromal cells.

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have regenerative and immunomodulatory potential and may be used to treat injured tissues. Pregnancy has been associated with increased MSCs in the peripheral circulation in multiple species, but to date, there are no reports on this matter in horses. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of pregnancy on isolation efficiency and proliferation capacity of equine MSCs derived from the peripheral blood (PB) of mares. Venous blood samples were collected at the 11th month of gestation and 1 month after delivery from clinically healthy Arabian mares that presented normal pregnancies. Blood samples were processed for in vitro cellular culture and hormonal and metabolic profiles. MSCs were isolated and characterized by trilineage differentiation potential, immunophenotyping, analyzed by gene sequencing and proliferation assays. The isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of pregnant mares were associated with higher isolation efficiency and proliferative capacity of MSCs derived from peripheral blood (PB-MSCs) recovered pre-partum than those isolated post-partum. Although fetal gender, parity, 5α-reduced pregnanes, insulin, and cortisol were shown to affect cellular proliferation, individual factors and the small population studied must be considered. This study suggests that PB-MSCs from pregnant mares could be a valuable alternative source of MSCs for therapeutic purposes.

Effect of age on androgens pattern in cyclic mares.

Androgens are produced in both sexes. In females produced by the adrenal gland and the ovaries they play a crucial role in regulating ovarian function, estrogen synthesis and follicular growth. Age leads to a reduction in androgen concentrations, although, at present, these mechanisms are not elucidated in mares. The objective of this study was to evaluate the concentrations of testosterone (T), androstenedione (A4) and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) in mares of different ages. Blood samples were drawn from seventy cyclic Spanish Purebred mares belonging to five age groups: 3-5 years, 6-9 years, 10-13 years, 14-16 years and > 16 years. The concentrations of T, A4 and DHEA were determined by EIA, validated specifically for horses. Mares aged 3-5, 6-9 and 10-13 years had higher T concentrations (P < 0.05) than mares aged >16 years, and mares aged 6-9 years had also higher concentrations than those 14-16 years old (P < 0.05). A4 concentrations were lower (P < 0.05) in mares >16 years old when compared with those of other age groups. DHEA concentrations were lower (P < 0.05) in mares 14-16 years and > 16 years old when compared with those of other age groups. DHEA was positively correlated with T (r = 0.61; P < 0.05) and A4 (r = 0.51; P < 0.05). Age induces reduction in androgens' synthesis in physiologically cyclic Spanish Purebred mares. These physiological variations must be duly considered for a correct and objective interpretation of the analytical data.

Identification of pasteurized mare milk and powder adulteration with bovine milk using quantitative proteomics and metabolomics approaches.

Adulteration in dairy products presents food safety challenges, driven by economic factors. Processing may change specific biomarkers, thus affecting their effectiveness in detection. In this study, proteomics and metabolomics approaches were to investigate the detection of bovine milk (BM) constituents adulteration in pasteurized mare milk (PMM) and mare milk powder (MMP). Several bovine proteins and metabolites were identified, with their abundances in PMM and MMP increasing upon addition of BM. Proteins like osteopontin (OPN) and serotransferrin (TF) detected adulteration down to 1 % in PMM, whereas these proteins in MMP were utilized to identify 10 % adulteration. Biotin and N6-Me-adenosine were effective in detecting adulteration in PMM as low as 10 % and 1 % respectively, while in MMP, their detection limits extend down to 0.1 %. These findings offer insights for authenticating mare milk products and underscore the influence of processing methods on biomarker levels, stressing the need to consider these effects in milk product authentication.

Characterizing the relationship between gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), kisspeptin, and RFamide related peptide 3 (RFRP-3) neurons in the equine hypothalamus across the estrous cycle and in the anovulatory seasons.

To understand better the role that kisspeptin plays in regulating seasonal and estrous cycle changes in the mare, this study investigated the number, location and interactions between GnRH, kisspeptin and RFRP-3 neurons in the equine hypothalamus. Hypothalami were collected from mares during the non-breeding season, vernal transition and various stages of the breeding season. Fluorescent immunohistochemistry was used to label the neuropeptides of interest. GnRH cells were observed primarily in the arcuate nucleus (ARC), while very few labeled cells were identified in the pre-optic area (POA). Kisspeptin cells were identified primarily in the ARC, with a small number of cells observed dorsal to the ARC, surrounding the third ventricle (3V). The mean number of kisspeptin cells varied between animals and typically showed no pattern associated with season or stage of estrous cycle, but a seasonal difference was identified in the ARC population. Small numbers of RFRP-3 cells were observed in the ARC, ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) and dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH). The mean number of RFRP-3 cells appeared higher in pre-ovulatory animals compared to all other stages. The percentage of GnRH cell bodies with kisspeptin appositions did not change with season or stage of estrous cycle. The percentage of kisspeptin cells receiving inputs from RFRP-3 fibers did not vary with season or stage of estrous cycle. These interactions suggest the possibility of the presence of an ultra-short loop feedback system between these three peptides. The changes in RFRP-3 neurons suggest the possibility of a role in the regulation of reproduction in the horse, but it is unlikely to be as a gonadotropin inhibitory factor.

