Inteligencia Artificial: pinocho dos mil años luz / Artificial Intelligence: pinocchio two thousand light years

Una versión preliminar de este texto fue publicada en 2001 en ocasión del estreno del film. Dos décadas después y ante la explosión de la Inteligencia Artificial Generativa se presenta una versión ampliada que mantiene sin embargo la tesis original. Se trata de la importancia y vigencia de los mitos para comprender la distancia entre la lógica computacional y lo propio de la condición humana. En esta línea se analiza el film de Spielberg en interlocución con el célebre relato de Carlo Collodi y con los aportes del psicoanálisis para pensar el presente y el futuro de la Inteligencia Artificial

A preliminary version of this text was published in 2001 on the occasion of the film's premiere. Two decades later and given the explosion of Generative Artificial Intelligence, an expanded version is presented that nevertheless maintains the original thesis. It is about the importance and validity of myths to understand the distance between computational logic and the human condition. Along these lines, Spielberg's film is analyzed in dialogue with the famous story by Carlo Collodi and with the contributions of psychoanalysis to think about the present and future of Artificial Intelligence

Play and Mothers' Relationships With Children in the Context of Breast Cancer.

This interpretative phenomenological study explored play experiences between mothers who had completed, or were receiving treatment for, breast cancer and their young children and disease-related factors influencing those experiences. Six Puerto Rican mothers who had young children at the time of their primary treatment were interviewed. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed through constant comparative method. Two themes emerged: (a) "changes and challenges," which contextualized disease-related factors affecting the maternal role; and (b) "play and relationships with children" described play moments and how treatment affected these. Participants emphasized the benefits of playing and relating with their children while in treatment. Play as a co-occupation and an effective means to connect mothers with their children must be considered in the practice of occupational therapy. Future studies with more diverse samples of mothers at different stages of the disease are warranted to expand this exploratory work.

Facilitators to Engagement in a Mother-Child Therapeutic Intervention Following Intimate Partner Violence.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) affects more than one in four children worldwide. Despite the growing evidence base for interventions addressing children's IPV exposure, little is known about what assists families to engage with services. The current study sought to explore women's perceptions of barriers and facilitators to accessing an intervention for their children following IPV. A total of 16 mothers who had engaged in a community-based, dyadic intervention for children exposed to IPV participated in the study. The Brief Relational Intervention and Screening (BRISC) is an evidenced informed program designed by Berry Street (Australia). A pilot of the intervention was implemented across one metropolitan and one regional site. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 16 mothers who had completed BRISC. Transcripts were analyzed in NVivo using thematic analysis. Key facilitators to initial engagement included strong referral pathways, clear information about the program, and initial phone contact from the service. Difficulty trusting services were identified as a key barrier to initial engagement. Facilitators of continued engagement included flexibility in service delivery, consistent and direct communication between sessions, and the therapeutic approach. Key barriers to sustained intervention engagement included children's continued contact with their father, mothers' experiences of guilt and blame, and the need for additional support for mothers' own mental health. These findings highlight how service and clinician factors such as flexibility, therapeutic approaches, and communication can facilitate engagement for families affected by IPV. In addition, the study highlights the importance of including the voices of women in research to improve the acceptability of services for consumers.

Maternal perception of a child with cancer.

BACKGROUND: The representation of a child is an important element of mother-child relations, which allows the mother to empathise with and respond to the child's needs. A child's cancer may be reflected in the mother's representation of the child. The aim of this study was to see whether there were differences in a mother's representation of healthy and oncologically ill children. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The participants in the study include 30 mothers of oncologically ill children and 25 women with healthy children as the control group. The study used a self-constructed questionnaire containing questions about the mothers' representations of their children as well as demographic information. RESULTS: Women with oncologically ill children less frequently described their children as independent, impulsive, needing food and the recognition of others, than mothers of healthy children. They also felt fear more frequently when thinking about the child. There were, however, common elements in representations of ill and healthy children. Impulsiveness and interest in computer games and movies was more often attributed to boys than girls in both categories, while helpfulness was attributed more often to older children than younger ones. Single mothers felt regret more often when thinking about the child than mothers who had some helpers. CONCLUSION: Maternal representations of a child may include, but do not have to include, disease-related content. Perceptions of a child's independence, impulsiveness, and needs seem to be related to the child's health, but for other elements of the child's image this relation is not present.

"I support you in everything": a qualitative study on maternal perception about their skating daughters

Abstract Aim: The study aimed to understand the perceptions of mothers about the practice of figure skating by their daughters aged between 8 and 13 years old. Methods: Eight mothers of skaters belonging to a youth competition team were interviewed in a qualitative study, which used narratives as the methodological approach. The interview was structured with open-ended questions and the full transcriptions were analyzed through content analysis. Results: The results of the three categories of analysis - "Skating and competing: the first influences"; "Family models and maternal participation"; and "Behavior of parents in sporting events" - showed that mothers perceived they provide emotional and motivational support during their daughters' sports practice and that they do not exert pressure for results. To not recognize negative behaviors could be negative to the skaters and may be the result of an inconscient mechanism or the need of mothers to have socially accepted behavior. They also stressed anxiety during competitions and reported strategies to cope with it. Thus, it is important to raise awareness of this situation so mothers can have more resources to manage this fragile balance. Conclusions: The way mothers participate in their children's sports life and express their support influences their sports practice; therefore, to understand how mothers perceive their involvement in their daughters' sportive practice is important to develop best practices to guarantee the quality of the interaction between mothers-children and healthy psychological development.

