The impact of mobility limitations on geriatric rehabilitation outcomes: Positive effects of resistance exercise training (RESORT).

BACKGROUND: Regaining walking ability is a key target in geriatric rehabilitation. This study evaluated the prevalence of walking ability at (pre-)admission and related clinical characteristics in a cohort of geriatric rehabilitation inpatients; in inpatients without walking ability, feasibility and effectiveness of progressive resistance exercise training (PRT) were assessed. METHODS: Inpatients within RESORT, an observational, longitudinal cohort of geriatric rehabilitation inpatients, were stratified in those with and without ability to walk independently (defined by Functional Ambulation Classification (FAC) score ≤ 2) at admission; further subdivision was performed by pre-admission walking ability. Clinical characteristics at admission, length of stay, and changes in physical and functional performance throughout admission were compared depending on (pre-)admission walking ability. Feasibility (relative number of PRT sessions given and dropout rate) and effectiveness [change in Short Physical Performance Battery, FAC, independence in (instrumental) activities of daily living (ADL/IADL)] of PRT (n = 11) in a subset of inpatients without ability to walk independently at admission (able to walk pre-admission) were investigated compared with usual care (n = 11) (LIFT-UP study). RESULTS: Out of 710 inpatients (median age 83.5 years; 58.0% female), 52.2% were not able to walk independently at admission, and 7.6% were not able to walk pre-admission. Inpatients who were not able to walk independently at admission, had a longer length of stay, higher prevalence of cognitive impairment and frailty and malnutrition risk scores, and a lower improvement in independence in (I)ADL compared with inpatients who were able to walk at both admission and pre-admission. In LIFT-UP, the relative median number of PRT sessions given compared with the protocol (twice per weekday) was 11 out of 44. There were no dropouts. PRT improved FAC (P = 0.028) and ADL (P = 0.034) compared with usual care. CONCLUSIONS: High prevalence of inpatients who are not able to walk independently and its negative impact on independence in (I)ADL during geriatric rehabilitation highlights the importance of tailored interventions such as PRT, which resulted in improvement in FAC and ADL.

Low-dose orthotopic cancer implantation permits measurement of longitudinal functional changes associated with cachexia.

Progressive functional decline is a key element of cancer-associated cachexia. Major barriers to translating preclinical therapies into the clinic include lack of cancer models that accurately mimic functional decline, which develops over time, and use of nonspecific measures, like grip strength, as surrogates for physical function. In this study, we aimed to extend the survival and longevity of a cancer model, to investigate cachexia-related function at the basic science level. Survival extension studies were performed by testing multiple cell lines, dilutions, and vehicle-types in orthotopic implantation of K-rasLSL.G12D/+; Trp53R172H/+; Pdx-1-Cre (KPC)-derived cells. One hundred twenty-eight animals in this new model were assessed for cachexia syndrome phenotype using a battery of anatomical, biochemical, and behavioral techniques. We extended the survival of the KPC orthotopic model to 8-9 wk postimplantation using a relatively low 100-cell dose of DT10022 KPC cells (P < 0.001). In this low-dose orthotopic (LO) model, progressive muscle wasting was detected in parallel to systemic inflammation; skeletal muscle atrophy at the fiber level was detected as early as 3 wk postimplantation compared with controls (P < 0.001). Gait speed in LO animals declined as early as 2 wk postimplantation, whereas grip strength change was a late event. Principal component and regression analyses revealed distinct cachectic and noncachectic animal populations, which we leveraged to show that the gait speed decline was specific to cachexia (P < 0.01), whereas grip strength decline was not (P = 0.19). Gait speed represents an accurate surrogate for cachexia-related physical function as opposed to grip strength.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Previous studies of cancer-induced cachexia have been confounded by the relatively rapid death of animal subjects. Using a lower dose of cancer cells in combination with a battery of behavioral, structural, histological, and biochemical techniques, we show that gait speed is actually the best indicator of functional decline due to cachexia. Future studies are required to define the underlying physiological basis of these findings.

Metabolic, cardiovascular, neuromuscular and perceptual responses to repeated military-specific load carriage treadmill simulations.

