Comparative analysis of volumetric changes between resection volume of oral tongue cancer and post operative volume of radial forearm flaps.

OBJECTIVES: This study investigates the relationship between the total volume of oral tongue cancer pre-operatively and the RFFF volume post-operatively. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 52 DICOM imaging datasets (CT or MRI) of 26 patients were included in this study. The volume of the desired structure was quantified using semi-automatic segmentation using the software ITK-SNAP. All extracted measurements were validated by two further clinicians at separate instances. RESULTS: The variation of MeanVolTu can be predicted by MeanVolFlap moderately reliable with 59.1% confidence (R-Qua: 0.591). ANOVA Testing to represent how well the regression line fits the data, resulted in the overall regression model being statistically significant in predicting the MeanVolTu (p < 0.001). The flap volume may be predicted using the following algorithm: MeanVolFlap0 = 3241,633 + 1, 322 * MeanVolTu. CONCLUSION: The results of this study show positive correlation between tumor volume and flap volume, highlighting the significance of efficient flap planning with increasing tumor volume. A larger extraction volume of the radial forearm free flap from the donor site compromises the forearm more, thus increasing the probability of post-operative complications. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Radial forearm free flap design in accordance with its corresponding 3D tumor volume.

Subtotal glossectomy with conservation of the hyo-styloglossus unit (HSU): a new pivotal concept for preserving tongue function in extended glossectomy.

Objective: The local spread of oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) follows pathways of dissemination along areas of lesser resistance. In more advanced scenarios, the tumor can extend beyond the hemi-tongue of origin, by passing through the lingual septum and following the fibers of the transverse muscle. This can lead to the invasion of the contralateral extrinsic muscles, the first being the genioglossus and more laterally the hyoglossus. An anatomically guided surgical resection of the tumor can be planned to ensure both oncological safety and an acceptable functional outcome. This approach aims to preserve the hyo-styloglossus unit (HSU) whenever feasible. Methods: Between January 2019 and November 2022, six patients received extended glossectomy Type B (EG Type B), with preservation of the HSU. Preliminary oncological results and functional results in terms of swallowing (FOIS score) and quality of life (MDADI) are presented. Results: Five out of the six patients are alive and disease-free, while one patient died due to other causes. All patients who were candidates for an EG Type B underwent a swallowing assessment prior to surgery and followed daily postoperative swallowing training. At discharge, the patients continued swallowing training in an outpatient clinic. Five out of the six patients reached a full oral diet within 1 year of follow-up. Conclusion: The oncological results confirm the safety of this technique. The importance of preserving the HSU, the minimal functional unit, shows very encouraging results in terms of swallowing rehabilitation.

Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy (SLNB) for Early-Stage Head and Neck Squamous-Cell Carcinoma of the Tongue: Twenty Years of Experience at I.N.T. "G.Pascale".

Oral tongue squamous-cell carcinoma (OTSCC) is the most prevalent malignancy in the head and neck region. Lymphatic spread, particularly to cervical lymph nodes, significantly impacts 5-year survival rates, emphasizing the criticality of precise staging. Metastatic cervical lymph nodes can decrease survival rates by 50%. Yet, elective neck dissection (END) in T1-2 cN0 patients proves to be an overtreatment in around 80% of cases. To address this, sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) was introduced, aiming to minimize postoperative morbidity. This study, conducted at the ENT and Maxillofacial Surgery department of the Istituto Nazionale Tumori in Naples, explores SLNB's efficacy in early-stage oral tongue squamous-cell carcinoma (OTSCC). From January 2020 to January 2022, 122 T1/T2 cN0 HNSCC patients were enrolled. Radioactive tracers and lymphoscintigraphy identified sentinel lymph nodes, aided by a gamma probe during surgery. Results revealed 24.6% SLN biopsy positivity, with 169 SLNs resected and a 21.9% positivity ratio. The study suggests SLNB's reliability for T1-2 cN0 OTSCC patient staging and early micrometastasis detection.

The prognostic role of single cell invasion and nuclear diameter in early oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: The clinical significance of single cell invasion and large nuclear diameter is not well documented in early-stage oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC). METHODS: We used hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections to evaluate the presence of single cell invasion and large nuclei in a multicenter cohort of 311 cases treated for early-stage OTSCC. RESULTS: Single cell invasion was associated in multivariable analysis with poor disease-specific survival (DSS) with a hazard ratio (HR) of 2.089 (95% CI 1.224-3.566, P = 0.007), as well as with disease-free survival (DFS) with a HR of 1.666 (95% CI 1.080-2.571, P = 0.021). Furthermore, large nuclei were associated with worse DSS (HR 2.070, 95% CI 1.216-3.523, P = 0.007) and with DFS in multivariable analysis (HR 1.645, 95% CI 1.067-2.538, P = 0.024). CONCLUSION: Single cell invasion and large nuclei can be utilized for classifying early OTSCC into risk groups.

