What is the influence of maternal weight gain in different gestational clinical conditions on the prole weight in pre-school age?

The aim of the current study was to assess the influence of maternal weight gain in different clinical gestational conditions on the child's weight at pre-school age. This was a longitudinal observational study of a prospective and controlled multiple cohort of 372 mother-child pairs with four causal groups of different adverse intrauterine environments (smoking, diabetic, hypertensive and intrauterine growth-restricted pregnant women) and a control group, in the period of, from 2011 to 2016 in three hospitals in Porto Alegre (Brazil). Sociodemographic, prenatal and perinatal data were analysed. Gestational weight gain (GWG) was categorised as 'insufficient', 'adequate' and 'excessive'. The generalised estimation equations (GEE) model was used to assess changes in the z-score of the child's body mass index from birth to pre-school age according to the GWG and gestational group. The child's GWG and weight gain were adjusted for maternal age and education, marital status, family income, pregnancy planning, number of children, prepregnancy BMI, prenatal consultations and type of delivery. A triple interaction effect was observed involving the gestational group, weight gain and study time (p = 0.020) through an adjusted model. Maternal weight gain above the recommended is associated with a significant increase in the child's z - BMI score over time, except for children from pregnant smokers. Children from diabetic mothers , hypertensive mothers and the control group who had a weight gain above that recommended during pregnancy changed their nutritional status from eutrophic to overweight, becoming obese in the DM and hypertension groups and overweight in control. Monitoring of the GWG, especially in the presence of hypertensive diseases and DM, should be effective to prevent children from developing overweight or obesity in pre-school age with an important impact on health conditions in the future.

Understanding Kenyan policymakers' perspectives about the introduction of new maternal vaccines.

New vaccine policy adoption is a complex process, especially in low-and-middle-income countries (LMICs), requiring country policymakers to navigate challenges such as competing priorities, human and financial resource constraints, and limited logistical capacity. Since the Expanded Programme on Immunization's (EPI) beginning, most new vaccine introductions under this structure have not been aimed at adult populations. The majority of adult vaccines offered under the EPI are not typically tested among and tailored for pregnant persons, except those that are specifically recommended for pregnancy. Given that new maternal vaccines, including RSV and GBS vaccines, are on the horizon, it is important to understand what barriers may arise during the policy development and vaccine introduction process. In this study, we sought to understand information needs among maternal immunization policymakers and decision-makers in Kenya for new vaccine maternal policy adoption through in-depth interviews with 20 participants in Nakuru and Mombasa counties in Kenya. Results were mapped to an adapted version of an established framework by Levine et al., (2010) focused on new vaccine introduction in LMICs. Participants reported that the policy process for new maternal vaccine introduction requires substantial evidence as well as coordination among diverse stakeholders. Importantly, our findings suggest that the process for new maternal vaccines does not end with the adoption of a new policy, as intended recipients and various actors can determine the success of a vaccine program. Previous shortcomings, in Kenya, and globally during HPV vaccine introduction show the need to allocate adequate resources in education of communities given the sensitive target group. With maternal vaccines targeting a sensitive group - pregnant persons- in the pipeline, we are at an opportune time to understand how to ensure successful vaccine introduction with optimal acceptance and uptake, while also addressing vaccine hesitancy to increase population benefit.

Situacion de la sifilis congénita en Paraguay utilizando datos del sistema de informacion perinatal (sip plus)

Introducción : Se promueven iniciativas para mejorar la salud de las mujeres y niños siendo el denominador común disponer de un sistema de información con repercusión en la salud de esta población. En Paraguay el SIP PLUS es utilizado con diferente grado de cobertura en los servicios maternoinfantiles. Objetivo: analizar la calidad de los datos generados para la construcción de los indicadores de Eliminación de la Sífilis Congénita (SC). Metodología: Estudio nacionalmente representativo utilizando datos generados por el SIP PLUS. Resultados: 32.479 historias perinatales cargadas desde el 2018 a julio del 2021. La representación de la muestra 1,5% en 2018 al 23% en 2021. Mayores pérdidas de información en el 2020. Para las variables de contexto con menos pérdidas de información en comparación a las de prevención primaria, secundaria y salud reproductiva. La pérdida de datos para: porcentaje de mujeres embarazadas con cuidado prenatal (4 o más) en un promedio de 64,4%; porcentaje de mujeres embarazadas tamizadas 43,1 % en el 2020 y 33,4% en 2019; positividad de la prueba de sífilis 49% en el 2020. Lo que también se observa en el indicador de tratamiento. Se registraron 506 casos de SC. Tasa de SCx1000 nacidos vivos ( 10 x1000 nacidos vivos en los 4 años analizados. Edad adolescente (p: 0,040) como factor de riesgo para SC. Conclusiones: Pérdida de registros en lo referente a ETMI, por falta de carga de datos. Alta incidencia de SC en los años analizados. Adolescentes como factor de riesgo para SC.

Introduction: Initiatives are promoted to improve the health of women and children, the common denominator being having an information system with an impact on the health of this population. In Paraguay, the SIP PLUS is used with different degrees of coverage in maternal and child services. Objective: analyze the quality of the data generated for the construction of the indicators for the Elimination of Congenital Syphilis (CS). Methodology: Nationally representative study using data generated by the SIP PLUS. Results: 32,479 perinatal histories uploaded from 2018 to July 2021. The representation of the sample went from 1.5% in 2018 to 23% in 2021. Greater information losses in 2020. For the context variables with fewer information losses in comparison to those of primary, secondary prevention and reproductive health. Loss of data for: percentage of pregnant women with prenatal care (4 or more) averaged 64.4%; percentage of pregnant women screened 43.1% in 2020 and 33.4% in 2019; syphilis test positivity 49% in 2020. This is also observed in the treatment indicator. 506 cases of CS were recorded. Rate of SCx1000 live births  10 x1000 live births in the 4 years analyzed. Adolescent age (p: 0.040) as a risk factor for CS. Conclusions: Loss of records regarding ETMI, due to lack of data loading. High incidence of CS in the years analyzed. Adolescents as a risk factor for CS.