Bouts of military load carriage are rarely completed in isolation; however, limited research has investigated the physiological responses to repeated load carriage tasks. Twelve civilian men (age, 28 ± 8 years; stature, 185.6 ± 5.8 cm; body mass 84.3 ± 11.1 kg and maximal oxygen uptake, 51.5 ± 6.4 mL·kg-1 min-1) attended the laboratory on two occasions to undertake a familiarisation and an experimental session. Following their familiarisation session, participants completed three bouts of a fast load carriage protocol (FLCP; ∼65 min), carrying 25 kg, interspersed with a 65-min recovery period. Physiological strain (oxygen uptake [V̇O2] and heart rate [HR]) was assessed during the FLCP bouts, and physical performance assessments (weighted counter-movement jump [wCMJ], maximal isometric voluntary contraction of the quadriceps [MIVC] and seated medicine ball throw [SMBT]) was measured pre and post each FLCP bout. A main effect for bout and measurement time was evident for V̇O2 and HR (both p < 0.001 and Ñ 2 = 0.103-0.816). There was no likely change in SMBT distance (p = 0.201 and Ñ 2 = 0.004), but MIVC peak force reduced by approximately 25% across measurement points (p < 0.001 and Ñ 2 = 0.133). A mean percentage change of approximately -12% from initial values was also evident for peak wCMJ height (p = 0.001 and Ñ 2 = 0.028). Collectively, these data demonstrate that repeated FLCP bouts result in an elevated physiological strain for each successive bout, along with a substantial reduction in lower body power (wCMJ and MIVC). Therefore, future research should investigate possible mitigation strategies to maintain role-related capability.

FUNCTIONAL CAPACITY IN PATIENTS WITH KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS: CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.

Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a disabling inflammatory disease that makes walking and activities of daily living difficult. This condition can reduce functional capacity and increase the risk for surgery. OBJECTIVE: To know the functional capacity of patients with KOA evaluated by the six-minute walk test (6MWT). METHOD: This cross-sectional study evaluated age, gender, weight, BMI, pain (VAS 90-100), physical disability (WOMAC 0-96), degree of joint damage by radiographic imaging, and 6MWT. RESULTS: A total of 176 patients referred by Orthopedics were evaluated, with the inclusion of 164 participants. The mean age was 61.89 ± 10.62 years, 81% women, 67% with cardiovascular disease, hypertension and/or diabetes, 81% obese, with moderate pain (VAS 47.74 ± 29.27) and according to WOMAC, most had severe or very severe disability. The distance covered in the 6MWT was 354.03 ± 102.03m, 67% of the predicted distance. The maximum heart rate achieved was 107.27 ± 17.71 bpm, which characterizes 68% of the predicted by age. Only 12% of the sample showed a marked drop in oxygenation in the 6MWT and 40% had a recovery heart rate in the 1st minute below 15 bpm. CONCLUSION: Patients with KOA, who were evaluated by the 6MWT, have low functional capacity and physical deconditioning. Level of Clinical Evidence III, Case Control Study.

A osteoartrite de joelho (OAJ) é uma doença inflamatória incapacitante que dificulta as atividades de vida diária do indivíduo. Esta condição pode reduzir a capacidade funcional e aumentar o risco de cirurgia, caso necessária. Objetivo: Conhecer a capacidade funcional de pacientes com OAJ, avaliada pelo teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6M). Métodos: Neste estudo transversal, avaliamos idade, sexo, peso, índice de massa corporal (IMC), dor (escala visual analógica ­ EVA 90-100), incapacidade física (Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index ­ WOMAC 0-96), grau de lesão articular por imagem radiográfica e TC6M. Resultados: Foram avaliados 176 pacientes encaminhados pela Ortopedia, com a inclusão de 164 participantes. Na amostra, verificou-se: média de idade de 61,89 ± 10,62 anos; 81% de mulheres; 67% com doença cardiovascular, hipertensão e/ou diabetes; 81% de obesos; com dor moderada (EVA 47,74 ± 29,27); e, segundo WOMAC, maioria com incapacidade intensa ou muito intensa. A distância percorrida no TC6M foi 354,03 ± 102,03 m, sendo esse valor 67% da distância prevista. A frequência cardíaca máxima alcançada foi de 107,27 ± 17,71 bpm, que caracteriza 68% da prevista pela idade. Somente 12% apresentaram acentuada queda de oxigenação no TC6M e 40% apresentaram frequência cardíaca de recuperação no primeiro minuto inferior a 15 bpm. Conclusão: Os pacientes com OAJ, que foram avaliados pelo TC6M, apresentaram baixa capacidade funcional e descondicionamento físico. Nível de Evidência III, Estudo de Caso Controle.

Path analysis of urinary incontinence in older adults living in nursing homes / Fatores associados à incontinência urinária em idosos institucionalizados

Objective: To investigate the factors associated with urinary incontinence in older adults living in nursing homes. Methods: This was an exploratory, cross-sectional, observational, and quantitative study using exploratory and path analysis (PA). Eighty-six older adults living in nursing homes in the city of Salvador, Brazil, and the city of Brasília, Brazil, were included. Data were collected from January to March 2020, before the Covid-19 pandemic. The following variables were evaluated: sex, age group, functional performance, global cognitive function, comorbidities, and health conditions. Results: Urinary incontinence was associated with educational level, marital status, hypertension, one or more difficulties in basic activities of daily living, mood, insomnia, loss of appetite, fecal incontinence, and difficulty swallowing. In the PA, depression and difficulty swallowing were directly associated with urinary incontinence, and urinary incontinence was directly and significantly associated with insomnia and fecal incontinence. Conclusion: Given the variety of social and health components associated with urinary incontinence, it is necessary to assess, prevent, treat, and rehabilitate this condition in Brazilian nursing homes. Interventions in urinary incontinence demand integrated actions in functional, clinical, and mental health aspects to promote the well-being of older adults living in nursing homes. (AU)