Impacto do isolamento social no cotidiano de mães em homeoffice durante a pandemia de COVID-19 / Impact of social isolation on the daily lives of homeoffice mothers during the COVID-19 pandemic / Impacto del aislamiento social en la vida cotidiana de las madres que trabajan en modo homeoffice durante la pandemia de COVID-19

Este estudo teve por objetivo compreender como mães vivenciaram o isolamento social nos primeiros meses de pandemia da COVID-19 e o impacto em seu cotidiano e perspectivas de futuro. Participaram da pesquisa 20 mulheres de diferentes estratos sociais, com idades entre 29 e 45 anos, que realizavam atividades laborais em homeoffice. Foram realizadas entrevistas individuais semiestruturadas por meio remoto. O corpus de pesquisa foi constituído pela transcrição na íntegra das entrevistas. Os resultados mostraram que a pandemia impôs mudanças significativas na dinâmica familiar e acarretou sobrecarga nos papéis desempenhados como mães, esposas e profissionais. As participantes se mostraram exaustas com o acúmulo de novas tarefas domésticas e intensificação das demandas de cuidados com filhos. As conclusões sugerem a urgência de dar visibilidade e escuta ao sofrimento psicológico das mulheres, atentando para as questões da sobrecarga de funções, que reverberam na qualidade de vida e do cuidado com os filhos.

This study aimed to understand how mothers experienced social isolation in the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic and its impacts on everyday life and future perspectives. Twenty women from different social status, aged between 29 and 45 years, who perfomed homeoffice work activities, participated in the research. Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted remotely. The corpus-based research consisted of the full transcription of the interviews. The results showed that the pandemic imposed significant changes in family dynamics and caused an overload in the roles played as mothers, wives and professionals. The participants were exhausted with the accumulation of new domestic chores and intensified demands for childcare. The conclusions suggested the urgency of giving visibility and listening to the psychological suffering of women, addressing the issues of the overload of functions that reverberated in the quality of life and children care.

El objetivo de este estudio es comprender cómo las madres experimentaron el aislamiento social en los primeros meses de la pandemia de COVID-19, sus repercusiones en la vida cotidiana y perspectivas futuras. Participaron 20 mujeres de diferentes estratos sociales, con edades entre 29 y 45 años, que realizaban actividades laborales con la modalidade homeoffice. Las entrevistas individuales semiestructuradas se realizaron por medios remotos. El corpus de la investigación consistió en la transcripción de las entrevistas. Los resultados mostraron que la pandemia impuso cambios significativos en la dinámica familiar y provocó una sobrecarga en los papeles desempeñados como madres, esposas y profesionales. Las participantes estaban agotadas por la acumulación de nuevas tareas domésticas y la intensificación de las demandas de cuidado de los niños. Las conclusiones sugieren la urgencia de dar visibilidad y escuchar el sufrimiento psicológico de las mujeres, abordando las cuestiones de sobrecarga de funciones que repercuten en la calidad de vida y del cuidado de los hijos.

Mães de recém-nascidos com malformação congênita externa: impacto emocional / Mothers of newborns with external congenital malformation: emotional impact / Madres de recién nacidos con malformación congénita externa: impacto emocional

INTRODUÇÃO: Um bebê com malformação (defeito num órgão ou parte do corpo) pode prejudicar o vínculo mãe/bebê. Investigou-se o impacto emocional em mães de recém-nascidos com malformação congênita (MF) externa. MÉTODO: Pesquisa qualitativa realizada num instituto de referência em alto risco fetal no RJ, a partir de entrevistas semiestruturadas com cinco mães, no pré-natal e 15 dias após o parto. A análise foi de conteúdo RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO: Diagnóstico da MF do filho durante a gestação: conflito entre a realidade invisível da malformação e o desejo da normalidade (forma como lidou com a notícia / o que esperar após o nascimento); visibilidade da MF: entre a fantasia e o real (concretização do diagnóstico); ambivalência no vínculo: preconceito e desejo de morte (sentimentos/desejos). CONCLUSÃO: Um bebê com MF externa influencia a formação do vínculo mãe/bebê, sendo necessário capacitar a equipe.