Violencia obstétrica: percepción de las mujeres durante la atención de parto en dos hospitales rurales de la zona Nahua-Mixteca / Obstetric violence: women perception during labor in two hospitals in Nahua-Mixteca zone

Resumen Antecedentes: Múltiples estudios en Latinoamérica revelan que un gran número de pacientes ginecológicas sufren de violencia obstétrica en la atención institucional, la cual es definida como la apropiación del cuerpo de las mujeres por parte del personal de salud, aumentando las cifras de morbimortalidad. Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia de acciones indirectas que representan violencia obstétrica, en un grupo de pacientes en el puerperio inmediato en hospitales rurales de la zona Nahua-Mixteca de los Estados de Puebla y Guerrero. Método: Estudio prospectivo y descriptivo realizado del 1 de enero al 30 de agosto del 2019 en el que se investigó la ocurrencia de violencia obstétrica en 296 pacientes atendidas durante el puerperio inmediato. Las variables sociodemográficas, procedimientos médicos durante el trabajo de parto, iniciativa de parto amigable y el alumbramiento fueron investigados en el expediente clínico. Resultados: La agresión verbal fue documentada en el 14.1% del grupo, siendo el médico el agresor más frecuente, seguido del personal de enfermería, sin embargo se documentó también la agresión por parte de otro tipo de personal. En un 13.5% no hubo evidencia de empatía con las emociones del trabajo de parto. Conclusiones: Se demostró una frecuencia elevada de violencia obstétrica, una mejora parcial en la iniciativa de parto amigable y un elevado porcentaje de procedimientos obstétricos que conllevan riesgos para la mujer y el recién nacido.

Abstract Background: Multiple studies in Latin America reveal that a large number of gynecological patients suffer a kind of obstetric violence in institutional care, which is defined as the appropriation of women's bodies by health personnel, increasing morbidity and mortality rates. Objective: To determine the frequency of indirect actions that represent obstetric violence, in a group of patients in the immediate puerperium in rural hospitals in the Nahua-Mixtec area of the States of Puebla and Guerrero. Method: Prospective and descriptive study carried out from January 1 to August 30, 2019, in which the occurrence of obstetric violence was investigated in 296 patients treated during the immediate postpartum period. Sociodemographic variables, medical procedures during labor, friendly labor initiative, and delivery were investigated in the clinical record. Results: Verbal aggression was documented in 14.1% of the group, with the doctor being the most frequent aggressor, followed by nursing staff; however, aggression by other types of personnel was also documented. In 13.5% there was no evidence of empathy with the emotions of labor. Conclusions: A high frequency of obstetric violence was demonstrated, a partial improvement in the friendly delivery initiative and a high percentage of obstetric procedures that carry risks for the woman and the newborn.

Effects of community-based educational video interventions on nutrition, health, and use of health services in low- and middle-income countries: systematic review and meta-analysis.

CONTEXT: Health education using videos has been promoted for its potential to enhance community health by improving social and behavior change communication. OBJECTIVE: To provide stakeholders in maternal and child health with evidence that can inform policies and strategies integrating video education to improve maternal, newborn, and child health. DATA SOURCES: Five databases (MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and CENTRAL) were searched on January 28, 2022, and November 10, 2022 (updated search). Quantitative and qualitative studies conducted in low- and middle-income countries on the effects of video-based interventions on nutrition, health, and health service use were eligible. There was no restriction on time or language. Study selection was done in 2 stages and in duplicate. DATA EXTRACTION: A total of 13 710 records were imported to EndNote. Of these, 8226 records were screened by title and abstract using Rayyan, and 76 records were included for full-text evaluation. RESULTS: Twenty-nine articles (n = 12 084 participants) were included in this systematic review, and 7 were included in the meta-analysis. Video interventions improved knowledge about newborn care (n = 234; odds ratio [OR], 1.20; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04-1.40), colostrum feeding (n = 990; OR, 60.38; 95%CI, 18.25-199.78), continued breastfeeding (BF; n = 1914; OR, 3.79; 95%CI, 1.14-12.64), intention to use family planning (FP) (n = 814; OR, 1.57; 95%CI, 1.10-2.23), and use of FP (n = 864; OR, 6.55; 95%CI, 2.30-18.70). Video interventions did not result in reduced prelacteal feeding or improvement in early initiation of BF. The qualitative studies showed that video interventions were acceptable and feasible, with perceived impacts on communities. CONCLUSION: This systematic review and meta-analysis indicated that video interventions improved knowledge of newborn care, colostrum feeding, and continuing BF, and the intention to use FP. Given the high levels of heterogeneity and inconsistency in reporting, more research with stronger designs is recommended. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO registration no. CRD42022292190.

Increasing the uptake of Intermittent Preventive Treatment of malaria in pregnancy using Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine (IPTp-SP) through seasonal malaria chemoprevention channel delivery: protocol of a multicenter cluster randomized implementation trial in Mali and Burkina Faso.

BACKGROUND: The uptake of Intermittent Preventive Treatment of malaria in pregnancy using Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine (IPTp-SP) remains unacceptably low, with more than two-thirds of pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa still not accessing the three or more doses recommended by the World Health Organisation (WHO). In contrast, the coverage of Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention (SMC), a more recent strategy recommended by the WHO for malaria prevention in children under five years living in Sahelian countries with seasonal transmission, including Mali and Burkina-Faso, is high (up to 90%). We hypothesized that IPTp-SP delivery to pregnant women through SMC alongside antenatal care (ANC) will increase IPTp-SP coverage, boost ANC attendance, and increase public health impact. This protocol describes the approach to assess acceptability, feasibility, effectiveness, and cost-effectiveness of the integrated strategy. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This is a multicentre, cluster-randomized, implementation trial of IPTp-SP delivery through ANC + SMC vs ANC alone in 40 health facilities and their catchment populations (20 clusters per arm). The intervention will consist of monthly administration of IPTp-SP through four monthly rounds of SMC during the malaria transmission season (July to October), for two consecutive years. Effectiveness of the strategy to increase coverage of three or more doses of IPTp-SP (IPTp3 +) will be assessed using household surveys and ANC exit interviews. Statistical analysis of IPT3 + and four or more ANC uptake will use a generalized linear mixed model. Feasibility and acceptability will be assessed through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with health workers, pregnant women, and women with a child < 12 months. DISCUSSION: This multicentre cluster randomized implementation trial powered to detect a 45% and 22% increase in IPTp-SP3 + uptake in Mali and Burkina-Faso, respectively, will generate evidence on the feasibility, acceptability, effectiveness, and cost-effectiveness of IPTp-SP delivered through the ANC + SMC channel. The intervention is designed to facilitate scalability and translation into policy by leveraging existing resources, while strengthening local capacities in research, health, and community institutions. Findings will inform the local national malaria control policies. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Retrospectively registered on August 11th, 2022; registration # PACTR202208844472053. Protocol v4.0 dated September 04, 2023. Trail sponsor: University of Sciences Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Mali.