Extra-Capsular Spread of Lymph Node Metastasis in Oral, Oropharyngeal and Hypopharyngeal Cancer: A Comparative Subsite Analysis.

BACKGROUND: The extra-capsular spread (ECS) of lymph node metastasis (LNM) is a hallmark of aggressive primary tumor phenotype in head and neck cancer (HNC); however, the factors influencing ECS are poorly understood. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective study, including 190 cases of oral tongue cancer (OTC), 148 cases of oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) (118 HPV-positive and 30 HPV-negative), and 100 cases of hypopharyngeal cancer (HPC). Tumor dimension, tumor biological variables (lymphovascular/perineural invasion and histologic grade), and LNM variables (LNM number and size) were analyzed according to the presence of ECS using multivariable logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses. RESULTS: LNM variables were significant factors for ECS in all subsites of HNC (p < 0.05), except HPV-positive OPC. In OTC, tumor dimensional variables were significantly related to ECS (p < 0.01). Meanwhile, in OPC and HPC, neither the primary tumor dimension nor the T status were significant factors for ECS occurrence. The predictability of ECS by ROC curve using multiple variables was 0.819 [95% confidence interval: 0.759-0.878] in OTC, 0.687 [0.559-0.815] in HPV-positive OPC, 0.823 [0.642-1.000] in HPV-negative OPC, and 0.907 [0.841-0.973] in HPC. CONCLUSION: LNM variables were correlated with ECS occurrence for most HNC subsites, and site-dependent primary tumor characteristics might contribute differentially to the ECS development of LNM in HNC.

Impact of dysplasia at resection margin on oncologic outcome after curative resection of oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma: significance of high-grade dysplastic resection margin.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to compare the oncologic outcomes among negative, close, positive, and dysplasia resection margins (RMs) with oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and to investigate the impact of dysplastic RMs. METHODS: The 565 patients were retrospectively analyzed and divided into four groups according to RM. Dysplasia was classified into mild, moderate, and severe subgroups. RESULTS: RMs consisted of negative (62.1%), close (27.1%), positive (2.1%), and dysplastic (8.7%). In multivariate analysis, advanced T/N stages and positive RM were significant risk factors for overall survival, while dysplasia at the RM was not a significant risk factor for locoregional recurrence or overall survival. In subgroup analysis of patients with dysplastic margin, RM with severe dysplasia showed higher recurrence than mild and moderate dysplasia. CONCLUSIONS: Dysplastic RM was not a risk factor for recurrence and survival. Severe dysplasia RM should be carefully observed due to higher recurrence compared to other dysplasia RMs.

Recent and Projected Trends in Oral Tongue Cancer in the United States: A Demographic Shift in Case Burden as Early Onset Increases Among Females Subside.

Background: Oral tongue cancer (OTC) incidence has increased rapidly among young (< 50 years) non-Hispanic White (NHW) individuals in the United States (U.S.) over the last two decades; however, it is unknown if age-associated trajectories have persisted. Furthermore, incidence trends for all 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia have never been investigated. Materials and methods: Using U.S. Cancer Statistics data, we investigated incidence trends from 2001-2019, overall and according to age, sex, race/ethnicity, and state of residence. We used age-period-cohort analysis to explore temporal patterns among birth cohorts and to project future trends and case counts. Results: OTC incidence increased across all age, sex, and racial/ethnic groups, with marked increases observed among the NHWs (2.9%/year; 95%CI, 2.2%-3.7%). Incidence among NHWs increased in most U.S. states, particularly in the Southeast. Increases were significantly greater among NHW females compared to males (3.6%/year vs 2.6%/year; P = 0.022). Increases among females aged 50-59 years were most notable and significantly outpaced increases among younger females (4.8%/year [95% CI, 4.1%-5.4%] vs. 3.3%/year [95% CI, 2.7%-3.8%]; P < .001). While both NHW male and female birth cohorts from 1925 to 1980 saw sustained increases, rates stabilized among females born after 1980. Should trends continue, the burden of new OTC cases among NHWs in the U.S. is projected to shift to older individuals (33.1% versus 49.3% aged ≥ 70) and females (86% case increase versus 62% among males). Conclusion: The period of rapidly increasing OTC incidence among younger NHW females in the U.S. is tempering and giving way to greater increases among older females, suggesting that a birth cohort effect may have influenced previously observed trends. Recent increases among NHWs aged ≥ 50 of both sexes have matched or outpaced younger age groups. Continuing increases among older individuals, particularly females, will lead to a shift in the OTC patient profile over time.