Objetivo: Investigar os fatores associados à incontinência urinária em pessoas idosas institucionalizadas segundo a Análise de Caminhos. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo transversal. Foram avaliados 86 idosos em Instituições de Longa Permanência para Idosos brasileiras de Salvador (BA) e Brasília (DF), no período entre janeiro e março de 2020, período pré-pandemia de COVID-19. Os fatores analisados incluíram: sexo, faixa etária, desempenho funcional, desempenho cognitivo global, comorbidades e condições de saúde. Resultados: Observou-se que a incontinência urinária esteve associada ao nível de escolaridade, estado civil, hipertensão, uma ou mais dificuldades nas atividades básicas da vida diária, humor, insônia, perda de apetite, incontinência fecal e dificuldade de deglutição. Na Análise de Caminhos, os sintomas depressivos e as dificuldades de deglutição tiveram associação direta com a incontinência urinária, e a incontinência urinária teve associação direta e significativa com a insônia e a incontinência fecal. Conclusão: Dada a variedade de componentes sociais e de saúde associados à incontinência urinária, é necessário avaliar, prevenir, recuperar e reabilitar essa condição nas Instituições de Longa Permanência para Idosos brasileiras. Intervir na incontinência urinária requer ações integradas nos aspectos funcionais, clínicos e de saúde mental, que podem favorecer o bem-estar das pessoas idosas institucionalizadas. (AU)

Quality of life in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma receiving IMRT vs IMPT: a multicenter prospective longitudinal study.

PURPOSE: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients may experience symptom distress and depression during and after radiation therapy, which negatively impacts quality of life (QOL). We sought to identify trajectories of symptom distress, depression, social support, and QOL in patients with NPC receiving intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) vs intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT). METHODS: A multicenter prospective longitudinal study recruited NPC patients from two leading medical centers in Taiwan. The 121 NPC patients were followed from before RT (T0), at 4 weeks after beginning RT (T1), at 6 weeks of RT or the end of treatment (T2), and at 4 weeks post-RT (T3). Generalized estimating equation analysis was used to identify the factors related to QOL. RESULTS: Patients' symptom distress and depression increased from T0, peaked at T2, and decreased at T3. Physical-QOL and psychosocial-QOL decreased from T0 to T2, then increased by T3. Patients who had early-stage cancer, received a lower RT dose, had less symptom distress, and had less depression were more likely to have better QOL. Greater physical-QOL was associated with IMPT receipt, higher education level, early cancer stage, lower radiation dose, less symptom distress, and less depression. Patients who had good physical performance, received a lower radiation dose, had less symptom distress, and had less depression were more likely to have better psychosocial-QOL. CONCLUSION: Radiation dose, symptom distress, and depression were the most important factors affecting QOL in patients with NPC. Understanding the factors associated with the trajectory of QOL can guide care during radiation treatment.

Menopause hormone therapy and physical performance: The Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between menopause hormone therapy (MHT) and physical performance among women from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study of 12,506 postmenopausal Canadian women. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Grip strength (kg), gait speed (m/s), timed up and go (s), chair rise (s), and balance (s) were assessed following standard procedures. The association between MHT and physical performance was evaluated using linear regression models adjusted for age, education, study site, smoking, alcohol consumption, body mass index, diabetes, hypertension, and hysterectomy. Sensitivity analyses were conducted according to age at study visit (<65 vs. ≥65 years), body mass index (<25 kg/m2 vs. ≥25 kg/m2), physical activity level (less vs. more active), duration and type of MHT, and time of starting MHT after menopause. RESULTS: Compared with those who never used MHT, prior or current use was associated with better performance on the timed up and go test (ß: -0.19; 95%CI: -0.28; -0.11) and faster gait speed (ß = 0.01, 95%CI = 0.00; 0.02). No association was found for grip strength, balance, and chair rise. Results did not change by body mass index, physical activity, or duration of MHT use. When stratified by age at study visit, the effect remained significant only in among those aged 65 years or more. Starting MHT <5 years after menopause was associated with better physical performance. CONCLUSIONS: MHT was associated with better physical performance in gait speed and timed up and go tests. The cross-sectional design of the study limits causal interpretation. Prospective studies are needed to confirm our results.

Responsiveness of Isokinetic Dynamometry in Patients with Osteoarthritis after Knee and Hip Arthroplasty: A Prospective Repeated-Measures Cohort Study.