Development of a fluorometric Cuboni test for the semi-quantitative measurement of urinary estrogen levels and pregnancy detection in mares.

The aim of the present study was to develop a semi-quantitative urine pregnancy test for mares based on the Cuboni reaction and to verify the reliability of this test. The urine specimens were hydrolyzed by heating in the presence of hydrochloric acid. The resulting free estrogens were extracted from the urine matrix using toluene. Sulfuric acid was added to the toluene extract and the mixture was heated again. The lower layer in the test tube containing sulfuric acid was used for fluorescence measurements with excitation at 355 nm and measurement at 535 nm. The fluorometric Cuboni test revealed that the fluorescence counts in urine samples collected after the second trimester of gestation were significantly higher than those obtained from barren mares. The levels of estrogens, including equilin, estrone and estardiol-17ß exhibited a dose-dependent increase in fluorescence counts, whereas other steroids, such as progesterone, testosterone, and cortisol, did not affect fluorescence. Heat treatment of urine samples with hydrochloric acid significantly increased the fluorescence counts in those collected after the second trimester of gestation compared to non-pregnant samples, implying the presence of large amounts of conjugated estrogens in pregnant mare urine. Fluorescence counts in urine samples obtained during pregnancy showed a positive relationship with estrone concentrations as measured by enzyme immunoassay. The results of the present study showed that the fluorometric Cuboni test facilitates urine fluorescence counts depending on the urinary estrogen content and is capable of discriminating between pregnancy and non-pregnancy states beyond the second trimester of gestation in mares.

Potential role of camel, mare milk, and their products in inflammatory rheumatic diseases.

Milk and dairy products serve as a significant dietary component for people all over the world. Milk is a source of essential nutrients such as carbohydrates, protein, fats, and water that support newborns' growth, development, and physiological processes. Milk contains various essential biological compounds that contribute to overall health and well-being. These compounds are crucial in immune system regulation, bone health, and gut microbiota. Milk and dairy products are primarily from cows, buffalos, goats, and sheep. Recently, there has been a notable increase in camel and mare milk consumption and its associated products due to an increasing attraction to ethnic cuisines and a greater awareness of food biodiversity. Camel and mare milk possess diverse nutritional and therapeutic properties, displaying potential functional foods. Camel milk has been linked to various health advantages, encompassing antihypertensive, antidiabetic, antiallergic, anticarcinogenic, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties. Camel milk has exhibited notable efficacy in mitigating inflammation and oxidative stress, potentially offering therapeutic benefits for inflammatory disorders. Nevertheless, although extensively recorded, the potential health benefits of mare's milk have yet to be investigated, including its impact on inflammatory conditions. This article highlights the therapeutic potential of camel and mare milk and its derived products in treating inflammatory rheumatic disorders, specifically focusing on their anti-inflammatory and immune-regulatory capabilities. These alternative types of milk, which do not come from cows, offer potential avenues for investigating innovative strategies to regulate and reduce inflammatory conditions.

Analysis of the Influence of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus Strains on Changes in the Hexachlorobenzene Content in Fermented Mare Milk during Refrigerated Storage.

(1) Background: Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) is a persistent organic pollutant that is possibly carcinogenic to humans. It is still found in the environment, humans and animals, and in foods, including milk and dairy products; (2) Methods: The influence of the probiotic cultures Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus LCR and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum LP on the possibility of effecting the biodegradation of HCB in dairy products fermented from mare milk was investigated, taking into account the product storage time (maximum 21 days). HCB content was determined using the GC/MS method; (3) Results: A strong negative Pearson correlation (p < 0.05) was found between HCB concentration and the refrigeration storage time of the fermented beverages. The highest HCB reduction was observed in milk fermented with both Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus LCR and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum LP (78.77%), while the lowest was noted when only Lactiplantibacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum LP was used (73.79%); (4) Conclusions: This pilot study confirmed that probiotics commonly used to give products health-promoting properties can also contribute to reducing the content of undesirable substances, and the bacterial cultures used might provide an alternative method for reducing HCB residues in fermented drinks.

Uma história em construção: Manguinhos-Maré no tempo presente / A history under construction: Manguinhos-Maré in the present time

Resumo As duas primeiras décadas do século XXI foram representativas para a história contemporânea da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz e demonstraram seu protagonismo no cenário nacional da saúde. O artigo apresenta transformações espaciais ocorridas no território ocupado pela instituição a partir de 2000. Relacionam-se as transformações no uso dos territórios com sua política institucional no contexto nacional e são ressaltadas as demandas sociais que impactaram a instituição - transformações urbanas de grande porte e pandemias. O trabalho averigua, sob os pressupostos da história do tempo presente, as mudanças ocorridas no campus Manguinhos-Maré e no discurso de sujeitos institucionais gestores e projetistas. Para isso, conjuga análise dos relatórios institucionais, da base digital cartográfica e de imagens aéreas.