Compartmental tongue surgery for intermediate-advanced squamous cell carcinoma: A multicentric study.

BACKGROUND: A multicentric study was conducted on technical reproducibility of compartmental tongue surgery (CTS) in advanced tongue cancers (OTSCC) and comparison to standard wide margin surgery (SWMS). METHODS: We studied 551 patients with OTSCC treated by CTS and 50 by SWMS. Oncological outcomes were analyzed. A propensity score was performed to compare survival endpoints for the two cohorts. RESULTS: In the CTS group, survival and prognosis were significantly associated with positive lymph-nodes, extranodal extension, depth of invasion and involvement of the soft tissue connecting the tongue primary tumor to neck lymph nodes (T-N tract), independently from the center performing the surgery. SWMS versus CTS showed a HR Cause-Specific Survival (CSS) of 3.24 (95% CI: 1.71-6.11; p < 0.001); HR Loco-Regional Recurrence Free Survival (LRRFS) of 2.54 (95% CI: 1.47-4.40; p < 0.001); HR Overall Survival (OS) of 0.11 (95% CI: 0.01-0.77; p = 0.03). CONCLUSION: Performing the CTS could provide better CSS and LRRFS than SWMS regardless of the center performing the surgery, in advanced OTSSC.

Correlation of Intraoperative Ultrasonographic Oral Tongue Shape and Border and Risk of Close Margins.

Intraoperative ultrasound (IOUS) is a potentially useful adjunct to the resection of oral tongue cancers (OTC). IOUS images of the tumor-normal tissue interface show different patterns of invasion. In this retrospective series of 29 patients treated for OTC, we evaluated if there was a correlation between IOUS findings of patterns of invasion and final histology and assessed if there was any associated risk of increased incidence of positive or close margins with different patterns of invasion as seen on ultrasound. Although we found no significant correlation between ultrasound patterns of invasion and histological evaluation, we did find that an infiltrative pattern of invasion on IOUS did result in a significant risk of a close margin. Further exploration of these findings in a larger prospective study could provide definitive information on the efficacy of this modality in OTC resections.

Comparison of Preoperative DOI Estimation in Oral Tongue Cancer With cN0 Disease.

OBJECTIVE: To understand the accuracy of pre- and intraoperative estimation of tumor depth of invasion (DOI). STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective case-control study. SETTING: Patients who presented at 1 institution with oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma that underwent oncologic resection between 2017 and 2019 were identified. METHODS: Patients that met the inclusion criteria were included. Patients with nodal, distant, or recurrent disease, prior history of head and neck cancer, or preoperative tumor assessment and/or final histopathology that did not include DOI were excluded. Preoperative DOI estimation and technique and pathology reports were obtained. Our primary outcome was the sensitivity and specificity of DOI estimation modalities including full-thickness biopsy (FTB), manual palpation (MP), punch biopsy (PB), and intraoperative ultrasound (IOUS). RESULTS: Tumor DOI was assessed quantitatively preoperatively in 40 patients by FTB (n = 19, 48%), MP (n = 17, 42%), or PB (n = 4, 10%). Additionally, 19 patients underwent IOUS to assess DOI. The sensitivities of FTB, MP, and IOUS for DOI ≥ 4 mm were 83% (confidence interval [CI]: 44%-97%), 83% (CI: 55%-95%), and 90% (CI: 60%-98%), respectively, and the specificities were 85% (CI: 58%-96%), 60% (CI: 23%-88%), and 78% (CI: 45%-94%). CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated that DOI assessment tools measured had similar sensitivity and specificity in stratifying patients with DOI ≥4 mm, with no statistically superior diagnostic test. Our results support the need for additional research into nodal disease prediction and continued refinement of ND decisions with respect to DOI.

High Failure Rates in Young Nonsmoker Nondrinkers With Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Oral Tongue.