Functional assessments are crucial for the evaluation of rehabilitation after total knee (TKA) and hip (THA) arthroplasty. Muscle strength, a key determinant of physical function (PF), is often measured with isokinetic dynamometry (ID), which is considered the gold standard. However, studies lack evaluations of responsiveness-the ability to detect changes over time. This study aims to determine the responsiveness of ID in measuring PF in TKA and THA rehabilitation-is muscle strength a valid indicator for assessing improvement in rehabilitation processes? The pre- and post-surgery PF of 20 osteoarthritis patients (age 55-82) was assessed, using ID, performance-based and self-reported measures. Responsiveness was evaluated by comparing the observed relationship of changes in ID and PF scores with the a priori defined expected relationship of change scores. While the performance-based and self-reported measures showed significant improvements post-surgery (Cohen's d [0.42, 1.05] p < 0.05), ID showed no significant differences. Moderate correlations were found between changes in some ID parameters and selected functional tests (r ≈|0.5|, p < 0.05). Responsiveness was solely found for the peak torque of knee extension at 180°/s on the operated side. Responsiveness is an often-overlooked psychometric property of outcome measurements. The findings suggest that ID may not be fully responsive to the construct of PF after TKA and THA, raising questions about its role and usefulness in this context and the need for more appropriate assessment methods.

Impact of Energy Malnutrition on Exacerbation Hospitalization in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Retrospective Observational Study.

Nutritional disorders in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are associated with cachexia, sarcopenia, and weight loss. In particular, weight loss is a prognostic factor in COPD independent of pulmonary function, and energy malnutrition is a contributing factor. Frequent exacerbation hospitalization is also a prognostic factor for COPD patients. The impact of energy malnutrition on adverse events such as exacerbation hospitalization is unknown, and this study aimed to investigate that. We included 163 male subjects with COPD. Respiratory quotient (RQ), an index of energy malnutrition, was calculated by expiratory gas analysis using an indirect calorimeter. RQ <0.85 was categorized as the energy malnutrition group. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to compare the hospitalization avoidance rate between the with and without energy malnutrition groups. Independent factors associated with exacerbation hospitalization were evaluated by Cox regression analysis. We finally analyzed data from 56 selected subjects (median age: 74 y). The exacerbation hospitalization rate was significantly higher in the energy malnutrition group. Fifty percent of the energy malnutrition group was hospitalized for an exacerbation, and the median hospitalization avoidance time was 701 d. In Cox regression analysis (adjusted for age, BMI, mMRC dyspnea scale score, %FEV1, and 6-min walk test), energy malnutrition was an independent factor associated with exacerbation hospitalization (HR 4.14, 95% CI 1.13-15.1, p=0.03). Energy malnutrition may be the risk factor for exacerbation hospitalization. Energy malnutrition may be an early nutritional disorder and early detection and intervention may reduce exacerbation hospitalizations.

Assessment of Mobility Trajectories Using Wearable Inertial Sensors During Autologous Hematopoietic Cell Transplant.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to characterize mobility patterns using wearable inertial sensors and serial assessment across autologous hematopoietic cell transplant (autoHCT) and investigate the relation between mobility and perceived function in patients with hematologic cancer. DESIGN: Prospective longitudinal study. SETTING: Hospital adult transplant clinic followed by discharge. PARTICIPANTS: 78 patients with hematological cancer receiving autoHCT. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Mobility was measured across 3 clinical phases (pretransplant, pre-engraftment, and post-engraftment) in using inertial sensors worn during prescribed performance tests in the hospital. Perceived function was assessed using validated provider-reported (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group [ECOG] Performance Status Scale) and patient-reported [European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire [EORTC QLQ-C30]) measures. Trajectories of 5 selected mobility characteristics (turn duration, gait speed, stride time variability, double support time, and heel strike angle) across the clinical phases were also evaluated using piecewise linear mixed-effects models. RESULTS: Using Principal Components Analysis, 4 mobility patterns were identified pretransplant: Gait Limitation, Sagittal Sway, Coronal Sway, and Balance Control. Gait Limitation measured pretransplant was significantly inversely associated with perceived function reported by the provider- (ß = -0.11; 95% CI: -0.19, -0.02) and patient- (ß = -4.85; 95% CI: -7.72, -1.99) post-engraftment in age-adjusted linear regression models. Mobility characteristics demonstrated immediate declines early pre-engraftment with stabilization by late pre-engraftment. CONCLUSION: Patients with hematological cancer experiencing gait limitations pretransplant are likely to have worse perceived function post-engraftment. Mobility declines in early phases post-transplant and may not fully recover, indicating an opportunity for timely rehabilitation referrals. Wearable inertial sensors can be used to identify early mobility problems and patients who may be at risk for future functional decline who may be candidates for early physical rehabilitation.