Abstract The two first decades of the twenty-first century were representative of the contemporary history of the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fundação Oswaldo Cruz) and demonstrated its active role in the national health scenario. This article discusses the spatial transformations that took place in the territory occupied by the foundation from the year 2000 onward. The transformations in the use of this territory and it's institutional policy within the national context are described, along with the social demands that have impacted the institution, namely large-scale urban transformations and pandemics. This research uses the premises of the history of the present to investigate the changes that took place on the Manguinhos-Maré campus and in the discourse of the institutions involved in managing and planning these changes through analysis of institutional reports, digital mapping, and aerial images.

Clinical-biochemical and Fibroelastometric Results of the Mare's Milk Application in Non-Alcoholic Steathepatitis / Resultados clínico-bioquímicos y fibroelastométricos de la aplicación de la leche de yegua en la esteatohepatitis no alcohólica

Introduction: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease in the world, representing the hepatic component of metabolic syndrome, and currently affects an average of 20-33 percent of the adult population. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a severe form of NAFLD and is a consequence of overweight, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. Objective: The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of freeze-dried mare's milk in NASH. Methods: Clinical-biochemical, ultrasound, and fibroelastometric research methods were used in NASH patients receiving mare's milk in comparison with the control groups. Results: The result of the study demonstrates noticeable gain not only in the clinical symptoms of the disease but also in the laboratory and instrumental indicators, as well as health improvement and a decrease in symptoms of concomitant pathology. Taking mare's milk not only normalized liver biochemical parameters but also decreased cholesterol metabolism (total cholesterol, LDL, TG), the degree of liver steatosis, and existing hepatomegaly declined too. This pleiotropic effect of mare's milk points to the pathogenetic feasibility for the use of Saumal in NAFLD, including NASH. Conclusions: Addressing the problems of healthy nutrition in NASH, mare's milk can be considered as a pathogenetically justified, highly effective, and affordable natural therapeutic and prophylactic agent. The value of the product is determined by its multicomponent balanced qualitative composition. Hepatoprotective, hypocholesterolemic, and lipotropic properties of mare's milk in this pathology are marked(AU)

Introducción: La enfermedad del hígado graso no alcohólico es la enfermedad hepática más común en el mundo, representa el componente hepático del síndrome metabólico y actualmente afecta a un promedio de 20 a 33 por ciento de la población adulta. La esteatohepatitis no alcohólica es una forma grave de hígado graso no alcohólico y es una consecuencia del sobrepeso, la obesidad y el síndrome metabólico. Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad del uso de leche de yegua liofilizada en hígado graso no alcohólico. Métodos: Se utilizaron métodos de investigación clínico-bioquímicos, ecográficos y fibroelastométricos en pacientes con hígado graso no alcohólico que recibieron leche de yegua en comparación con los grupos de control. Resultados: El resultado del estudio demuestra una ganancia notable no solo en los síntomas clínicos de la enfermedad, sino también en los indicadores de laboratorio e instrumentales, así como una mejora de la salud y una disminución de los síntomas de la enfermedad concomitante. La ingesta de leche de yegua no solo normalizó los parámetros bioquímicos del hígado, sino que también disminuyó el metabolismo del colesterol (colesterol total, LDL, TG), el grado de esteatosis hepática y la hepatomegalia existente también disminuyeron. Este efecto pleiotrópico de la leche de yegua apunta a la viabilidad patogénica del uso de Saumal en hígado graso no alcohólico, incluida la esteatohepatitis no alcohólica. Conclusión: Al abordar los problemas de una nutrición saludable en la enfermedad hígado graso no alcohólico, la leche de yegua se puede considerar como un agente terapéutico y profiláctico natural patogénicamente justificado, altamente efectivo y asequible. El valor del producto está determinado por su composición cualitativa equilibrada multicomponente. Las propiedades hepatoprotectoras, hipocolesterolémicas y lipotrópicas de la leche de yegua en esta enfermedad son marcadas(AU)

Parto gemelar de 310 días de gestación en yegua con resultado de un potro vivo y otro en estado de autolisis / Twin Delivery of 310 Days of Gestation in a Mare Resulting in One Live Foal and One Autolysed Foal

Resumen Las preñeces gemelares son gestaciones de alto riesgo, tanto para la yegua como para ambos fetos. Hoy en día existen diferentes técnicas para evitar el avance de este tipo de eventos, tanto en sus inicios como en gestaciones avanzadas. Aun así, existen múltiples casos de gestaciones dobles que presentan diferentes resultados ya evidenciados. En este caso se reportó una yegua de raza polo argentino de ocho años, que llegó al Centro de Perinatología Equina Foal Care por presentar gestación gemelar de 292 días. Se prolongó la gestación durante dieciocho días más, con ayuda de terapia farmacológica. Finalmente, nació un potro vivo con múltiples complicaciones, incluyendo el hecho de ser un potro prematuro. El segundo potro nació muerto con características de momificación y autolisis. En conclusión, se requirió de un adecuado monitoreo reproductivo por parte del veterinario para prevenir el avance de este tipo de gestación.