OBJECTIVE(S): There has been a disproportionate increase in the incidence of young patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue (SCCOT). The purpose of this study was to compare young patients to older patients with SCCOT without prior drinking or smoking history as this population is poorly characterized in the literature. METHODS: A retrospective review of patients presenting to our institution with SCCOT was performed. The clinical and pathologic characteristics, as well as, outcomes were compared between younger patients (age ≤45) and older patients (age >45). Outcome analysis was performed using Kaplan Meier method. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard models were performed for age and stage. RESULTS: Eighty-two patients (38 young, 44 old) were included in this study. Median follow-up was 29.4 months. When compared to the older cohort (age >45), the younger cohort (age ≤45) demonstrated lower rates of 5-year locoregional control (LC) (79.6% vs. 52.5%, p = 0.043) and distant metastasis-free survival (88.1% vs. 61.8%, p = 0.006). Both cohorts demonstrated similar overall survival rates (55.5% vs. 58.1%) and disease-specific survival (66.2% vs. 58.1%). Of patients experiencing locoregional failure with available radiation therapy plans and PET scans in younger cohorts (n = 7), 100% demonstrated in-field failures. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards demonstrated age was an independent predictor of DMFS (p = 0.004) and the advanced stage was a predictor of DSS (p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Young, nondrinker, nonsmokers with SCCOT demonstrate high rates of locoregional recurrence, distant metastasis, and in-field failures. Future studies are warranted to determine underlying mechanisms driving pathogenesis in this unique cohort. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3 Laryngoscope, 133:1110-1121, 2023.

Tertiary lymphoid structures associate with improved survival in early oral tongue cancer.

BACKGROUND: The clinical significance of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) is not well-documented in early oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC). METHODS: A total of 310 cases of early (cT1-2N0) OTSCC were included in this multicenter study. Assessment of TLSs was conducted on hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections. TLSs were assessed both in the central part of the tumor and at the invasive front area. RESULTS: The presence of TLSs associated with improved survival of early OTSCC as presented by Kaplan-Meier survival analyses for disease-specific survival (P = 0.01) and overall survival (P = 0.006). In multivariable analyses, which included conventional prognostic factors, the absence of TLSs associated with worse disease-specific survival with a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.96 (95% CI 1.09-3.54; P = 0.025) and poor overall survival (HR 1.66, 95% CI 1.11-2.48; P = 0.014). CONCLUSION: Histological evaluation of TLSs predicts survival in early OTSCC. TLSs showed superior prognostic power independent of routine WHO grading and TNM staging system.

JMJD3 suppresses tumor progression in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma patients receiving surgical resection.

Background: Jumonji domain-containing-3 (JMJD3) is reported to be a histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27) demethylase and a tumor suppressor gene. The present study designed to investigate the crucial role of JMJD3 in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) patients who received surgical resection. Methods: We enrolled a total of 156 OTSCC patients receiving surgical resection, including 73 patients (47%) with high expression of JMJD3 and 83 patients (53%) harboring low expression of JMJD3. Two OTSCC cell lines, SAS and Cal 27, were used to explore the modulation of cancer. GSK-J4, a potent inhibitor of JMJD3, was used to treat the two OTSCC cell lines. The Chi-square test was performed to examine between-group differences in categorical variables; the Kaplan-Meier method was used to investigate survival outcome in univariate analysis, and the Cox regression model was used for multivariate analysis. Results: The median follow-up period was 59.2 months and he five-year disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) rates were 46.2% and 50.0%, respectively. Better five-year DFS (59% versus 35%) and five-year OS (63% versus 39%) were mentioned in patients with high expression of JMJD3 compared to those with low expression of JMJD3. High expression of JMJD3 was significantly associated with superior DFS and OS in the univariate and multivariate analyses. Following successful inhibition of JMJD3 by GSK-J4, western blotting analysis showed the decreased expression of Rb and p21. Conclusion: Our study showed that high expression of JMJD3 is a good prognostic factor in OTSCC patients who underwent surgical resection.

Feasibility of accelerated image-guided high-dose-rate interstitial brachytherapy with inverse planning simulated annealing (IPSA-HDRBT) for post-operative treatment of pathologically node-negative squamous cell carcinomas of the oral tongue.