Evaluación de la condición física y salud escolar en niños y niñas de la provincia de San Luis, Argentina / Assessment of children's physical fitness and school health in the province of San Luis, Argentina

Introducción. La evaluación de la condición física (CF), junto con otros indicadores de salud, es una estrategia utilizada para conocer el estado actual de los escolares. El principal objetivo fue medir en escolares sanluiseños el estado de salud actual, los niveles de CF y construir tablas de referencias de CF. Población y métodos. Escolares entre 9 y 12 años de edad (ambos sexos) fueron evaluados con dos indicadores de salud: índice de masa corporal y presión arterial. La CF fue medida con la batería ALPHA-Fitness. El orden de las pruebas fue el siguiente: tensión arterial, masa corporal, estatura, longitud de pie y mano, salto en longitud, velocidad en 30 metros, agilidad 4 × 10 m y la prueba de ida y vuelta en 20 metros. Se calculó el índice de masa corporal (IMC) y la maduración biológica. Resultados. Fueron evaluados 15548 escolares. Los valores promedios fueron presión arterial sistólica 101 ± 10 mmHg y diastólica 66 ± 7 mmHg; IMC 20,2 ± 4,3 kg/m2. Para la CF fueron las siguientes: componente cardiorrespiratorio VO2 máx. 39,87 ± 3,2 ml/kg/min y velocidad alcanzada en la prueba de ida y vuelta en 20 m 8,9 ± 0,6 km/h; componente neuromuscular; salto en longitud: 120,6 ± 23,9 cm, velocidad 30 m: 6,56 ± 0,85 s, agilidad 4 × 10 m: 15,17 ± 1,82 s. El rendimiento siempre fue superior en el grupo masculino (p <0,001). Conclusión. Los escolares mostraron niveles saludables de presión arterial. El 50 % de la muestra fue clasificada con sobrepeso u obesidad según el IMC. En ambos sexos, se observaron bajos niveles de CF. Por primera vez, se elaboraron tablas de referencia de CF en escolares sanluiseños

Introduction. The assessment of physical fitness (PF), is useful strategy to know the current status of schoolchildren. Our primary objective was to measure the current health status and PF levels of schoolchildren in San Luis and to develop PF reference tables. Population and methods. Schoolchildren aged 9 to 12 years (boys and girls) were assessed based on 2 health indicators: body mass index and blood pressure. PF was measured using the ALPHA-Fitness test battery. Blood pressure, body mass, height, foot and hand length, standing long jump, 30 m sprint, 4 × 10 m agility test, and 20 m shuttle run test were assessed. The body mass index (BMI) and biological maturation were estimated. Results. A total of 15 548 schoolchildren were assessed. Average systolic blood pressure was 101 ± 10 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure, 66 ± 7 mmHg; BMI: 20.2 ± 4.3 kg/m2. Average PF was, in the cardiorespiratory component, VO2 max.: 39.87 ± 3.2 mL/kg/min and speed reached during the 20 m shuttle run test: 8.9 ± 0.6 km/h; in the musculoskeletal component, standing long jump: 120.6 ± 23.9 cm, 30 m sprint: 6.56 ± 0.85 s, 4 × 10 m agility test: 15.17 ± 1.82 s. The performance was better in the boys group (p < 0.001). Conclusion. Blood pressure was normal. Fifty percent of the sample was overweight or obese as per their BMI. Both boys and girls showed low PF levels. PF reference tables for schoolchildren from San Luis were developed for the first time.

Physical and autonomic functionality in women with breast cancer pre and post chemotherapy: a case control study.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most incident types of cancer among women in the world. Although chemotherapy is an effective way to treat several types of cancer, it may also cause serious complications, including cardiotoxicity. This study aimed to identify the impact of chemotherapy on functional capacity, muscle strength and autonomic function. METHODS: Ten breast cancer patients in therapeutic follow-up (TG) and ten women without comorbidities (CG) participated in the study (46±8.87 years old). Both groups were evaluated at two time points, before and 20 weeks after the start of chemotherapy. Functional capacity and muscle strength were assessed by 6-minute walk test (6MWT) and handgrip test, respectively. Autonomic function was assessed by heart rate variability analysis. RESULTS: TG presented greater reductions in the handgrip test for the non-dominant hand (TG ↓15.2%; CG: ↑1.1%, p<0.05) compared to GC. However, no significant differences were found regarding VO2max (p>0.05) and 6MWT total distance (p>0.05). Regarding the heart rate variability variables before and after follow-up period, rMSSD (CG= 39.15±37.66; TG= 14.89±8.28, p= 0.01) and SDNN (CG= 55.77±40.03; TG= 26.30±10.37, p= 0.02) showed effect in the group and time interaction, whereas the LF/HF ratio presented significant difference only in the time analysis (CG= 2.24±2.30; TG= 2.84±1.82, p= 0.04). CONCLUSION: Chemotherapy used in the treatment of breast cancer patients resulted in decreased muscle strength and autonomic imbalance. The data suggests that chemotherapy may carry the risk of developing cardiovascular disease. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Registration not required.

The relationship between polypharmacy and physical performance in patients with early-stage Alzheimer's disease.