Abstract Nowadays, there are different techniques to avoid the progression of this type of events, both in early and advanced gestations. Even so, there are multiple cases of double gestations that present different results already evidenced. In this case, an eight-year-old Argentine polo mare was reported, who arrived at the Foal Care Equine Perinatology Center because she presented a twin gestation of 292 days. The gestation was prolonged for eighteen more days, with the help of pharmacological therapy. Finally, a live foal was born with multiple complications, including being a premature foal. The second foal was stillborn with mummification and autolysis characteristics. In conclusion, adequate reproductive monitoring by the veterinarian was required to prevent the progression of this type of gestation.

Modelación hidrodinámica y de calidad del agua en un ecosistema estuarino urbano con incidencia maregráfica y vertimientos de aguas residuales / Hydrodynamic and water quality modeling in an urban estuarine ecosystem with tidal incidence and sewage discharges / Modelagem hidrodinâmica e de qualidade da água em um ecossistema estuarino urbano com incidência da maré e descarga de esgoto

RESUMEN El efecto del régimen de mareas y la descarga directa de aguas residuales en áreas estuarinas pueden incrementar los problemas de contaminación debido a la retención y transporte de cargas contaminantes. El uso de modelos matemáticos se ha convertido en una herramienta esencial para la gestión del recurso hídrico en estos ambientes. En esta investigación se modeló la incidencia del régimen de mareas y los vertimientos de aguas residuales en la calidad de agua en un ambiente estuarino urbano utilizando el modelo HEC-RAS. El modelo fue calibrado/validado utilizando el caudal medio de largo periodo (QMLT) y parámetros de calidad de agua medidos en campo, tales como: DBO, OD, N-O2 y N-O3. Los resultados evidenciaron que los niveles de agua, caudales y parámetros de calidad de agua medidos en campo fueron bien representados por el modelo. Las simulaciones mostraron que la calidad del agua en todos los trechos aguas abajo de la PTAR se encuentran eutrofizados. Adicionalmente, el régimen de marea provoca retención y transporte de contaminantes en áreas de baja pendiente. El abordaje propuesto se constituye en una valiosa herramienta para evaluar la calidad de agua en ambientes estuarinos urbanos y áreas circundantes con incidencia de régimen maregráfico.

ABSTRACT The effect of the tidal regime and sewage discharge on estuarine areas can cause pollution problems, due to the retention and transport of pollutants. The use of mathematical models has become an essential tool for the water resources management in these environments. In this paper, the incidence of tidal regime and sewage discharge on the water quality of an urban estuarine ecosystem was modeled using the HEC-RAS model. The model was calibrated / validated using the medium long-term streamflow (QMLT) and water quality parameters measured in field, such as: BOD, DO, N-O2 N-O3. The results showed that the water level, streamflow and the water quality parameters measured in field were well represented from the model. The simulations showed that the water quality for all the sections downstream of the Wastewater Treatment Plant are eutrophied. Additionally the tidal regime causes retention and transport of pollutants in areas of low slope. The proposed approach is a valuable tool for assessing the water quality in urban estuarine environments and surrounding areas with incidence of tidal regime.

RESUMO O efeito do regime de marés e a descarga directa de esgoto em zonas estuarinas pode aumentar os problemas de poluição devido à retenção e transporte de cargas poluentes. A utilização de modelos matemáticos tornou-se uma ferramenta essencial para a gestão dos recursos hídricos nestes ambientes. Nesta investigação, a incidência do regime de marés e descargas de esgoto na qualidade da água em um ambiente estuarino urbano foi simulada utilizando o modelo HEC-RAS. O modelo foi calibrado/validado utilizando o caudal médio de longo período (QMLT) e parâmetros de qualidade da água medidos no campo, tais como DBO, OD, N-O2 e N-O3. Os resultados mostraram que os níveis da água, vazões e parâmetros de qualidade da água medidos no campo foram bem representados no modelo. As simulações mostraram que a qualidade da água em todos os trechos a jusante da ETE estão eutrofizados. Além disso, o regime de maré causa retenção e transporte de poluentes em áreas de baixa declividade. A abordagem proposta é uma ferramenta valiosa para avaliar a qualidade da água em ambientes estuarinos urbanos e áreas circundantes com incidência de regime de marés.