PURPOSE: Inverse planning simulated annealing (IPSA) produces highly conformal dose distributions and quick optimizations for high-dose-rate interstitial brachytherapy (HDRBT). We report our dosimetry and overall outcomes using this approach for the accelerated post-operative treatment of pathologically node-negative squamous cell carcinomas of the oral tongue (OTSCC) with high risk of local recurrence. METHODS: Patients with newly diagnosed pN0 OTSCC treated with partial glossectomy, neck dissection, and post-operative HDRBT alone from 2007 to 2021 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients received 30 Gy in 5 fractions over 2.5 days. Target volume and mandible dosimetry are reported. Actuarial rates of local control, regional control, disease-specific survival, and overall survival were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Toxicity was categorized using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 5.0. RESULTS: 19 consecutive patients were reviewed. Median follow-up was 3.2 years (IQR 1.4-8.2 years) with a 3-year estimated local control rate of 81%. Target volumes were generally small, as the median volume was 12.66 cc. Median V150% and V200% were 52% and 24%, respectively. D1cc and D2cc to the mandible were 17.31 Gy and 14.42 Gy, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: IPSA-HDRBT is feasible and highly efficient for post-operative treatment of the primary tumor bed in patients with pathologically node-negative squamous cell carcinomas of the oral tongue. Further technical optimization and prospective clinical evaluation in a larger patient cohort are planned.

Emerging histopathologic markers in early-stage oral tongue cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Although there are many histopathologic prognosticators, grading of early oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) is still based on morphological cell differentiation which has low prognostic value. Here we summarize the emerging histopathological markers showing powerful prognostic value, but are not included in pathology reports. Using PubMed, Scopus, Ovid Medline, and Web of Science databases, a systematic literature search was preformed to identify early OTSCC studies that investigated the prognostic significance of hematoxylin-eosin-based histopathologic markers. Our meta-analysis showed that tumor budding was associated with overall survival (hazard ratio [HR] 2.32; 95% CI 1.40-3.84; p < 0.01) and disease-specific survival (DSS) (1.89; 95% CI 1.13-3.15; p = 0.02). Worst pattern of invasion was associated with disease-free survival (DFS) (1.95; 95% CI 1.04-3.64; p = 0.04). Tumor-stroma ratio was also associated with DFS (1.75, 95% CI 1.24-2.48; p < 0.01) and DSS (1.69; 95% CI 1.19-2.42; p < 0.01). Tumor budding, worst pattern of invasion, and tumor-stroma ratio have a promising prognostic value in early OTSCC. The evaluation and reporting of these markers is cost-effective and can be incorporated in daily practice.

Prognostic assessment of different methods for eosinophils detection in oral tongue cancer.

BACKGROUND: TATE has been proposed as a prognostic factor in oral cancer staging; however, the controversial literature data limit its application in the routine diagnosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of TATE in patients with oral tongue cancer. The second aim was to identify any difference in the methods of eosinophil quantification or in the cutoff values reported in literature. METHODS: Clinic-pathological data of 204 patients treated at "Ospedali Riuniti" Hospital, Ancona, Italy, were collected. Evaluation of TATE was performed on hematoxylin-and-eosin-stained slides and correlation with survival outcomes was evaluated. The number of eosinophils per square millimeter was evaluated by using two methods, namely density (TATE-1) and classical (TATE-2) methods. For each of the 2 methods tested, patients were stratified into two or three groups, according to the most used cutoff values reported in literature. RESULTS: Regardless of the method of eosinophil quantification or the cutoff values used, patients with high TATE had a significantly better disease-specific survival. The density method (TATE-1) showed a better predictive performance, in particular when applying a single cutoff of 67 eosinophils/mm2 , two cutoffs of 10 and 100 eosinophils/mm2 , or two cutoffs of 50 and 120 eosinophils/mm2 . CONCLUSION: The evaluation of TATE is simple, cost-effective, and easy to implement in daily practice with the aim of improving risk stratification of patients affected by oral tongue cancer. Results of prognostic performance analysis suggest using density (TATE-1) method as the standard approach to evaluate TATE in future studies, enhancing replicability.

Diverging incidence trends of oral tongue cancer compared to other head and neck cancers in young adults in France.