INTRODUCTION: A malformed baby (with defect in an organ or body part) can damage the mother/baby bond. We investigated the emotional impact experienced by mothers of newborns with external congenital malformation (MF). METHOD: Qualitative research carried out in a high fetal risk reference institute in Rio de Janeiro, based on semi-structured interviews with five mothers, in the prenatal and 15 days after delivery. The analysis was content. RESULTS: The diagnosis of the child's MF during pregnancy: the conflict between the invisible reality of the malformation and the desire for normality (how he dealt with the news/what to expect after birth); The visibility of MF: between fantasy and reality (concretion of the diagnosis); ambivalence in the bond: prejudice and death wish (feelings/desires). CONCLUSION: A baby with external MF influences the formation of the mother/baby bond, and it is necessary to train the team.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Un bebé con malformación (defecto en un órgano o parte del cuerpo) puede dañar el vínculo madre/bebé. Se investigó el impacto emocional experimentado por las madres de recién nacidos con malformación congénita (MF) externa. MÉTODO: Investigación cualitativa realizada en un instituto de referencia de alto riesgo fetal en Río de Janeiro, basada en entrevistas semiestructuradas con cinco madres, en el prenatal y 15 días después del parto. El análisis fue de contenido. RESULTADOS: Diagnóstico de la MF del hijo durante la gestación: conflicto entre la realidad invisible de la malformación y deseo de la normalidad (cómo manejó las noticias/qué esperar después del nacimiento); Visibilidad de la MF: entre fantasía y real (finalización del diagnóstico); Ambivalencia en vínculo: preconcepto y deseo de muerte (sentimientos/deseos). CONCLUSIÓN: Un bebé con MF externa influye en la formación del vínculo madre/bebé, y es necesario capacitar al equipo.

Relação da condição de cárie da criança com experiência de cárie da mãe / Relationship between the child's caries status and the mother's caries experience

Objetivo: verificar a relação da condição de cárie da criança com a experiência autopercebida de cárie da mãe através de um estudo observacional transversal. Métodos: O estudo foi realizado na Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Federal de Pelotas com crianças entre 8 e 11 anos e suas mães. A amostra contou com 105 pares mãe-filho. Os responsáveis responderam um questionário relacionado à situação socioeconômica e demográfica, a mãe respondeu sobre sua saúde bucal: experiência de cárie (restauração ou dente cariado e perda dentária por cárie). Nas crianças os desfechos foram avaliados através de exame clínico com a soma de dentes decíduos e permanentes cariados, perdidos e obturados (ceod/CPOD) e para severidade de cárie foi utilizado Significant Caries Index (SiC), ceod/CPOD≥3. Para testar a associação entre as variáveis relacionadas à mãe e o desfecho severidade de cárie foi realizado o teste Qui-quadrado, para média de cárie na criança (ceod/CPOD) foi utilizado o Teste Mann-Whitney. Resultados: Com relação à severidade de cárie não foi encontrada associação estatisticamente significante. A média do ceod/CPOD foi quase três vezes maior nas crianças cujas mães relataram que haviam tido ou estavam com algum dente cariado ou restaurado em função da cárie em comparação àquelas que não relataram esta experiência. As mães mais jovens apresentaram filhos com maior média de cárie do que as mães mais velhas. Conclusão: Entre as crianças atendidas neste serviço existe uma relação de uma maior média de cárie nas crianças com cujas mães tem ou tiveram experiência de cárie e mais jovens.(AU)

Objective: to verify the relationship between the child's caries condition and the mother's self-perceived caries experience through a cross-sectional observational study. Methods: The study was carried out at the Faculty of Dentistry of the Federal University of Pelotas with children between 8 and 11 years old and their mothers. The sample had 105 mother-child pairs. The guardians answered a questionnaire related to the socioeconomic and demographic situation, the mother answered about her oral health: caries experience (restoration or decayed tooth and tooth loss due to caries). In children, the outcomes were evaluated through clinical examination with the sum of decayed, missing and filled deciduous and permanent teeth (DMFT/DMFT) and for caries severity we used the Significant Caries Index (SiC), DMFT/DMFT≥3. To test the association between the variables related to the mother and the outcome of caries severity, the Chi-square test was performed, for mean caries in children (dmft/DMFT) the Mann-Whitney Test was used. Results: Regarding caries severity, no statistically significant association was found. The mean dmft/DMFT was almost three times higher in children whose mothers reported that they had had or had a decayed or restored tooth due to caries compared to those who did not report this experience. Younger mothers had children with a higher average of caries than older mothers. Conclusion: Among the children assisted in this service, there is a relation of a higher average of caries in children whose mothers have or had caries experience and younger.(AU)

Ansiedade materna e relação mãe-bebê: um estudo qualitativo / Maternal anxiety and mother-child relationship: a qualitative study / La ansiedad materna y la relación madre-hijo: un estudio cualitativo

A ansiedade materna é um tema relevante de pesquisa no âmbito da relação mãe-bebê, pois esse sentimento pode trazer repercussões para mãe e o desenvolvimento do bebê. Este estudo de casos múltiplos, de caráter qualitativo, teve como objetivo investigar a ansiedade materna em mães de bebês de seis a 10 meses, buscando identificar sua repercussão na díade mãe-bebê. Os achados demonstraram a presença de complicações na gravidez e no pós-parto e de eventos estressantes durante esses períodos. Em todos os casos analisados, observou-se ansiedade materna na gravidez e nos primeiros cuidados com o bebê. Sentimentos como medo, angústia, dúvidas e preocupações, relatados pelas mães, desencadearam comportamentos ansiosos, refletindo na relação mãe-bebê. A partir dos relatos deste estudo, observa-se a importância do apoio para o empoderamento das mães, para que elas assumam o papel materno com mais confiança. Salienta-se a necessidade de intervenções desde a gestação para o manejo da ansiedade materna, bem como práticas de educação em saúde visando à promoção da saúde mental materno-infantil