Integração do SWMM e ferramentas SIG para modelagem hidrológico-hidráulica de bacia complexa / SWMM and GIS tools integration for hydrological-hydraulic modeling of a complex basin

RESUMO O presente trabalho aplicou o Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) para simular e avaliar a resposta hidrológica do sistema de macrodrenagem de um rio costeiro, cuja bacia situa-se em área de transição urbano-rural e apresenta influência marítima em seu exutório. Assim, como condição de contorno de jusante, reconstruiu-se a curva de maré existente no exutório da bacia por meio do método harmônico. Ademais, realizou-se a delimitação dos trechos de escoamento e a discretização das sub-bacias automaticamente e desenvolveu-se um mapa de uso e ocupação do solo para obtenção dos parâmetros físicos e espaciais dos elementos da drenagem, etapas estas auxiliadas por ferramentas de Sistemas de Informações Geográficas (SIG). Procedeu-se à simulação das vazões no sistema para o período de um mês sob condição de precipitação moderada. A validação do modelo resultou em um coeficiente de Nash-Sutcliffe de 0,57. Os resultados mostraram que o SWMM simulou as vazões nos trechos de drenagem das sub-bacias rurais com desvio médio de 8,6% das vazões medidas em campo. Para os trechos sob influência marinha, o SWMM conseguiu reproduzir o efeito da maré nos trechos, apresentando uma oscilação completa. Ademais, obteve-se a descarga fluvial média da bacia ao estuário de 2,35 m3.s-1 e a vazão média mensal afluente ao maior reservatório da bacia de 0,33 m3.s-1, resultados estes em consonância com trabalhos anteriores realizados na bacia em estudo. Em síntese, os resultados obtidos e o modelo proposto têm potencial para auxiliar na gestão integrada de águas rurais, urbanas e costeiras.

ABSTRACT The present work applied the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) to simulate and evaluate the hydrological response of a coastal river macrodrainage system whose basin is located in an urban-rural transition area and has a tidal influence in its outflow. Thus, as a downstream contour condition, the existing tidal curve in the basin's outlet was reconstructed using the harmonic method. In addition, drainage stretches and sub-basins were automatically delimited, and a land use and occupation maps were developed to obtain the physical and spatial parameters of the drainage elements, these steps being aided by Geographic Information Systems (GIS) tools. The flow was simulated in the system for a period of one month under a moderate precipitation condition. The validation of the model resulted in a Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient of 0.57. The results showed that the SWMM simulated the flows in the drainage stretches of the rural sub-basins with an average deviation of 8.6% of the flows measured in the field. For stretches under tidal influence, SWMM was able to reproduce the effect of the tide in the stretches with a complete oscillation. In addition, the river discharge from the basin to the estuary was 2.35 m3.s-1, on average, and the average monthly flow affluent to the largest reservoir in the basin was 0.33 m3.s-1, consistently with previous work carried out in the study basin. In summary, the results obtained and the proposed model have the potential to assist in the integrated management of rural, urban, and coastal waters.

Frecuencia del aislamiento bacteriano y patrones de sensibilidad en yeguas criollas colombianas diagnosticadas con endometritis / Bacterial Isolation Frequency and Sensitivity Patterns in Colombian Creole Mares Diagnosed with Endometritis

Resumen La endometritis bacteriana en las yeguas es uno de los principales problemas en la reproducción equina. A causa de diagnósticos inadecuados, los tratamientos antibióticos generalmente fracasan, lo que aumenta los casos de infertilidad en las hembras. En esta investigación se analizaron 90 yeguas que tenían signos de subfertilidad como abortos, retención placentaria, repetición de celos, secreción vulvar, entre otros. Fueron diagnosticadas por examen clínico reproductivo, ultrasonografía y cultivo microbiológico, mediante la técnica de hisopado uterino, y se les realizó antibiograma, en el cual se evaluaron los sensidiscos de penicilina G procaínica, gentamicina, ceftiofur, cefquinoma, amikacina y ampicilina. Según los resultados obtenidos, en el laboratorio microbiológico se encontró que E. coli fue la bacteria que creció con mayor frecuencia, con 21,11 % (19/90), seguida de Staphylococcus spp., con 11,11 % (10/90). En el aislamiento de E. coli se obtuvo que la bacteria presentó una mayor sensibilidad hacia amikacina, seguido de ceftiofur y cefquinoma. A su vez, Staphylococcus spp. fue más sensible frente a antibióticos como ceftiofur y cefquinoma. Los agentes bacterianos de espectro gramnegativo presentaron altos porcentajes de sensibilidad con respecto a antibióticos como amikacina, ceftiofur, cefquinoma y gentamicina.