Fatores associados ao aleitamento materno ao nascer em maternidades vinculadas à Rede Cegonha, Brasil, 2016-2017 / Factors associated with breastfeeding at birth in maternity hospitals linked to the Rede Cegonha, Brazil, 2016-2017

Resumo O aleitamento materno (AM) é um direito humano e deve ser iniciado desde o nascimento. A adequação das estratégias da Rede Cegonha (RC) pode contribuir na promoção do AM. O objetivo foi identificar os fatores associados ao AM na primeira e nas 24 horas de nascidos vivos a termo em maternidades vinculadas à RC. Estudo transversal com dados do segundo ciclo avaliativo 2016-2017 da RC, que abrangeu todo o Brasil. Foram obtidas razões de chance por meio de regressão logística binária segundo modelo hierarquizado, com intervalos de confiança a 95% e p-valor < 0,01. A prevalência de AM na primeira hora foi de 31%, e nas 24 horas, de 96,6%. Aumentaram as chances de AM na primeira hora: presença de acompanhante na internação, contato pele a pele, parto vaginal, assistência ao parto por enfermeira e acreditação da unidade na Iniciativa Hospital Amigo da Criança. Resultados semelhantes nas 24 horas, e associação com idade materna inferior a 20 anos. O AM na primeira hora foi menos satisfatório do que nas 24h, provavelmente pela elevada prevalência de cesariana, fator associado à menor chance de AM precoce. A capacitação dos profissionais sobre AM de forma contínua e a presença de enfermeiro obstetra no parto são recomendadas para ampliar o AM na primeira hora.

Abstract Breastfeeding (BF) is a human right, and it must start from birth. The adequacy of Rede Cegonha (RC) strategies can contribute to the promotion of BF. The objective was to identify factors associated with BF in the first and 24 hours of live births at full-term maternity hospitals linked to CR. Cross-sectional study with data from the second evaluation cycle 2016-2017 of the RC that covered all of Brazil. Odds ratios were obtained through binary logistic regression according to a hierarchical model, with 95% confidence intervals and p-value < 0.01. The prevalence of BF in the first hour was 31% and in the 24 hours 96.6%. The chances of BF in the first hour increased: presence of a companion during hospitalization, skin-to-skin contact, vaginal delivery, delivery assistance by a nurse and accreditation of the unit in the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative. Similar results at 24 hours, and association with maternal age below 20 years. BF in the first hour was less satisfactory than in the 24 hours, probably due to the high prevalence of cesarean sections, a factor associated with a lower chance of early BF. Continuous training of professionals about BF and the presence of an obstetric nurse during childbirth are recommended to expand BF in the first hour.

Breastfeeding at discharge and in the third stage of the Kangaroo Mother Care among hospitalized preterm infants / Lactancia materna al alta y en la tercera etapa del Método Madre Canguro en recién nacidos prematuros hospitalizados / Aleitamento materno na alta e na terceira etapa do Método Canguru entre recém-nascidos prematuros hospitalizados

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the type of feeding and analyze the sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding at hospital discharge, in the first and in the last follow-up visit of the third stage of the Kangaroo Mother Care among infants admitted to the kangaroo unit. Method: Longitudinal and retrospective study. A total of 186 infants of gestational age <37 weeks admitted to the kangaroo unit in 2018 and 2019 was included. Data collected from medical records and subjected to inferential analysis and the Poisson regression model (P < 0.05). Results: Exclusive breastfeeding rate was 73.1% at discharge, with a drop at the last follow-up visit (68.1%). At discharge, there was a greater probability of exclusive breastfeeding in younger mothers, with higher education, infants born with higher birth weight and who received exclusive human milk during hospitalization; in the first follow-up visit, in a younger mother and infant who received only human milk during hospitalization; and in the last follow-up visit, a young mother, infant who received only human milk and suckled at the breast for the first time in the kangaroo unit. Conclusion: Most infants hospitalized in the second stage of the Kangaroo Mother Care were exclusively breastfed and presented maternal and clinical factors related to breastfeeding. This fact can help manage the challenges of the method and promote breastfeeding.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar el tipo de alimentación y analizar los factores sociodemográficos y clínicos asociados a la lactancia materna exclusiva al alta hospitalaria, en el primero y en la última visita de seguimiento de la tercera etapa del Método Madre Canguro entre los recién nacidos ingresados en la unidad canguro. Método: Estudio longitudinal y retrospectivo. Se incluyeron 186 neonatos en edad gestacional <37 semanas ingresados en la unidad canguro en 2018 y 2019. Datos recopilados de historias clínicas sometidas a análisis inferencial y modelo de regresión de Poisson (p < 0,05). Resultados: La tasa de lactancia materna exclusiva fue del 73,1% al alta, con descenso en la última visita de seguimiento (68,1%). Al alta hubo mayor probabilidad de lactancia materna exclusiva en madres más jóvenes, con mayor escolaridad, recién nacidos con mayor peso al nacer y que recibieron leche materna exclusiva durante la internación; en la primera visita de seguimiento, en una madre más joven y un recién nacido que recibió únicamente leche materna durante la hospitalización; y en la última visita de seguimiento, una madre joven, recién nacido que recibió sólo leche humana y con la primera succión del pecho en la unidad canguro. Conclusión: La mayoría de los recién nacidos hospitalizados en la segunda etapa del Método Madre Canguro fueron amamantados exclusivamente y presentaron factores maternos y médicos relacionados con la lactancia materna, que pueden ayudar a gestionar los desafíos del método y promover la lactancia materna.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar o tipo de alimentação e analisar os fatores sociodemográficos e clínicos associados ao aleitamento exclusivo na alta hospitalar, no primeiro e no último retorno da terceira etapa do Método Canguru entre neonatos internados na unidade canguru. Método: Estudo longitudinal e retrospectivo. Incluídos 186 neonatos com idade gestacional <37 semanas admitidos na unidade canguru em 2018 e 2019. Dados coletados do prontuário submetidos à análise inferencial e ao modelo de regressão Poisson (p < 0,05). Resultados: Taxa de aleitamento exclusivo foi de 73,1% na alta, com queda no último retorno (68,1%). Na alta, houve maior probabilidade de aleitamento exclusivo em mãe mais jovem, com escolaridade superior, neonato nascido com maior peso e que recebeu leite humano exclusivo durante internação; no primeiro retorno, em mãe mais jovem e neonato que recebeu apenas leite humano na internação; e no último retorno, mãe jovem, neonato que recebeu apenas leite humano e com primeira sucção na mama na unidade canguru. Conclusão: A maioria dos neonatos internados na segunda etapa do Método Canguru estava em aleitamento exclusivo e apresentou fatores maternos e clínicos relacionados ao aleitamento, podendo auxiliar no manejo dos desafios do método e na promoção da amamentação.