While head and neck cancer incidence decreased worldwide due to reduced tobacco and alcohol consumption, oral tongue cancer (OTC) incidence has been reported to be increasing in several countries. Our study examines the incidence trends of OTC in France from 1990 to 2018, globally and by age; and compares the incidence trends with the evolution of the incidence of other human papilloma virus-unrelated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, that is, cancers of the remaining subsites of the oral cavity (RSOCC) and laryngeal cancers for the period 1990 to 2018. World age-standardized incidence rates of oral tongue cancers (C02), cancers of the remaining subsites of the oral cavity (RSOCC, C03-06) and laryngeal cancers (C32) were estimated using the French National Network of Cancer Registries for the period 1990 to 2018. Trends in national incidence rates were estimated from a mixed-effect Poisson model including age and year effects using penalized splines and a district-random effect. In women aged 30 and 40, a significant increase in OTC incidence was observed, while ROSCC showed a nonsignificant incidence decrease. In young men aged 25, a marginally significant increase of OTC incidence years was observed, while incidence rates of RSOCC significantly declined. The results suggest a tendency towards diverging incidence trends for OTC compared to RSOCC and laryngeal cancer in young adults. The observed trends may reflect changes in underlying exposures or emerging exposures not yet identified, and stress the need to further investigate the etiology of oral tongue cancers.

Single photon emission computed tomography-computed tomography visualization of sentinel lymph nodes for lymph flow guided nodal irradiation in oral tongue cancer.

PURPOSE: To evaluate correlation of single photon emission computed tomography-computed tomography (SPECT-CT) data on lymph flow (LF) from oral tongue cancer (OC) and the topography of lymph nodes (LN) metastases; to determine the clinical value of lymph flow guided radiotherapy (LFGRT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: SPECT-CT visualization of LF from the OC lesions was performed after peritumoral injection of 99mTc-phytate in 26 primary patients with clinical stage cT1-2N0M0 disease. We determined the individual drainage (unilateral/bilateral) from the tumor, and localization of sentinel LNs according to the neck levels. Metastases in LNs were verified with histology and a 2-year follow-up. RESULTS: SPECT-CT detected bilateral LF in 10 (38.5%) of 26 patients; in 16 (61.5%) cases the drainage was unilateral. Histology revealed LNs metastases in three cases; regional recurrences were diagnosed in other four patients. In all seven observations metastases were located at the same site and level as the sentinel LNs. In eight (30.8%) of 26 patients sentinel LNs were visualized unilaterally at levels Ib-IIa; in five cases, unilaterally at levels I-IIa-III. In these patients, LFGRT demonstrated 59%-70% reduction of irradiated volume, and 26%-42% and 51%-70% decrease of the mean dose to the spinal cord and the contralateral parotid gland. In patients with a bilateral drainage the reduction of doses absorbed by the spinal cord and contralateral parotid gland was 19% and 6%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Localization of sentinel LNs determined by SPECT-CT corresponds to the localization of metastatic LNs in terms of side and levels.

The Value of Post-treatment Surveillance for Detection of Loco-regional Recurrences in Oral Tongue Cancer.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Follow-up after treatment for oral tongue cancer consists of routine follow-up visits for five years. It has been suggested that this program is inefficient for finding recurrences. The primary objective of this study was to investigate how recurrences are detected; at routine follow-up visits, at patient-initiated visits, or incidentally. The secondary objective was to investigate whether the two-year survival after diagnosis of recurrence depended on the manner of detection. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with recurrences from oral tongue cancer between 1988 and 2016 were included. Survival was analysed by the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test. RESULTS: A total of 75 patients were included. In 67% of patients, recurrences were detected at routine follow-up visits, and in 27% at patient-initiated visits. No significant difference in survival between the groups was found (p=0.56). CONCLUSION: The majority of recurrences were detected at routine follow-up visits. Patient-initiated recurrence detection did not lead to increased survival.

The Impact of Post-Operative Radiotherapy in Early Stage (pT1-pT2N0M0) Oral Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Era of DOI.

Background: This study investigated the role of depth of infiltration (DOI) as an independent prognosticator in early stage (T1-T2N0M0) oral cavity tumors and to evaluate the need of postoperative radiotherapy in the case of patients upstaged to pT3 for DOI > 10 mm in the absence of other risk factors. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis on patients treated with surgery and re-staged according to the 8th edition of malignant tumors classification (TNM). The role of DOI as well as other clinical/pathological features was investigated at both univariable and multivariable analyses on overall survival (OS), disease free survival (DFS), relapse free survival (RFS), and local RFS. Results: Among the 94 included patients, 23 would have been upstaged to pT3 based on DOI. Multivariable analysis showed that DOI was not an independent prognostic factor for any of the considered outcomes. The presence of perineural invasion was associated with a significant worse RFS (p = 0.02) and LRFS (p = 0.04). PORT was found to be significantly associated with DFS (p = 0.04) and RFS (p = 0.06). Conclusions: The increasing DOI alone was not sufficient to impact the prognosis, and therefore, should not be sufficient to dictate PORT indications in early-stage patients upstaged on the sole basis of DOI.