Abstract Bacterial endometritis in mares is one of the main problems in equine reproduction. Due to inadequate diagnoses, antibiotic treatments generally fail, increasing the cases of infertility in females. The present study was carried out with 90 mares which presented signs of subfertility such as abortions, placental retention, repetition of jealousy, vulvar secretion, among others; They were diagnosed by clinical reproductive examination, ultrasound, microbiological culture using the uterine swab technique, and an antibiogram was performed in which the sensidisks of procaine Penicillin G, Gentamicin, Ceftiofur, Cefquinoma, Amikacin and Ampicillin were evaluated. According to the results obtained in the microbiological laboratory, it was found that E. coli was the bacterium that grew most frequently with 21.11 % (19/90), followed by Staphylococcus spp. 11.11 % (10/90). In the isolation of E. coli it was found that the bacteria showed a greater sensitivity to amikacin, followed by ceftiofur and cefquinoma; In turn, Staphylococcus spp was more sensitive against antibiotics such as ceftiofur and cefquinoma. The large negative spectrum bacterial agents presented high percentages of sensitivity with respect to antibiotics such as amikacin, ceftiofur, cefquinoma and gentamicin.

Aborto infeccioso por Neospora spp. em equino ˗ relato de caso / [Neospora spp infectious abortion in the horse ˗ case report]

O abortamento na espécie equina é responsável por grandes perdas econômicas e, entre as possíveis causas, está a neosporose, uma enfermidade que nem sempre é investigada como provável diagnóstico. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar um caso de aborto equino aos 129 dias de gestação, resultante da infecção por Neospora spp.. Amostras sanguíneas da égua e do feto abortado foram enviadas para um laboratório especializado. À necrópsia, constatou-se edema gelatinoso e hemorrágico em subcutâneo, fígado ictérico e friável com autólise de alguns órgãos, como baço, rins e glândulas adrenais. Fragmentos dos órgãos coletados na necrópsia foram submetidos à histopatologia e à pesquisa de agentes infecciosos, em que se identificou hepatite e epicardite não purulentas e onfalite purulenta, bem como exame positivo para Neospora spp. pela técnica de reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) convencional e Nested. O soro sanguíneo obtido da égua foi submetido à pesquisa de Neospora spp. pela técnica de imunofluorescência indireta, de herpesvírus por soroneutralização em cultura de células e de Leptospira sp. por PCR, todas com resultados negativos. Dessa forma, é importante considerar a neosporose como diagnóstico diferencial em casos de abortamento e natimortalidade, uma vez que a presença de cães nas propriedades é extremamente comum, representando uma importante fonte de infecção.(AU)

Abortion in the equine species is responsible for major economic losses, and among the possible causes is neosporosis, a disease that is not always investigated as a probable diagnosis. Thus, the objective of this study was to report an abortion at 129 days of gestation resulting from Neospora spp. Blood samples from the mare and the aborted fetus were sent to a specialized laboratory. Under necropsy, gelatinous and hemorrhagic edema was detected in subcutaneous tissue, friable and jaundiced liver with autolysis in spleen, kidneys and adrenal glands. Fragments of the organs collected at necropsy were submitted to histopathology and infectious agent tests, which identified non-purulent hepatitis and epicarditis and purulent omphalitis. Also, a positive result for Neospora spp. by the conventional and nested Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique. Blood serum obtained from the mare was subjected to analyses to Neospora spp. by indirect immunofluorescence technique, herpesvirus by serum neutralization in cell culture and Leptospira sp. by PCR, all with negative results. Thus, it is important to consider neosporosis as a differential diagnosis in cases of abortion and stillbirth, since the presence of dogs in the properties is extremely common and represent an important source of infection.(AU)

Evaluation of embryo collection and transfer days on pregnancy rate of Mangalarga Marchador mares during the breeding season / Evaluación de los días de recolección y transferencia de embriones sobre las tasas de preñez en yeguas Mangalarga Marchador durante la estación de monta / Avaliação do dia da colheita e da transferência de embriões equino da raça Mangalarga Marchador durante a estação de monta

Abstract Background: Proper timing for embryo collection and transfer in horses -which is critical for the success of this biotechnology- is still debated. Additionally, there is little information on this technology under tropical conditions. Objective: To determine the best day for collection and transfer of embryos in Mangalarga Marchador mares under Brazilian northeast's conditions. Methods: Donors (n= 30) and recipients (n= 76) in diestrus phase were selected based on both clinical and gynecology examinations. Estrus was induced on both donor and recipient mares by intramuscular injection of 5 mg Dinoprost, aiming to obtain an ovulation interval of -1 to +3 between recipient and donor. Ovulation was induced with buserelin acetate when the largest follicle reached at least 35 mm in diameter. At this time, mares were subjected to artificial insemination at 48-hour intervals until ovulation. The embryos were collected on days 7, 8, and 9 after ovulation. Results: The embryo collection on day 8 was more efficient (p<0.05) than on day 7, but it was not more effective (p>0.05) than day 9, which presented the same efficiency (p>0.05) as day 7. From a total of 76 embryos transferred to the recipients, that were between days 4 and 9 after ovulation, there was no influence (p>0.05) of the day of transfer on pregnancy rate. Conclusions: The embryo collection must be performed on day 8 after ovulation, and transfer can be performed on any day of that interval (4-9) without affecting the pregnancy rate.