Maternal anxiety is an important topic of research regarding the mother-child relationship because this feeling can impact the mother and the baby's development. This qualitative study, of a multiple-case design, aimed to investigate maternal anxiety in mothers of babies aged between six and 10 months, trying to identify its impact on the mother-child dyad. The findings showed the occurrence of complications in pregnancy and the postpartum period and stressful events during these periods. In all analyzed cases, the presence of maternal anxiety during pregnancy and the newborn early care was verified. Feelings such as fear, anguish, doubts, and concerns, reported by mothers, triggered anxious behaviors, reflecting on the mother-baby relationship. From the reports of this study, the importance of support for the empowerment of mothers was observed, so that they can assume the maternal role with more confidence. It points out the need for intervention programs since pregnancy for the management of maternal anxiety, as well as health education practices aiming to promote maternal and child mental health.

La ansiedad materna es un tema relevante de investigación en el ámbito de la relación madre-hijo, ya que este sentimiento puede tener repercusiones en la madre y en el desarrollo del bebé. Este estudio cualitativo, de casos múltiples, investigó la ansiedad materna en madres de niños de seis a 10meses, buscando identificar su impacto en la díada madre-hijo. Los resultados revelaron la presencia de complicaciones en el embarazo y en el posparto, y de eventos estresantes durante estos momentos. En los casos analizados, se observó ansiedad materna durante el embarazo y en el cuidado temprano del bebé. Sentimientos como el miedo, la angustia, las dudas y las preocupaciones, relatados por las madres, desencadenaron comportamientos ansiosos, reflejándose en la relación madre-bebé. A partir de los informes de este estudio se observa la importancia del apoyo para el empoderamiento de las madres, para que asuman ese rol con más confianza. Son necesarias intervenciones desde el embarazo para el tratamiento de la ansiedad materna, así como prácticas de educación con la finalidad de promoción de la salud mental materna y infantil.

Adicción a los Alimentos y Antojos en Preescolares referidos por sus Cuidadores / Food Addiction and Cravings in Preschoolers Residents Recognized by Their Caregivers

Resumen Objetivos: 1) Identificar y contrastar los síntomas de adicción a los alimentos en preescolares con y sin sobrepeso-obesidad (SP-OB), 2) Identificar y contrastar la frecuencia e intensidad de los antojos por alimentos en preescolares con y sin SP-OB, 3) Identificar factores que determinan el índice de masa corporal (IMC) del preescolar. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo correlacional, participaron 201 cuidadores. Se aplicó la Escala Adicción a los Alimentos de Yale para Niños (YFAS-C) y Cuestionario Características de Antojos por los Alimentos. Se midió peso y talla del preescolar. Resultados: El coeficiente de fiabilidad Kuder-Richardson de YFAS-C, fue 0.635. El 91% de los cuidadores fueron madres. La media de síntomas de adicción a los alimentos en preescolares con SP-OB fue=0.3488 (n = 43) y sin SP-OB ẋ = 0.3987 (n = 158), U = 3351.00, p ˃ 0.05. Anticipación de refuerzo positivo fue la característica de antojo con la media más alta (ẋ= 9.05, DE = 4.21) y la más baja emociones (ẋ = 2.40, DE = 0.878), no se encontraron diferencias significativas. No se encontró relación entre los síntomas de adicción a los alimentos y el IMC del preescolar. Los antojos contribuyeron al IMC del preescolar, varianza explicada 12.2%. Conclusiones: La escala YFAS-C es la única diseñada para evaluar los síntomas de adicción a los alimentos en niños, sin embargo, en el presente estudio no se identificaron síntomas. Se recomienda continuar explorando este concepto, en este grupo de edad.

Abstract Objective: 1) To identify and to compare the food addiction symptoms of preschoolers with and without overweight-obesity (OW-OB), 2) To identify and to compare the frequency and intensity of food preschoolers cravings with and without overweight-obesity, 3) To identify factors that determine of preschooler BMI. Material and Methods: Descriptive correlational study, participated 201 caregivers. The Yale Food Addiction Scale for Children YFAS-C and Food Cravings Characteristics Questionnaire were applied. Preschooler weight and height were measured. Results: Kuder-Richardson reliability coefficient of YFAS-C was 0.635. A 91% of caregivers were mothers. Food addiction symptoms mean of preschoolers with OW-OB ẋ = 0.3488 (n = 43) and without OW-OB ẋ = 0.3987 (n = 158), U = 3351.00, p ˃ 0.05. The positive reinforcement anticipation was craving characteristic with the highest mean (ẋ = 9.05, SD = 4.21) and the lowest was emotions (ẋ = 2.40, SD = 0.878), no significant differences were found. No relation between food addiction symptoms and preschooler BMI was found. Cravings contributed to the preschool BMI, variance explained 12.2%. Conclusions: The YFAS-C scale is the only one designed to evaluate the food addiction symptoms of children, however none food addiction symptoms were identified. It is recommended to continue exploring this concept in this age group.