Da Rede Cegonha à Rami: tensões entre paradigmas de atenção ao ciclo gravídico-puerperal / From the 'Rede Cegonha' to 'RAMI': tensions between paradigms of maternal and infant health care

RESUMO Em abril de 2022, o Ministério da Saúde publicou a Portaria GM/MS nº 715, que altera a Portaria de Consolidação GM/MS nº 3, de 28 de setembro de 2017, com o objetivo de instituir a Rede de Atenção à Saúde Materna e Infantil (Rami). Tendo em vista a preexistência da Rede Cegonha, também voltada a essa parcela da população, objetivou-se analisar os modelos de atenção ao ciclo gravídico-puerperal intrínsecos a cada um dos métodos de estruturação organizacional adotados. Para tanto, utilizou-se, como referencial teórico-metodológico, a pesquisa com práticas discursivas, o que possibilitou identificar os repertórios relativos a três categorias predefinidas: os sujeitos, os locais e os agentes da assistência. Na análise, puderam-se observar diferenças paradigmáticas entre as duas redes de atenção. A partir de tais distinções, concluiu-se que a Rede Cegonha está fundamentada em uma concepção de gestação e parto como eventos normais da vida sexual e reprodutiva, enquanto a Rami se estrutura por meio da ênfase no risco, propondo um modelo centrado no hospital e na figura do médico.

ABSTRACT In April 2022, the Ministry of Health published the Ordinance No 715, aiming to establish the new Maternal and Infant Health Care Network (RAMI). Having in mind the pre-existence of an organized network to protect and promote maternal and infant health (Rede Cegonha), we aimed to analyze the models of care intrinsic to each of them. For this purpose, we used the research with discursive practices as a theoretical-methodological framework, identifying repertoires regarding three predefined categories: subjects, places, and agents of care. In our analysis, we could observe paradigmatic differences between the two health care networks. From such distinctions, we conclude that the 'Rede Cegonha' is based on a conception of pregnancy and childbirth as normal events of sexual and reproductive life, whereas 'RAMI' is structured through an emphasis on risk, which results in a model of care centered on the doctor and the hospital as a privileged location for childbirth.

Itinerários terapêuticos de mulheres quilombolas do norte de Minas Gerais, Brasil / Therapeutic itineraries of quilombola women in northern Minas Gerais, Brazil

Resumo Os quilombolas são grupos étnico-raciais de ancestralidade negra e tiveram seus territórios consolidados no Brasil em regiões com acesso difícil e distante dos grandes centros. O objetivo desse estudo é conhecer o itinerário terapêutico (IT) adotado por mulheres quilombolas em comunidades tradicionais localizadas no norte do estado de Minas Gerais. Trata-se de um estudo com abordagem qualitativa com o modelo teórico utilizando o sistema de cuidados à saúde de Arthur Kleinman. O estudo se deu em 23 comunidades quilombolas do norte de Minas Gerais. Foram entrevistadas 40 mulheres quilombolas, com idades entre 25 e 89 anos. A análise dos dados foi realizada seguindo os IT. Emergiram unidades de análise que foram agrupadas em três categorias: as mulheres quilombolas e o significado da saúde e do cuidado; o sistema de cuidado profissional nas comunidades quilombolas; e itinerário de cuidados nas situações vivenciadas pelas mulheres. O itinerário terapêutico das comunidades se mostra relacionado principalmente às ações de medicina popular. Foi possível observar ainda que existem fragilidades em relação à atenção à saúde devido a fatores como dificuldade de acesso aos serviços institucionalizados.

Abstract Quilombolas are ethnic-racial groups, of black ancestry, and had their territories consolidated in Brazil in regions with difficult access and far from large centers. The objective of this study is to know the therapeutic itinerary (IT) adopted by quilombola women in traditional communities located in the North of the state of Minas Gerais. This is a qualitative study with the theoretical model using the Arthur Kleinman health care system. The study scenario was 23 quilombola communities in northern Minas Gerais. Forty quilombola women aged between 25 and 89 years were interviewed. Data analysis was performed following the IT. Units of analysis emerged that were grouped into three categories: quilombola women and the meaning of health and care; the professional care system in quilombola communities; and route of care in situations experienced by women. The therapeutic itinerary of the communities is mainly related to the actions of popular medicine. It was also possible to observe that there are weaknesses in relation to health care due to factors such as difficulty of access to institutionalized services.

Aleitamento materno exclusivo entre pessoas em situação de cárcere: abordagem interseccional e abolicionista para análise da produção científica no Brasil entre 2000 e 2022 / Exclusive breastfeeding among people in prison: an intersectional and abolitionist approach to analyzing scientific production in Brazil from 2000 to 2022

Resumo No Brasil, houve crescimento descontrolado do encarceramento feminino, sendo que não se interrompe essa situação em períodos de gravidez ou lactação. Foi realizada uma revisão de escopo com objetivo de mapear e sintetizar sistematicamente evidências, publicadas a partir do ano 2000, sobre a prática de aleitamento materno exclusivo (AME) entre pessoas em situação de cárcere no Brasil. A interseccionalidade e o abolicionismo penal foram as abordagens teórico-metodológicas utilizadas para análise dos artigos. Ao todo, 25 estudos foram selecionados, sendo 90% publicados entre 2010 e 2020. No âmbito de saúde materno-infantil, eles expuseram principalmente as dificuldades de manter o AME no cárcere, incluindo a indefinição de um período mínimo de estadia do bebê, a falta de orientação profissional à prática de AME e a estrutura inadequada das unidades prisionais. Na área do direito, os estudos relataram tensões entre a ordem disciplinar e o irredutível direito humano das crianças à alimentação. Os estudos focalizaram a investigação na vivência das mães, porém não questionaram as formas práticas e históricas do aprisionamento, em especial sobre corpos negros, femininos e pobres. Abordagens críticas e propositivas são necessárias à produção de evidências para a garantia de direitos à saúde e à alimentação.