INTRODUCTION: Our aim was to evaluate the association between polypharmacy and certain physical performance measures used to assess ambulation in early-stage Alzheimer patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the dementia outpatient clinic of a tertiary care center. The usage of five or more drugs per day was accepted as polypharmacy and patients with moderate and severe dementia were excluded. Usual gait speed (UGS), timed up and go (TUG), and chair sit-to-stand test (CSST) were applied to assess physical performance status. RESULTS: There were 134 participants in our study (67.9% female, mean age 80.2 ± 7.9 years) and 75 (56%) patients were polypharmacy patients. The patients with polypharmacy showed poor physical performance compared to the patients without polypharmacy (UGS p = .005, TUG p < .001, CSST p < .001). The parameters that were significantly higher and more common in the polypharmacy group were body mass index (p = .026), hypertension (p = .013), diabetes mellitus (p = .018), ischemic heart disease (p < .001), atrial fibrillation (p = .030), depression (p = .012), and hypothyroidism (p = .007). In multivariate analyses, polypharmacy was independently associated with slow UGS [Odds ratio (OR) 1.248 (95%) confidence interval (CI) 1.145-1.523, p = .007]; long TUG [OR 1.410 (95%) CI 1.146-1.736, p = .001]; and long CSST [OR 1.892 (95%) CI 1.389-2.578, p < .001]. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated the association of polypharmacy with poor physical performance in patients with early stage Alzheimer's disease. Prospective long-term studies investigating the relationship of polypharmacy and drug subgroups with physical performance in elderly patients with Alzheimer's disease would be appropriate.

The Effect of Proprioceptive Training on Hand Function and Activity Limitation After Open Carpal Tunnel Release Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of proprioceptive training on hand function and activity limitation in patients undergoing open carpal tunnel release surgery. DESIGN: Randomized controlled study. SETTING: A university hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty patients were included in the study and randomized to proprioceptive training (PT) and conventional rehabilitation (CR) groups. INTERVENTION: One week after surgery, both groups received CR for 6 weeks. All participants were asked to perform home-based exercises daily in 3 sets with 10 repetitions. For the PT group, a 6-step PT program was conducted starting from Week 6. Both groups received face-to-face interventions twice a week for 12 weeks. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The outcome measures included the Purdue Pegboard Test (PPT), the joint position sense test (JPST), the Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire, and the Patient-Specific Functional Scale. In total, 3 assessments were performed (at 1, 6 and 12 weeks postoperatively). RESULTS: In the PT group, the results for PPT were statistically significant (P<.05). Although there was a greater decrease in the absolute angular error value (JPST) of the PT group compared to the CR group, the difference was nonsignificant (P>.05). Similar reductions in activity limitation were seen in both groups (PT: 176%, CR: 175%). Symptom severity decreased by 40% in the PT group vs 32% in the CR group. The effect sizes were larger for the changes between the second and third assessments in the PT group compared to the CR group in all parameters tested. CONCLUSION: When applied after carpal tunnel release surgery, PT may potentially to improve hand functions, reduce activity limitation, increase participation in activities of daily living, and thus improve quality of life.

Strategies types on precedent vertical jump stretching / Estrategias sobre los tipos de estiramientos que preceden al salto vertical / Estratégias sobre os tipos de alongamentos que precedem o salto vertical

ABSTRACT Study design: identify a better strategy for static stretching (SS), dynamic stretching (DS), and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) concerning the performance of their applications in countermovement vertical jump (CVJ). A systematic literature review was conducted in May and June 2021 in the Pubmed/MEDLINE, Scopus, LILACS, SPORTDiscus, and Embase databases. The PRISMA-2020 checklist was used. The Cochrane handbook scale and the Downs and Black scale were used for risk of bias analysis. Seventeen studies were included for qualitative analysis. Motor Unit recruitment and its stimulation frequency favor neural factors and muscle strength performance during contraction. Detailed investigations are necessary on the neural factors that modify the reflex responses and motor control, considering the biological characteristics and plastic deformations. The SS is a negative predictor of vertical jump (VJ) performance. The improvements are reduced when the stretching time is longer than 60 seconds, and when associated with PNF, did not reveal significant results. Using the SS before the DS in short periods of 20 seconds and no more than 60 seconds in the pre-activity to the VJ is suggested. In short stretches, the ROM increased both in the knee and the hip, and the hamstring muscles, when in tension, are unfavorable in sports that frequently use the VJ. Therefore, PNF using the technique that involves a process of contracting and relaxing must be investigated in an isolated and specific way, advocating the antagonist group. Thus, decreasing antagonist strength may be favorable for height gain, although contemporary studies are needed to minimize lower stability and muscle control predictors. Level of Evidence II; Systematic Review Study.