The dialogical experience of being a mother of a child and a nurse in the COVID-19 pandemic / La experiencia dialógica entre ser madre de un niño y ser enfermera en la pandemia del COVID-19 / A experiência dialógica entre ser mãe de criança e enfermeira na pandemia da COVID-19

ABSTRACT Objective: to understand the experience of being a mother of a child and a nurse working in the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: a research study with a qualitative approach, conducted with 17 participants from different cities of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Data collection took place in the months of April and May 2020, through semi-structured interviews conducted via an open access virtual communication platform. The data were thematically analyzed, based on the Complexity Paradigm. Results: the absence and mismatch of scientific and systematic information at the beginning of the pandemic, the fragile institutional support, and the concern of contamination of the children generated stress and anguish in the mother-nurses. The support previously offered by schools and family members was hindered by the pandemic, leading to a greater demand for parental care. Creative strategies to provide distraction, as well as religiousness and spirituality were valued to face the chaos experienced. Conclusion: nurses, while being valued as important frontline professionals in the fight against the pandemic, are invisible in their personal-affective dimension and in that of being a mother. The study indicates the need for structural institutional policies so that mother-nurses are placed in a position of equality and safety for the full exercise of the profession and a healthy intra-family relationship, especially in contexts of adversity such as that experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic.

RESUMEN Objetivo: comprender la experiencia de ser madre de un niño y enfermera en ejercicio de la profesión durante la pandemia del COVID-19. Método: investigación con enfoque cualitativo, realizada con 17 participantes de diferentes municipios del estado de San Pablo, Brasil. La recolección de datos tuvo lugar en los meses de abril y mayo de 2020 por medio de entrevistas semiestructuradas realizadas a través de una plataforma virtual de comunicación de acceso libre. Los datos fueron analizados temáticamente, sobre la base del Paradigma de la Complejidad. Resultados: la ausencia y disparidad de información científica y sistemática al inicio de la pandemia, el débil apoyo institucional y la preocupación por contaminar a los hijos generaron estrés y angustia en las madres enfermeras. El apoyo antes ofrecido por las escuelas y los familiares se vio perjudicado por la pandemia, derivando en una mayor demanda de cuidados por parte de los padres. Se valorizaron estrategias creativas para proporcionar distracción, al igual que la religiosidad y la espiritualidad, para enfrentar el caos de la presente realidad. Conclusión: las enfermeras, a la vez que son valorizadas como importantes profesionales importantes de la primera línea de lucha contra la pandemia, se encuentran invisibilizadas en su dimensión personal-afectiva e de ser madres. El estudio indica la necesidad de implementar políticas institucionales estructurantes para que las madres enfermeras sean colocadas en una posición de igualdad y seguridad para el pleno ejercicio de la profesión para hacer posible una relación intrafamiliar saludable, especialmente en contextos de adversidades como el vivido durante la pandemia del COVID-19.

RESUMO Objetivo: compreender a experiência de ser mãe de criança e enfermeira atuante na pandemia da COVID-19. Método: pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa, com 17 participantes de diferentes municípios do estado de São Paulo, Brasil. A coleta de dados ocorreu nos meses de abril e maio de 2020, por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas via plataforma virtual de comunicação de acesso livre. Os dados foram analisados tematicamente, apoiados no Paradigma da Complexidade. Resultados: a ausência e desencontro de informações científicas e sistemáticas no início da pandemia, o frágil apoio institucional e a preocupação de contaminação dos filhos geraram estresse e angústia nas mães enfermeiras. O suporte antes ofertado pelas escolas e familiares foi prejudicado pela pandemia, levando a maior demanda de cuidado parental. Estratégias criativas para proporcionar distração, bem como a religiosidade e a espiritualidade foram valorizadas para o enfrentamento do caos vivido. Conclusão: as enfermeiras, ao mesmo tempo que são valorizadas enquanto profissionais importantes da linha de frente no combate à pandemia, são invisibilizadas na sua dimensão pessoal-afetiva e do ser mãe. O estudo indica a necessidade de políticas institucionais estruturantes para que as mães enfermeiras sejam colocadas numa posição de igualdade e segurança para o exercício pleno da profissão e da relação intrafamiliar saudável, especialmente em contextos de adversidades como o vivenciado na vigência da pandemia pela COVID-19.

O adoecimento, o tratamento e a relação paciente-médico-cuidador segundo a criança hospitalizada / Illness, treatment and the patient-doctor-caregiver relationship according to the hospitalized child

Este estudo buscou descrever como a criança enferma compreende seu adoecimento, tratamento e relação paciente-médico-cuidador em internação pediátrica. Participaram seis crianças hospitalizadas, de oito a 11 anos, que responderam à entrevista semiestruturada e Procedimento Desenho-Estória com Tema (PDE-T), sendo o material gravado, transcrito e submetido à análise qualitativa. O conteúdo revelou o impacto emocional e social do adoecimento e experiência de internação, vista como restritiva e punitiva, mas também como espaço de brincar e se relacionar com os pares. As crianças mostraram pouca participação na relação paciente-médico-cuidador, reconheceram seus médicos como atuantes no tratamento e a mãe, principal cuidadora, como mediadora dessa relação e fonte de apoio psicológico. A partir dos resultados, assinala-se a importância de intervenções psicossociais e multidisciplinares que auxiliem as crianças em suas demandas e favoreçam sua postura ativa nessa relação triádica, tão significativa no processo de cuidado em saúde da criança.