Resumen Antecedentes: El momento mas apropiado para la recolección y transferencia de embriones en equinos -que es fundamental para el éxito de esta biotecnología- continua siendo sujeto de estudio. Además, es escasa la información sobre esta tecnología en condiciones tropicales. Objetivo: Determinar el momento mas adecuado para la recolecta y transferencia de embriones en yeguas Mangalarga Marchador, en las condiciones del nordeste Brasileño. Métodos: Donadoras (n= 30) y receptoras (n= 76) en la fase de diestro se seleccionaron con base en los exámenes clínicos y ginecológicos. El estro de las yeguas donadoras y receptoras fue inducido con 5 mg de Dinoprost, vía intramuscular, intentando obtener un intervalo de ovulación de -1 a +3 entre la receptora y la donadora. La ovulación fue inducida con acetato de buserelina cuando el folículo mayor alcanzó 35 mm de diámetro. En ese momento, las yeguas fueron sometidas a inseminación artificial en intervalos de 48 horas hasta la ovulación. Los embriones fueron recolectados en los días 7, 8 y 9 después de la ovulación. Resultados: La recolecta de embriones en el día 8 fue más eficiente (p<0,05) que en el día 7, pero no fue más efectivo (p>0,05) que en el día 9, el cuál presentó la misma eficiencia (p>0,05) que en el día 7. De un total de 76 embriones transferidos a las receptoras, que se encontraban entre el día 4 y 9 después de la ovulación, no se registró influencia (p>0,05) del día de la transferencia en la tasa de preñez. Conclusiones: La recolecta embrionaria debe ser realizada el día 8 después de la ovulación, y la transferencia puede ser realizada en cualquier día de este intervalo (4 a 9) sin que se afecte la tasa de preñez.

Resumo Antecedentes: A importância do momentoda colheita e da transferência do embrião equino para o sucesso dessa biotécnica em equino continua sem ser completamente entendida. Adicionalmente, existe pouca informação sobre essa tecnologia em condições tropicais. Objetivo: Determinar o melhor dia para colheita e para transferência de embriões em eguas manga larga marchador nas condições do nordeste brasileiro. Métodos: Doadoras (n = 30) e receptoras (n = 76) na fase de diestro foram selecionadas com base nos exames clínico e ginecológicos. O estro das éguas doadoras e receptoras foi induzido com 5 mg de Dinoprost administrado por via intramuscular, buscando obter um intervalo de ovulação de -1 a +3 entre a receptora e a doadora. A ovulação foi induzida com acetato de buserelina quando o foliculo maior alcançou o tamanho de 35 mm de diâmetro. Nesse momento, as éguas foram submetidas a inseminação artificial em intervalos de 48 horas até a ovulação. Os embriões foram colhidos nos dias 7, 8 e 9 depois da ovulação. Resultados: A colheita de embriões no dia 8 foi mais eficiente (p<0,05) do que no dia 7, porem não foi mais efetivo (p>0,05) do que o dia 9, o qual apresentou a mesma eficiência (p>0,05) que o dia 7. De um total de 76 embriões transferidos para as receptoras que se encontravam entre os dias 4 e 9 depois da ovulação, não se registrou influência (p>0,05) do dia da transferência sobre a taxa de prenhez. Conclusões: A colheita embrionária deve ser realizada no dia 8 depois da ovulação, e a transferência pode ser realizada em qualquer dia desse intervalo (4-9) sem que a taxa de prenhez seja afetada.

Composition of milk and mammary gland health in Criollo breed mares during lactation / Composição de leite e saúde de glândulas mamárias em éguas da raça Crioula durante lactação

The aim of this study was to evaluate the components of milk and mammary gland health of Criollo mares. A total of 12 mares coming from a farm in southern Brazil were used. Samples of milk were taken from each mare every two weeks up to 180 days of lactation. The characteristics analyzed were fat, protein, lactose, total solids, somatic cell count (SCC) and total bacterial count (TBC). In relation to the health of the udder and the milk of the mares, the SCC was 24.1 x 103cells / ml and TBC was 44 x 103CFU / ml, while the average of milk components was 0.57% fat, 1.95% protein, 6.71% lactose and 9.24% total solids. Stage of lactation and individual characteristics may influence the level of milk components. The low SCC and TBC found in the Criollo breed mares' milk ensure the quality of their milk compared to other species.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os componentes do leite e a saúde das glândulas mamárias de éguas da raça Crioula. Foi utilizado um total de 12 éguas, localizadas em uma fazenda no sul do Brasil. Foram retiradas amostras de leite de cada égua quinzenalmente até 180 dias de lactação. As características analisadas foram gordura, proteína, lactose, sólidos totais, contagem de células somáticas (CCS) e contagem bacteriana total (CBT). Em relação à saúde do úbere e ao leite das éguas, a CCS foi 24,1 x 10 3 células/mL e a CBT foi 44 x 10 3 UFC/mL, enquanto a média dos componentes do leite foi 0,57% de gordura, 1,95% de proteína, 6,71% de lactose e 9,24% de sólidos totais. O estágio da lactação e as características individuais podem influenciar o nível de componentes do leite. As baixas taxas de CCS e CBT encontradas no leite de éguas da raça Crioula asseguram a qualidade desse leite comparado ao de outras espécies.(AU)