RESUMEN Diseño del estudio: identificar una mejor estrategia de estiramiento estático (EE), estiramiento dinámico (ED) y facilitación neuromuscular propioceptiva (FNP) en relación con el rendimiento de sus aplicaciones en salto vertical con contramovimiento (SCM). Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura en mayo y junio de 2021, en las bases de datos Pubmed/MEDLINE, Scopus, LILACS, SPORTDiscus y Embase. Se utilizó la checklist PRISMA-2020. Para el análisis del riesgo de sesgo se utilizaron la Cochrane handbook y la escala de Downs y Black. Se incluyeron 17 estudios para el análisis cualitativo. El reclutamiento de Unidad Motora y su frecuencia de estimulación favorece los factores neurales y el desempeño de la fuerza muscular durante la contracción. Son necesarias investigaciones detalladas sobre los factores neurales que modifican las respuestas reflejas y el control motor considerando las características biológicas y las deformaciones plásticas. El EE es un predictor negativo para el rendimiento de la salto vertical (SV) y las mejoras se reducen cuando el tiempo de estiramiento es mayor a 60 segundos, y cuando se asocia con FNP no revela resultados significativos. Se sugiere utilizar el EE antes del ED en periodos cortos de 20 segundos y no más de 60 segundos en la preactividad al SV. En tramos cortos, la gama de movimientos se incrementó tanto en la rodilla como en la cadera, y los músculos isquiotibiales, cuando están en tensión, son desfavorables en deportes que utilizan frecuentemente el SV. Por tanto, la FNP mediante la técnica que implica un proceso de contracción y relajación debe investigarse de forma aislada y específica, preconizando el grupo antagonista. Por lo tanto, la disminución de la fuerza del antagonista puede ser favorable para la ganancia de altura, aunque se necesitan estudios contemporáneos para minimizar los predictores de menor estabilidad y/o control muscular. Nível de Evidencia II; Estudio de Revisión Sistematica.

RESUMO Design do estudo: identificar uma melhor estratégia de alongamento estático (AE), Alongamento dinâmico (AD) e facilitação neuromuscular proprioceptiva (FNP) em relação ao rendimento de suas aplicações no salto vertical contramovimento (SCM). Desenvolveu-se uma revisão sistemática da Literatura nos meses de maio e junho de 2021, nas bases de dados Pubmed/MEDLINE, Scopus, LILACS, SPORTDiscus e Embase. Utilizou-se o checklist PRISMA-2020. Para análise de risco de viés utilizou-se a escala do Cochrane handbook e a escala de Downs and Black. 17 estudos foram incluídos para análise qualitativa. O recrutamento da Unidade Motora e a sua frequência de estimulações favorecem os fatores neurais e o desempenho da força muscular durante a contração. Investigações circunstanciadas são necessárias sobre os fatores neurais que modificam as respostas reflexas e controle motor considerando as características biológicas e deformações plásticas. O AE é um preditor negativo para o desempenho do salto vertical (SV) e, as melhorias são reduzidas quando o tempo de alongamento é superior a 60 segundos, e quando associado a FNP não revelou resultados significativos. Sugere-se a utilização do AE antes do AD em períodos curtos de 20 segundos e não mais que 60 segundos na pré-atividade ao SV. Nos alongamentos curtos a gama de movimentos aumentou tanto no joelho quanto no quadril e, a musculatura isquiotibial, quando em tensão, é desfavorável em esportes que utilizam frequentemente o SV. Portanto, a FNP com a utilização da técnica que envolve um processo de contrair e relaxar deve ser investigada de forma isolada e específica preconizando o grupo antagonista. Desta forma, diminuir a força do antagonista pode ser favorável para o ganho de altura, embora estudos atualizados sejam necessários para minimizar os preditores de menor estabilidade e/ou controle muscular. Nível de evidência II; Estudo de Revisão Sistemática.

Post-COVID-19 functional capacity assessed with ring and walk tests: cross-sectional study / Capacidade funcional pós-COVID-19 com teste de argola e de caminhada: estudo transversal

Abstract Introduction COVID-19 can cause persistent symptoms even in mild cases, such as fatigue and dyspnea, which can reduce functional capacity and make it difficult to perform activities of daily living. Objective To compare functional capacity using the pegboard and ring test and the six-minute walk test responses in post-COVID-19 patients according to the ventilatory support used. Methods Cross-sectional study including 40 adults of both sexes after SARS-CoV2 infection between June 2020 and June 2021, with assessment of functional capacity using the pegboard and ring test (upper limbs) and the six-minute walk (lower limbs). Those who reported comprehension deficit or neuromuscular disease were excluded. All participants were evaluated between 15 and 90 days after the onset of symptoms, diagnosed by nasal swab and classified according to the ventilatory support used during the infection. Results The mean age of the participants (n = 40) was 54.30 (±12.76) years, with BMI 28.39 (±4.70) kg/m2 and pulmonary involvement in 51.49 (±17.47)%. A total of 37 participants were hospitalized with a stay of 14.33 (±15.44) days, and 30% were previously immunized, while 7.5% reached the predicted distance covered. The average achieved was 46.44% (398.63 ± 130.58 m) in the distance covered and 39.31% (237.58 ± 85.51) in the movement of rings. Participants who had invasive mechanical ventilation (n = 10) had the worst functional capacity in both tests 265.85 ± 125.11 m and 181.00 ± 90.03 rings, compared to 472.94 ± 88.02 m and 273.25 ± 66.09 rings in non-invasive ventilation (n = 8), 410.32 ± 90.39 m and 257.68 ± 62.84 rings in oxygen therapy (n = 19), 569.00 ± 79.50 m and 203.00 ± 169.00 rings when there was no hospitalization (n = 3). Conclusion Participants who required invasive mechanical ventilation had worse functional capacity, 46% of what was expected in the walk test and 39% of what was expected in the pegboard and ring test.