Abstract In Brazil, there has been an uncontrolled increase in incarceration of women, and this situation is not interrupted during periods of pregnancy or lactation. A scoping review was carried out to systematically map and synthesize evidence published since 2000 on the practice of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) among imprisoned people in Brazil. Intersectionality and penal abolitionism were the theoretical-methodological approaches used to analyze the studies. A total of 25 studies were selected, 90% of which were published from 2010 to 2020. In the context of maternal and child health, they mainly exposed the difficulties of maintaining EBF in prison, including the lack of definition of a minimum period of stay for the baby, the lack of professional guidance for the practice of EBF, and the inadequate structure of prison units. In the area of law, the studies reported tensions between the disciplinary order and children's irreducible human right to food. The studies focused the investigation on the mothers' experiences, but did not question the practical and historical forms of imprisonment, especially regarding Black, female, and poor bodies. Critical and propositional approaches are necessary to produce evidence toward the guarantee of rights to health and food.

Prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding up to six months of age in full-term newborns during the pandemic and factors associated with early weaning / Prevalência de aleitamento materno exclusivo até seis meses de vida em bebês nascidos a termo em período da pandemia e fatores associados ao desmame precoce

ABSTRACT Purpose: to investigate the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding up to 6 months old in full-term newborns at a public hospital and the main factors associated with early weaning, during the pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome. Methods: an observational, cross-sectional study with 98 mothers of full-term babies, conducted from January to August 2021, during the COVID-19 pandemic. The participants answered two structured questionnaires. One was applied immediately after childbirth, with questions on identification and socioeconomic data, obstetric-gynecological background, and current pregnancy and childbirth. The second questionnaire, applied 6 months after childbirth, had questions about the child's feeding status. Statistical tests were used to associate the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding up to 6 months old and other variables, at the 5% significance level. Results: 16.3% of the babies were exclusively breastfeeding until the sixth month, during the COVID-19 pandemic, in the public hospital where the study was carried out. Exclusive breastfeeding up to 6 months old was not associated with the study variables. Conclusion: the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding until the sixth month in full-term babies, in a public hospital, during the COVID-19 pandemic, was 16.3%. None of the variables analyzed was associated with early weaning.

RESUMO Objetivo: investigar a prevalência de aleitamento materno exclusivo aos seis meses de vida em bebês nascidos a termo em um hospital público e os principais fatores associados ao desmame precoce em período de pandemia causada pela síndrome respiratória aguda grave. Métodos: estudo observacional, transversal, realizado com 98 mães de bebês a termo, no período de janeiro a agosto de 2021, intervalo marcado pela pandemia da COVID-19. As participantes responderam a dois questionários, um no pós-parto imediato, com questões de identificação e socioeconômicas, antecedentes gineco-obstétricos, gestação e parto atual; e, o segundo, seis meses após o parto, continha questões sobre a situação alimentar da criança. Para verificar a associação entre a prevalência do aleitamento materno exclusivo aos seis meses de vida e as demais variáveis foram aplicados os testes Qui-quadrado, Exato de Fisher, Qui-quadrado de comparações múltiplas e Teste T, com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: 16,3% dos lactentes encontravam-se em aleitamento materno exclusivo no sexto mês, no período da pandemia da COVID-19, no hospital público onde o estudo foi realizado. Não houve associação entre o aleitamento materno exclusivo aos seis meses de vida e as variáveis pesquisadas. Conclusão: a prevalência de amamentação exclusiva no sexto mês em bebês nascidos a termo em um hospital público, durante a pandemia da COVID-19, foi de 16,3% e nenhuma das variáveis analisadas apresentou associação com o desmame precoce.

Congenital syphilis in Roraima and Venezuelan migration: analysis of cases at the state maternity hospital in the 2017/2018 and 2020/2021 biennia / Sífilis congênita em Roraima e a migração venezuelana: análise de casos na maternidade estadual nos biênios 2017/2018 e 2020/2021 / Sífilis congénita en Roraima y migración venezolana: análisis de casos en la maternidad estatal en los bienios 2017/2018 y 2020/2021

Background and objectives: in 2017 and 2018, Roraima experienced the most significant increase in congenital syphilis incidence rates among all federal units. This phenomenon occurred in parallel with the significant Venezuelan migration to the region. The study aimed to analyze the relationship between the increase in cases of congenital syphilis registered at the Hospital Materno Infantil Nossa Senhora de Nazareth and the Venezuelan migratory crisis. Methods: this is a document-based, descriptive research, covering the 2017/2018 and 2020/2021 periods, developed from data collected in copies of congenital syphilis report/investigation forms from the hospital. Results: in the 2017/2018 biennium, the peak of Venezuelan migration in Roraima, fewer cases of syphilis occurred than when the migratory flow declined. In the 2020/2021 biennium, there was a decrease in the migratory flow due to the closing of the border and the acceleration of the interiorization process. Although it is the period with the highest number of reports of congenital syphilis among Venezuelan mothers, the percentage is considerably lower than that recorded among Brazilian women. The incidence rate was higher among the group of Brazilian mothers (7.5/1,000 live births, in the 2017/2018 period, and 11.5/1,000 live births, in the 2020/2021 period). Conclusion: Venezuelan migration, although it may have eventually exerted some influence on the total number of cases of congenital syphilis, cannot be considered the determining factor for the increase in cases of the disease in the hospital in the defined period, and other factors deserve to be assessed as decisive in this case.(AU)

Justificativa e objetivos: em 2017 e 2018, Roraima apresentou o aumento mais significativo nas taxas de incidência de sífilis congênita entre todas as unidades federativas. Este fenômeno ocorreu paralelamente à significativa migração venezuelana para a região. O estudo teve como objetivo analisar a relação entre o aumento de casos de sífilis congênita registrados no Hospital Materno Infantil Nossa Senhora de Nazareth e a crise migratória venezuelana. Métodos: trata-se de uma pesquisa documental, descritiva, abrangendo os períodos 2017/2018 e 2020/2021, desenvolvida a partir de dados coletados em cópias de fichas de notificação/investigação de sífilis congênita do hospital. Resultados: no biênio 2017/2018, pico da migração venezuelana em Roraima, ocorreram menos casos de sífilis do que quando o fluxo migratório diminuiu. No biénio 2020/2021, registou-se uma diminuição do fluxo migratório devido ao encerramento da fronteira e à aceleração do processo de interiorização. Embora seja o período com maior número de notificações de sífilis congênita entre mães venezuelanas, o percentual é consideravelmente inferior ao registrado entre as brasileiras. A taxa de incidência foi maior entre o grupo de mães brasileiras (7,5/1.000 nascidos vivos, no período 2017/2018, e 11,5/1.000 nascidos vivos, no período 2020/2021). Conclusão: A migração venezuelana, embora possa eventualmente ter exercido alguma influência no total de casos de sífilis congênita, não pode ser considerada o fator determinante para o aumento de casos da doença no hospital no período definido, e outros fatores merecem ser destacados. ser considerada decisiva neste caso.(AU)