This study aimed to describe how the sick child understands hi illness, treatment and the patient-doctor-caregiver relationship in pediatric hospitalization. Six hospitalized children from eight to 11 years participated, who answered the semi-structured interview and the Desenho-Estória com Tema (PDE-T) procedure, and the material was recorded, transcribed and submitted to qualitative analysis. The content revealed the emotional and social impact of illness and hospitalization experience, seen as restrictive and punitive, but also as a space for playing and relating to peers. The children showed little participation in the patient-doctor-caregiver relationship, acknowledged their doctors' active role in their treatment and their mothers', main caregiver, as a mediator of this relationship and source of psychological support. From the results, is highlighted the importance of psychosocial and multidisciplinary interventions that help children in their demands and favor their active stance in this triadic relationship, so significant in the child's care process.

Estrutura das representações sociais sobre "bebê" e "objetos de bebê" / Structure of social representations of "infant" and "infant objects" / Estructura de las representaciones sociales sobre "bebé" y "objetos de bebé"

O objetivo foi identificar e comparar a estrutura das representações sociais (RS) de mães de recém-nascidos pré-termo sobre "bebê" e "objetos de bebê", durante internação em unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal e aos 12 meses de idade. A técnica usada foi a evocação de até cinco palavras/expressões associadas aos termos indutores e processamento pelo software EVOC- 2003. Participaram 47 mães. No contexto da internação, o núcleo central da RS de "bebê" apresentou as palavras "amor" e "cuidado", e, aos 12 meses, "amor" e "carinho". Os elementos organizadores da RS de "objetos de bebê" foram "berço", "brinquedo" e "mamadeira", e, aos 12 meses, "brinquedo", "chupeta" e "mamadeira". A organização das RS teve o amor como base, demonstrando preocupação e cuidado devido à internação. Após o primeiro ano, sentimentos negativos foram suprimidos, observando-se valorização do ato de brincar, ressaltando as dificuldades para manter a amamentação e lidar com a sucção não nutritiva.

The purpose was to identify and compare the structure of preterm newborns mothers' Social Representations (SR) of "infant" and "infant objects" during Neonatal Intensive Care Unit hospitalization and at 12 months of age. The technique adopted was the evocation of up to five words/expressions associated with inducing terms, processed by the EVOC-2003 software; 47 mothers participated. During hospitalization, the core of the mothers' SR of "infant" showed words such as "love" and "care", and at 12 months, "love" and "tenderness". The SR organizational elements of "infant objects" were "cradle", "toy" and "baby-bottle", and at 12 months, "toy", "pacifier" and "baby-bottle". The organization of these mothers’ SR had love as a basis, showing concern and an inclination towards care due to hospitalization. After the first year, negative feelings were suppressed, and a deeper enjoyment of the act of playing was noticed. Mothers, however, had difficulties to keep breastfeeding going and coping with non-nutritive sucking.

El objetivo fue identificar y comparar la estructura de las Representaciones Sociales (RS) de madres de recién nacidos prematuros sobre "bebé" y "objetos de bebé", durante la hospitalización en unidad de cuidado intensivo neonatal y a los 12 meses de edad. Se utilizó técnica de evocación de cinco palabras/expresiones asociadas a términos inductores y procesamientos por software EVOC-2003, con participación de 47 madres. En el contexto de hospitalización, el núcleo central de la RS de "bebé" presentó las palabras "amor" y "cuidado"; a los 12 meses, "amor" y "cariño". Los elementos organizadores de la RS de "objetos de bebé" fueron "cuna", "juguete", "mamadera", y, a los 12 meses: "juguete", "chupón", "mamadera". La organización de las RS tuvo el amor como base, lo que demuestra la preocupación y el cuidado debido a la hospitalización. Después del primer año, se eliminan sentimientos negativos, se observa la valorización al acto de jugar y se resaltan las dificultades para mantener la lactancia y enfrentar la succión no nutritiva.

Maternal Comfort with Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual People and Their Children's Drinking, Smoking, and Disordered Weight Control Behaviors as Adults.

Purpose: We investigated associations between maternal comfort with lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) people during the participant's adolescence and their health indicators in adulthood. Methods: Data came from a prospective cohort, Growing Up Today Study (N = 7476), limited to men and women who provided information during their adulthood about recent binge drinking, cigarette smoking, or disordered weight control behaviors (DWCB) and whose mothers provided information during the participant's adolescence about her comfort with LGB people. Results: Increased maternal comfort with LGB people was associated with increased engagement in health indicators for heterosexual but not sexual minority adults (binge drinking, cigarette smoking, and DWCB for women; binge drinking for men). No association existed between maternal comfort with LGB people and binge drinking or cigarette smoking for sexual minority women, and binge drinking for sexual minority men. This resulted in statistically smaller differences across sexual orientation in cigarette smoking for women when their mothers were highly comfortable with LGB people compared with those whose mothers were uncomfortable with LGB people. There were no differences in binge drinking (women and men) and DWCB (women only) across sexual orientation when mothers were highly comfortable with LGB people. Conclusion: Maternal comfort with LGB people is associated with certain sexual orientation-related disparities in health indicators through adulthood, due to increased engagement in health indicators by heterosexual adults. Exposure to sexual orientation stigma in adolescence, measured as maternal comfort with LGB people, possibly drives well-known differences in drinking, smoking, and DWCB during adulthood between heterosexual and sexual minority adults.