Abortion in association with transplacental Theileria equi infection in a mare from the State of Espírito Santo, southeast Brazil: case report / Aborto equino associado à infecção transplacentária de Theileria equi, Espírito Santo, Brasil: relato de caso

Equine piroplasmosis is a tick-borne disease caused by the protozoan parasites Babesia caballi and Theileria equi. We report a case of abortion in association with transplacental Theileria equi infection in a mare from the State of Espírito Santo, southeast Brazil. An apparently healthy mare aborted at the tenth month of gestation. At necropsy, the subcutaneous tissue, skeletal muscles, and visible mucosae of the aborted fetus were pale, and there was moderate hydrothorax and marked splenomegaly. Microscopic findings included splenic lymphoid hyperplasia and nephrosis. Merozoite-infected erythrocytes were found within blood vessels of all organs examined and were most numerous in the brain. DNA extracted from the spleen, liver, kidney, and thymus was used as a template for PCR. Generic primers were employed for the detection of piroplasm 18S ribosomal gene. All samples were positive for piroplasm DNA by PCR. Amplicons were purified and then sequenced. Sequencing analysis of these amplicons revealed 98% identity to T. equi sequences. Based on our findings, we suggest that abortion in this case resulted from transplacental Theileria infection.(AU)

A piroplasmose equina é transmitida por carrapatos, sendo causada pelos protozoários Babesia caballi e Theileria equi. O objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar um caso de aborto equino associado à piroplasmose fetal. Uma égua gestante, aparentemente saudável, abortou no 10º mês de gestação. Na necropsia do feto, foi observada palidez de subcutâneo, da musculatura esquelética e das mucosas visíveis, moderado hidrotórax e acentuada esplenomegalia. Histologicamente, havia hiperplasia linfoide esplênica e nefrose. Muitos merozoítos foram observados em eritrócitos nos vasos sanguíneos de todos os órgãos examinados, com maior intensidade no encéfalo. Amostras de DNA do baço, fígado, rim e timo foram utilizadas para PCR com primers genéricos para detecção de sequências do gene 18S ribossomal de piroplasmas, com resultado positivo para todas as amostras. Em seguida, os amplicons das amostras de baço foram purificados, sequenciados e, após análise, mostraram 98% de identidade com a sequência de T. equi. Portanto, as alterações microscópicas, os resultados de PCR e sequenciamento confirmam aborto associado à T. equi por transmissão transplacentária.(AU)

Growth and Differentiation Factor-9 Supplementation Affects Viability and Morphology of Preantral Follicles in Equine Ovarian Fragments During Short-term in vitro Culture

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate different concentrations of growth and differentiation factor-9 (GDF-9) on the development and maintenance of equine preantral follicle morphology during short-term in vitro culture. Ovaries (n=5) from five mares were collected from a local slaughterhouse and transported to the laboratory, where nine fragments (5x5x1mm) were procured from each ovary. One fragment from each was immediately fixed and submitted for histological analysis (control group; D0). The other eight fragments were cultured in situ for two (D2) or six (D6) days in MEM+ or MEM+ supplemented with GDF-9 at different concentrations (i.e., 50, 100 and 200 ng/mL the GDF-9). After culturing with different concentrations of GDF-9 for 2 or 6 days, the fragments were processed for histological analysis. After two days of cultivation, we observed an increase in the percentage of developing follicles for 0 (MEM+), 50, 100 and 200 ng/mL GDF-9 compared to control (D0; P<0.05). When we evaluated all treatments that preserved follicular integrity, the GDF-9 concentration of 100 ng/mL presented results superior to those of the other cultures (P<0.05). While, at six days of culture, the concentration of 200 ng/mL of GDF-9 appeared to be more efficient in providing development compared to MEM+ (P<0.05). The percentage of morphologically intact follicles in the 6 days culture samples treated with 50 ng/mL of GDF-9 indicated that this concentration was effective in maintaining the integrity of the follicle (P<0.05). We conclude, therefore, that graduated GDF-9 addition to the medium ensure follicular development and is sufficient maintain the architecture.