Antecedentes y objetivos: en 2017 y 2018, Roraima experimentó el aumento más significativo en las tasas de incidencia de sífilis congénita entre todas las unidades federales. Este fenómeno se produjo en paralelo con la importante migración venezolana a la región. El estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar la relación entre el aumento de casos de sífilis congénita registrados en el Hospital Materno Infantil Nossa Senhora de Nazareth y la crisis migratoria venezolana. Métodos: se trata de una investigación descriptiva, documental, que abarca los períodos 2017/2018 y 2020/2021, desarrollada a partir de datos recolectados en copias de formularios de informe/investigación de sífilis congénita del hospital. Resultados: en el bienio 2017/2018, pico de migración venezolana en Roraima, ocurrieron menos casos de sífilis que cuando el flujo migratorio disminuyó. En el bienio 2020/2021 se produjo una disminución del flujo migratorio debido al cierre de fronteras y la aceleración del proceso de interiorización. Si bien es el período con mayor número de reportes de sífilis congénita entre madres venezolanas, el porcentaje es considerablemente menor que el registrado entre las mujeres brasileñas. La tasa de incidencia fue mayor entre el grupo de madres brasileñas (7,5/1.000 nacidos vivos, en el período 2017/2018, y 11,5/1.000 nacidos vivos, en el período 2020/2021). Conclusión: La migración venezolana, si bien eventualmente pudo haber ejercido alguna influencia en el número total de casos de sífilis congénita, no puede considerarse el factor determinante del aumento de casos de la enfermedad en el hospital en el período definido, y otros factores merecen ser considerados. considerarse decisivo en este caso.(AU)

Qualification of Prenatal Care and Management in the Context of Primary Health Care

Introduction: Collaboration between different health professionals is essential to ensure safe and quality prenatal care and favorable birth outcomes. Objective: To describe interprofessional prenatal care and management strategies in the context of primary health care. Materials and method: Qualitative research conducted between August and December 2022. Data was collected using an instrument to analyze the content of infographics produced by 26 professionals working in primary health care in southern Brazil, as an evaluation activity for a qualification course. The content of the infographics was analyzed using the coding process proposed by Minayo. Results: The data analyzed enabled three thematic categories to be identified: "The necessary intersectoral and interprofessional coordination;" "Responsibilities built and shared between pregnant women and professionals;" "Planning and qualification of workflows and processes." Conclusions: Interprofessional prenatal care and management strategies in the context of primary health care are associated with overcoming fragmented and dichotomous approaches, as well as the prospect of more participatory, dialogic, and interactive prenatal care and management processes, with the inclusion of various health actors.

Introducción: la colaboración entre diferentes profesionales del área de la salud es esencial para garantizar atención prenatal segura y de calidad, y resultados favorables en el parto. Objetivo: describir estrategias interprofesionales de la gestión y atención prenatal en el contexto de la atención primaria de salud. Materiales y método: investigación cualitativa realizada entre agosto y diciembre de 2022. Los datos se recogieron mediante un instrumento de análisis del contenido de infografías producidas por 26 profesionales que trabajan en la atención primaria de salud en el sur de Brasil, como actividad de evaluación de un curso de cualificación. El contenido de las infografías se analizó mediante el proceso de codificación propuesto por Minayo. Resultados: los datos analizados permitieron identificar tres categorías temáticas: "La necesaria coordinación intersectorial e interprofesional"; "Responsabilidades construidas y compartidas entre gestantes y profesionales"; "Planificación y cualificación de flujos y procesos de trabajo". Conclusiones: las estrategias interprofesionales de gestión y atención prenatal en el contexto de la atención primaria de salud se asocian a la superación de enfoques fragmentados y dicotómicos, así como a la perspectiva de procesos de gestión y atención prenatal más participativos, dialógicos e interactivos con la inclusión de diversos actores de la salud.

Introdução: a colaboração entre os diversos profissionais da saúde é essencial para garantir um pré-natal seguro e de qualidade, bem como desfechos favoráveis no parto. Objetivo: descrever estratégias interprofissionais de gestão e atenção pré-natais no contexto da atenção primária à saúde. Materiais e método: pesquisa qualitativa realizada entre agosto e dezembro de 2022. Os dados foram coletados a partir de um instrumento de análise do conteúdo de infográficos produzidos por 26 profissionais que atuam na atenção primaria à saúde, no sul do Brasil, como atividade avaliativa de um curso de qualificação. O conteúdo dos infográficos foi analisado com base no processo de codificação proposto por Minayo. Resultados: os dados analisados possibilitaram a delimitação de três categorias temáticas: "A necessária articulação intersetorial e interprofissional"; "Responsabilidades construídas e compartilhadas entre gestantes e profissionais"; "Planejamento e qualificação dos fluxos e dos processos de trabalho". Conclusões: as estratégias interprofissionais de gestão e atenção pré-natais no contexto da atenção primária à saúde estão associadas à superação de abordagens fragmentadas e dicotômicas, bem como à prospecção de processos de gestão e atenção pré-natais mais participativos, dialógicos e interativos, com a inclusão dos diversos atores da saúde.

Prevalência e desfechos materno-fetais de pacientes internadas por amniorrexe prematura no pré-termo no Hospital Universitário da Faculdade de Medicina de Jundiaí nos anos de 2020 e 2021 / Prevalence and maternal-fetal outcomes in patients hospitalized with preterm premature rupture of membranes at the University Hospital of Jundiaí's Medical School in the years 2020 and 2021

Objetivo: Atualizar a estatística do serviço, reconhecendo a prevalência de amnior- rexe prematura no pré-termo e seus principais desfechos materno-fetais. Méto- dos: Estudo transversal realizado pela análise de prontuários médicos de pacien- tes internadas devido a amniorrexe prematura no pré-termo e de seus respectivos conceptos no Hospital Universitário da Faculdade de Medicina de Jundiaí durante o período de janeiro de 2020 a dezembro de 2021. Resultados: Participaram da pesquisa 161 pacientes e 166 conceptos, resultando em uma prevalência de 2,12% no período estudado, com intervalo de confiança de 95% (1,80-2,47). Entre os des- fechos maternos, 2,5% das gestantes compunham critérios para near miss mater- no; enquanto entre os desfechos fetais, o resultado foi de 54,8% dos conceptos apresentando complicações, sendo as mais prevalentes a síndrome do desconfor- to respiratório (36,3%), icterícia (39,5%), baixo peso (27,5%) e hipoglicemia (24,2%). Além disso, 40,4% necessitaram de internação na unidade de terapia intensiva, 22,9% foram classificados como near miss neonatal e 4,4% foram a óbito. Conclu- são: Os resultados seguiram os padrões nacionais e internacionais esperados para prevalência de amniorrexe prematura no pré-termo e seus desfechos materno-fe- tais, com alta porcentagem de internações e complicações neonatais e baixa taxa de complicações maternas.