Perspectiva e estratégia materna ante a comunicação da criança com transtorno do espectro autista / Maternal perspective and strategy facing communication with a child with autism spectrum disorder

Um dos desafios para familiares de crianças com transtorno do espectro autista [TEA] decorre dos prejuízos de comunicação não verbal e verbal que limitam a capacidade de interação e socialização dessas crianças. Por isso, este estudo objetivou investigar como a mãe percebe os aspectos da comunicação do filho com TEA em relação a ela e outras pessoas. Utilizou-se um questionário de caracterização pessoal e familiar e uma entrevista semiestruturada com base no método clínico de Piaget, com duas mães de dois meninos com diagnóstico de TEA e com idades de quatro e seis anos. Mediante a análise baseada no método clínico de Piaget e dos relatos das mães, constatou-se que eram elas as pessoas que melhor compreendiam os filhos com TEA pelo fato de ajustarem seus mecanismos de comunicação aos recursos comunicativos deles. Tal fato lhes possibilitava atuar como mediadoras dos interesses e demandas dos filhos relativamente às outras pessoas.

One of the challenges for family members of children with autism spectrum disorder [ASD] stems from the nonverbal and verbal communication impairments that limit their ability to interact and socialize. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate how the mother perceives the communication aspects of the child with ASD in relation to her and to other people. A questionnaire was used for personal and family characterization and a semi-structured interview based on the Piaget clinical method, was carried out with two mothers of two boys diagnosed with ASD and aged four and six years. Through the analysis based on Piaget's clinical method of the mothers' reports, it was found that they were the people who better understood the children with ASD because they adjusted their mechanisms of communication to their communicative resources. This enabled them to act as mediators of the interests and demands of their children in relation to other people.

Mother-Infant Bonding and Emotional Availability at 12-Months of Age: The Role of Early Postnatal Bonding, Maternal Substance Use and Mental Health.

INTRODUCTION: The quality of the mother-child relationship in the first year of life has far reaching implications across the life course (Bornstein in Annu Rev Psychol 65:121-158, 2014). Yet little is known about predictors of maternal bonding and emotional availability in early infancy. In this study we examined the extent to which postnatal bonding, maternal mental health, and substance use at 8-weeks postpartum predicted mother-infant bonding (self-report) and mother emotional availability (observational) at 12-months of age. METHODS: Data were obtained from an Australian longitudinal cohort study of pregnancy (n = 308). Data were collected during pregnancy, at birth, and postnatally at 8-weeks and 12-months. RESULTS: The results show strong continuity between postnatal bonding at 8-weeks and 12-months. Early postpartum stress and depression were associated with bonding at 12-months; however, the effect did not persist after adjustment for bonding at 8-weeks. Tobacco use at 8-weeks, but no other indicators of mental health, predicted lower emotional availability scores at 12-months. DISCUSSION: Results suggest that the mother's felt bond to her child is stable across the first year of life and that early bonding is a more robust indicator of bonding at 12-months than a mother's mental health or substance use. These findings point to the importance of clinical and public health investments in establishing a strong bond between mother and child in the early postpartum period.

Psychological distress, role, and identity changes in mothers following a diagnosis of cancer: A systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To systematically review findings of the impact of cancer diagnosis and treatment on mothers' psychological well-being, roles, and identity and to explore the psychosocial factors that contribute to mothers' psychological well-being. METHODS: Six databases were searched for research articles and theses exploring the association between the impact of cancer diagnosis and treatment on mothers' psychological well-being, identity, and role, and the psychosocial factors contributing to mothers' psychological distress regardless of their cancer type and stage. The Mixed-Method Appraisal Bias Tool was used to assess the selected studies' methodological quality. RESULTS: A total of 30 qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-method studies were deemed eligible for inclusion. Most studies reported that mothers experienced significant psychological distress, changes to or loss of parenting efficacy, maternal identity, and role. Psychosocial factors that contributed to mothers' distress included mothers' young age, presence of metastases, lower parenting efficacy, fear of cancer recurrence, higher illness intrusiveness, and lack of appropriate support. Four main themes emerged from the qualitative studies: psychological impact of cancer on mothers, changes in maternal identity and role, relationship changes and concerns for their children, and meaning-making in cancer experience. CONCLUSIONS: Changes in mothers' psychological well-being, role, and identity occurred across cancer diagnoses, treatment, and recovery trajectories. The evidence suggests that mothers may benefit from continued and tailored psychosocial support to cope with these challenges, even after treatment is completed. Further studies with improved methodological quality are needed to explore these issues in depth.

Psychological issues and construction of the mother-child relationship in women with cancer during pregnancy: a perspective on current and future directions.

BACKGROUND: Cancer during pregnancy is a rare event. However, knowledge about treatment has progressed in recent years with improved maternal and neonatal outcomes. The number of women who decide to continue their pregnancy and undergo cancer treatment is increasing. MAIN BODY: Women face two critical events simultaneously; oncological illness and pregnancy, with different and conflicting emotions. In addition, the last trimester of gestation sets the ground for construction of the mother-child relationship, which is of great importance for the child's development. Studies have showed that maternal exposure to stressful events during pregnancy is linked to adverse outcomes in children. Although several authors consider cancer to be a 'critical life event', studies that address the psychosocial implications of cancer in expecting mothers are scarce. There are no studies addressing the possible negative impact of a cancer diagnosis during pregnancy on the mother-child relationship and on the child's development. It is important to emphasize the need for in-depth knowledge of the contributing psychological factors involved in order to provide holistic, individualised, and supportive care. CONCLUSION: An analysis of cognitive aspects, emotional processes, and maternal attachment in cases of cancer during pregnancy may contribute to the development of a model of care, both in an evolutionary and in a psycho-oncology context, with implications for clinical practice.

Mothers with breast cancer: A mixed-method systematic review on the impact on the parent-child relationship.

OBJECTIVE: To systematically review and integrate the findings from quantitative and qualitative studies on parenting and parent-child relationships in families where mothers had breast cancer (BC). METHODS: Ten different databases were searched from inception to January 2016. All authors assessed these data independently. Full-text, peer-reviewed articles exploring parenting and/or mother-child relationships in families where the mother had BC, regardless of cancer stage, were considered for inclusion. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were followed. RESULTS: From 116 studies, 23 were deemed eligible for inclusion. Five of them were quantitative, 15 were qualitative, and 1 study used a mixed-method approach. Most studies analysed the mother's perceptions about the experience of having BC in parenting and in the parent-child relationship. The majority of studies explored experiences and perspectives on the parent-child relationship in mothers with minor children, although a minority of studies included adult children. Additionally, a few studies (17%) addressed perceptions and experiences of women with advanced stage cancer. Three main themes were found: priorities and concerns of patients, decision-making processes about sharing the diagnosis with their children, and mother-child relationship and parenting after mother's diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Findings indicated that the diagnosis of BC is accompanied by an array of challenges that affect parental roles and parenting. Further studies are needed to explore these issues more sensitively. For now, however, the evidence suggests that the families of women with BC, and particularly the women themselves, may benefit from informal and formal support aimed at helping them cope effectively with this challenging life event.

Mãe e filho no cárcere: uma revisão sistemática / Madre e hijo en la cárcel: una revisión sistemática / Mother and son in the carcere: a systematic review

Objetivo analisar a produção científica acerca da relação mãe e filho no contexto de privação de liberdade. Metodologia trata-se de uma revisão sistemática da literatura, orientada pelos descritores “relação mãe-filho”, “prisões”, “recém-nascido” e “criança”. Foram acessadas seis bases de dados da Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde e selecionados 13 artigos que aderiam à temática e aos critérios de inclusão. Os dados foram analisados e apresentados em categorias. Resultados após a análise foram delineadas três categorias: vivenciando a maternidade no ambiente hostil da prisão, relação mãe-filho e formação do vínculo no cárcere e sofrimento psíquico da separação do binômio. Conclusão a produção científica acerca da relação mãe e filho no contexto de privação de liberdade mostra que é necessária maior atenção à mulher que vivencia a maternidade em situação de privação de liberdade, tendo em vista que o ambiente da prisão tem fortes implicações para o estabelecimento da relação mãe-filho e para a formação do vínculo nesse binômio.

Objetivo analizar la producción científica acerca de la relación madre e hijo en el contexto de privación de la libertad. Metodología se trata de una revisión sistemática de la literatura, orientada por los descriptores “relación madre-hijo”, “prisiones”, “recién nacido” y “niño”. Se accedieron seis bases de datos de la Biblioteca Virtual de Salud y se seleccionaron 13 artículos relacionados a la temática y a los criterios de inclusión. Los datos fueron analizados y presentados por categorías. Resultados después del análisis se delinearon tres categorías: experimentando la maternidad en el ambiente hostil de la cárcel, relación madre-hijo y la formación del vínculo en la cárcel y el sufrimiento psíquico de la separación del binomio. Conclusión la producción científica acerca de la relación madre e hijo en el contexto de privación de la libertad muestra la necesidad de darle mayor atención a la mujer que experimenta la maternidad en situación de privación de libertad, considerando que el ambiente carcelario tiene fuertes implicaciones en el estabelecimiento de la relación madre-hijo y en la formación del vínculo de ese binomio.

Aim analyze the scientific production about the mother and child relationship in the context of deprivation of liberty. Methodology this is a systematic review of the literature, guided by the descriptors "mother-child relationship", "prisons", "newborn" and "child". Six databases were accessed from the Virtual Health Library and 13 articles that adhered to the theme and the inclusion criteria were selected. Results after the analysis, three categories were outlined: experiencing motherhood in the hostile environment of the prison, mother-child relationship and bond formation in jail and psychic suffering of the separation of the binomial. Conclusion the scientific production on the relationship between mother and child in the context of deprivation of liberty shows that greater attention is needed to the woman who experiences maternity in situations of deprivation of liberty, given that the prison environment has strong implications for the establishment of the mother-child relationship and for the formation of the bond in this binomial.