Objective: To update service statistics, recognizing the preva- lence of the pathology and its main outcomes. Methods: Cros- s-sectional study carried out through the analysis of medical records of patients hospitalized due to preterm premature rup- ture of membranes and their respective fetuses at the Univer- sity Hospital of Jundiaí's Medical School during the period from January 2020 to December 2021. Results: A total of 161 patients and 166 fetuses participated in the research, resulting in a pre- valence of 2.12% in the period studied with 95% confidence in- terval (1.80-2.47). About the outcomes, 2.5% of the pregnant wo- men composed the criteria for maternal near miss; as for the fetus, complications evolved in 54.8% of the fetuses, the most prevalent being respiratory distress syndrome (36.3%), jaundice (39.5%), low birth weight (27.5%) and hypoglycemia (24.2%). In addition, 40.4% required admission to the intensive care unit, 22.9% were neonatal near miss and 4.4% died. Conclusion: The results followed the expected national and international standards for the prevalence of preterm premature rupture of membranes and its maternal and fetal outcomes, with a high percentage of hospitalizations and neonatal complications, and a low rate of maternal complications.

Comportamiento de algunos indicadores del Programa Materno Infantil en un consultorio médico de la familia. Cienfuegos, 2013-2022

Fundamento el Consultorio del Médico de la Familia resulta uno de los eslabones de esa larga cadena que es el Sistema Nacional de Salud. El funcionamiento de cada uno de ellos en el contexto de las comunidades guarda una relación directa con los resultados de trabajo a través de los años. Objetivo caracterizar el comportamiento de algunos indicadores del Programa Materno Infantil en un consultorio del médico de la familia. Métodos se realizó un estudio descriptivo, en el consultorio número 11 del área de Salud 5, en Cienfuegos, en el período 2013-2022. Fueron incluidas las embarazadas captadas en ese tiempo (n=163) y los nacidos en igual periodo (n=162). Las variables estudiadas: edad materna, número de partos, edad gestacional al parto, nacidos vivos, peso al nacer, lactancia materna, cifras de hemoglobina y alteraciones genéticas. Resultados predominaron los embarazos en mujeres de 20-24 años de edad (38 %). El 98 % de los embarazos fueron a término. Las alteraciones genéticas no fueron frecuentes (0,6 %). El 94 % de los niños que recibieron lactancia materna exclusiva mostraron cifras de hemoglobina mayores o iguales a 110g/l. La adherencia a la lactancia materna exclusiva hasta los seis meses alcanzó el 65 % en todo el periodo. Conclusiones el embarazo en adolescentes, el bajo peso al nacer, la prematuridad y las alteraciones genéticas no constituyeron problemas de salud en la población y periodo de estudio. Hubo una estrecha relación entre la lactancia materna exclusiva y las cifras de hemoglobina normales al sexto mes del nacimiento.

Foundation the Family Doctor's Office is one of the links in that long chain that is the National Health System. The operation of each one of them in the communities context is directly related to the work results over the years. Objective to characterize the behavior of some Maternal and Child Program indicators in a family doctor's office. Methods a descriptive study was carried out in the doctor's office 11 from the Health area 5, in Cienfuegos, from 2013 to 2022. Pregnant women captured at that time (n=163) and those born in the same period (n=162) were included. The studied variables: maternal age, number of deliveries, gestational age at delivery, live births, birth weight, breastfeeding, hemoglobin levels and genetic alterations. Results there was a predominance of pregnancies in women 20-24 years of age (38%). 98% of pregnancies were at term. Genetic alterations were not frequent (0.6%). 94% of the children who received exclusive breastfeeding had hemoglobin levels greater than or equal to 110g/l. Adherence to exclusive breastfeeding up to six months reached 65% throughout the period. Conclusions adolescent pregnancy, low birth weight, prematurity and genetic alterations did not constitute health problems in the population and study period. There was a close relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and normal hemoglobin levels at the sixth month after birth.

Cuidado transcultural em maternidades a puérperas e neonatos expostos a substâncias psicoativas no pré-natal / Cross-Cultural Care In Maternities To Puerpera And Newborns Exposed To Psychoactive Substances In Prenatal

O abuso de substâncias psicoativas pela mulher no período pré-natal tem chamado a atenção para a necessidade de práticas de cuidado materno-neonatal que sejam culturalmente competentes. Desta forma, este estudo teve como objetivo relatar limitações e potencialidades de cuidado transcultural ao binômio mãe usuária de álcool ou outras drogas e seu neonato, observadas no dia a dia da maternidade. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa de natureza exploratória, descritiva, com perspectiva etnográfica sobre o cuidado prestado ao binômio mãe usuária de álcool ou outras drogas e seu neonato, realizada entre 2018 e 2020 em maternidades. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de observação participante e entrevistas às puérperas e profissionais de saúde, discutindo-os à luz da Teoria de Madeleine Leininger. As limitações e potencialidades do cuidado focaram no acolhimento, na comunicação entre os profissionais e as pacientes, na identificação de sinais de dependência e abstinência na puérpera, nas orientações em saúde e na rotina de avaliação neonatal. A compreensão cultural e o vínculo etnográfico permitiram uma relação de confiança, de busca de conhecimento e de construção coletiva para o efetivo cuidado culturalmente congruente frente às limitações encontradas.

The abuse of psychoactive substances by women during the prenatal period has called attention to the need for culturally competent maternal-neonatal care practices. Thus, this study aimedto report limitations and potentialities of cross-cultural care to the binomial mother who uses alcohol or other drugs and her newborn, observed in the daily life of the maternity ward. It is qualitative research of exploratory, descriptive nature, with ethnographic perspective on the care provided to the binomial mother who uses alcohol or other drugs and her newborn, conducted between 2019 to 2020 in maternity hospitals. The data were obtained through participant observation and interviews to puerperae and health professionals, discussing them in the light of Madeleine Leininger's Theory. The limitations and potentialities of care focused on the reception, communication between professionals and patients, identification of signs of dependence and abstinence in puerperae, health guidelines, and routine neonatal evaluation. The cultural understanding and the ethnographic bond allowed a relationship of trust, search for knowledge, and collective construction for the effective culturally congruent care in face of the limitations found.

The association of breast feeding for at least six months with hemodynamic and metabolic health of women and their children aged three years: an observational cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Breastfeeding is important for both mother and child in reducing risk of future cardiovascular disease. Therefore, it may be an effective method to improve cardio-metabolic health, particularly those who are exposed to pregnancy complications which increase later CVD risk for both mother and child. The aim of this study is to assess differences in cardiometabolic health at three years postpartum in mothers who breastfed for at least six months and their children compared to those who did not. METHODS: Women and children from the Screening Tests to Predict Poor Outcomes of Pregnancy (STOP) study (2015-2017) were invited to attend a health check-up at three years postpartum. Women's breastfeeding status at least six months postpartum was ascertained through their child health record. Anthropometric and hemodynamic measurements were taken from women and their children. A fasting blood sample was taken from women to measure blood glucose and lipids. RESULTS: A total of 160 woman-child dyads were assessed in this study. Women who breastfed for at least six months had significantly lower maternal BMI, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, central systolic blood pressure, and central diastolic blood pressure than those who did not and this did not change after adjusting for BMI and socioeconomic index in early pregnancy, prenatal smoking and maternal age in early pregnancy. Subgroup analysis on women who had one or more pregnancy complications during the index pregnancy (i.e. preeclampsia, gestational hypertension, delivery of a small for gestational age infant, delivery of a preterm infant, and/or gestational diabetes mellitus) demonstrated that women who breastfed for at least six months had significantly lower maternal systolic and diastolic blood pressures, serum insulin and triglycerides, and higher HDL cholesterol. There were no differences in child anthropometric or hemodynamic variables at three years of age between those children who had been breastfed for at least six months and those who had not. CONCLUSION: Breastfeeding for at least six months may reduce some maternal; cardiovascular risk factors in women at three years postpartum, in particular, in those who have experienced a complication of pregnancy. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ACTRN12614000985684 (12/09/2014).

A evolução da mortalidade materna e o impacto da COVID-19 na Região Norte do Brasil: uma análise de 2012 a 2021 / Evolution of maternal mortality and impact of COVID-19 in the Northern Region of Brazil: an analysis from 2012 to 2021

Analisar o comportamento da razão de mortalidade materna de 2012 a 2021, na Região Norte do Brasil. Estudo ecológico descritivo de base populacional e série temporal, de 2012 a 2021, com dados secundários da Região Norte do Brasil, disponíveis no Painel de Monitoramento de Mortalidade Materna e Nascidos Vivos. Entre 2012 e 2019, na Região Norte, a média da razão de mortalidade materna foi 72,19, mas, com a pandemia de COVID-19, elevou-se consideravelmente, sendo 92,16 em 2020 e 164 em 2021. Roraima apresentou a maior mortalidade materna na pandemia, em fevereiro de 2021 (705,65). Neste ano, o colapso do sistema de saúde do Amazonas impactou a razão de mortalidade materna, que foi 436,90 em fevereiro de 2021.A COVID-19 colaborou com o aumento da mortalidade materna, evidenciando desigualdades interestaduais e vulnerabilidades na assistência pré-natal, na infraestrutura hospitalar e socioeconômica da Região Norte, especialmente em Roraima e Amazonas.

To analyze the behavior of the maternal mortality ratio from 2012 to 2021 in the North Region of Brazil. Population-based descriptive ecological study and time series, from 2012 to 2021, with secondary data from the Northern Region of Brazil, available on the Monitoring Panel for Maternal Mortality and Live Births. Between 2012 and 2019, in the North Region, the average maternal mortality ratio was 72.19, but, with the COVID-19 pandemic, it increased considerably, being 92.16 in 2020 and 164 in 2021. Roraima presented higher maternal mortality in the pandemic, in February 2021 (705.65). That year, the collapse of the health system in Amazonas affected the maternal mortality ratio, which was 436.90 in February 2021.COVID-19 collaborated with the increase in maternal mortality, highlighting interstate inequalities and vulnerabilities in prenatal care, hospital, and socioeconomic infrastructure in the North Region, especially in Roraima and Amazonas.

The impact of recommending iron supplements to women with depleted iron stores in early pregnancy on use of supplements, and factors associated with changes in iron status from early pregnancy to postpartum in a multi-ethnic population-based cohort.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to evaluate the impact of recommending supplementation to pregnant women with serum ferritin (SF) < 20 µg/L in early pregnancy on use of supplements, and to explore which factors were associated with changes in iron status by different iron indicators to 14 weeks postpartum. METHODS: A multi-ethnic population-based cohort study of 573 pregnant women examined at mean gestational week (GW) 15 (enrolment), at mean GW 28 and at the postpartum visit (mean 14 weeks after delivery). Women with SF < 20 µg/L at enrolment were recommended 30-50 mg iron supplementation and supplement use was assessed at all visits. Change of SF, soluble transferrin receptor and total body iron from enrolment to postpartum were calculated by subtracting the concentrations at the postpartum visit from that at enrolment. Linear and logistic regression analyses were performed to assess associations between use of supplements in GW 28 and changes in iron status and postpartum iron deficiency/anaemia. Change of iron status was categorized into 'steady low', 'improvement', 'deterioration', and 'steady high' based on SF status at enrolment and postpartum. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with change of iron status. RESULTS: At enrolment, 44% had SF < 20 µg/L. Among these women (78% non-Western European origin), use of supplements increased from 25% (enrolment) to 65% (GW 28). Use of supplements in GW 28 was associated with improved iron levels by all three indicators (p < 0.05) and with haemoglobin concentration (p < 0.001) from enrolment to postpartum, and with lower odds of postpartum iron deficiency by SF and TBI (p < 0.05). Factors positively associated with 'steady low' were: use of supplements, postpartum haemorrhage, an unhealthy dietary pattern and South Asian ethnicity (p ≤ 0.01 for all); with 'deterioration': postpartum haemorrhage, an unhealthy dietary pattern, primiparity and no use of supplements (p < 0.01 for all), and with 'improvement': use of supplements, multiparity and South Asian ethnicity (p < 0.03 for all). CONCLUSIONS: Both supplement use and iron status improved from enrolment to the postpartum visit among women recommended supplementation. Dietary pattern, use of supplements, ethnicity, parity and postpartum haemorrhage were identified as factors associated with change in iron status.