Resumo Introdução A COVID-19 pode causar sintomas per-sistentes mesmo nos casos leves, como fadiga e dispneia, que podem reduzir a capacidade funcional e a realização das atividades de vida diária. Objetivo Comparar a avaliação da capacidade funcional a partir do teste da argola e caminhada dos 6 minutos pós-COVID-19 con-forme o suporte ventilatório utilizado. Métodos: Estudo transversal com 40 adultos, de ambos os sexos, pós-infecção por SARS-CoV2 entre julho/2020 e julho 2021, com avaliação da capacidade funcional pelos testes da argola (membros superiores) e caminhada (membros inferiores) de 6 minutos. Todos os participantes foram avaliados entre 15 e 90 dias do princípio dos sintomas, diagnosticados por swab nasal, e classificados conforme o suporte ventilatório utilizado durante a infecção. Resultados A média de idade dos participantes (n = 40) foi 54,30 (±12,76) anos, índice de massa corporal 28,39 (±4,70) kg/m2 e acometimento pulmonar em vidro fosco 51,49 (±17,47)%. Trinta e sete participantes foram hospitalizados com permanência de 14,33 (±15,44) dias, 30% previamente imunizados; 7,5% atingiram o predito da distância percorrida. A média alcançada foi de 46,44% (398,63 ± 130,58 m) na distância percorrida e 39,31% (237,58 ± 85,51) em movimento de argolas. Os participantes que utilizaram ventilação mecânica invasiva (n = 10) apresentaram pior capacidade funcional em ambos os testes: 265,85 ± 125,11 m e 181,00 ± 90,03 argolas comparado a 472,94 ± 88,02 m e 273,25 ± 66,09 argolas em ventilação não invasiva (n = 8), 410,32 ± 90,39m e 257,68 ± 62,84 argolas em oxigenoterapia (n = 19), 569,00 ± 79,50 m e 203,00 ± 169,00 argolas sem internação (n = 3). Conclusão Os participantes que necessitaram de ventilação mecânica invasiva apresen-taram pior capacidade funcional, com 46% do esperado no teste de caminhada e 39% no teste de argola de 6 minutos.

Functional performance assessment scale for children and adolescents with cancer: cross-cultural study / Escala de evaluación del rendimiento funcional de niños y adolescentes con cáncer: estudio transcultural / Escala de avaliação do desempenho funcional de crianças e adolescentes com câncer: estudo transcultural

ABSTRACT Objectives: to describe the methodological process of cross-cultural adaptation of the PlayPerformance Scale for Children to Brazilian Portuguese. Methods: methodological study of translation and cross-cultural adaptation in six stages: translation, synthesis of translations, back-translation, evaluation by a committee of judges, evaluation by expert nurses, and pretest. The agreement and representativeness of the items were assessed using the content validity index. A minimum value of 80% agreement was considered. Results: all stages of the translation and cross-cultural adaptation process were satisfactory. In the evaluation performed by the committee of judges, all items obtained agreement above 80%. Fifteen pediatric nurses conducted the content validation, suggesting necessary modifications for understanding and application. Thirty children and adolescents with cancer were assessed with the scale for the pre-test. Conclusions: the scale was cross-culturally adapted to Brazilian Portuguese. The need for psychometric testing in a consistent sample is emphasized.

RESUMEN Objetivos: describir el proceso metodológico de adaptación transcultural de la Escala de Rendimiento de Juego para Niños al portugués brasileño. Métodos: estudio metodológico de traducción y adaptación transcultural en seis etapas: traducción, síntesis de traducciones, retrotraducción, evaluación por un comité de jueces, evaluación por enfermeros especialistas y pretest. La concordancia y representatividad de los ítems se evaluaron mediante el índice de validez de contenido. Se consideró un valor mínimo del 80% de concordancia. Resultados: todas las etapas del proceso de traducción y adaptación transcultural fueron satisfactorias. En la evaluación realizada por el comité de jueces, todos los ítems obtuvieron una concordancia superior al 80%. Quince enfermeros pediatras realizaron la validación de contenido, sugiriendo modificaciones necesarias para la comprensión y aplicación. Treinta niños y adolescentes con cáncer fueron evaluados con la escala para el pretest. Conclusiones: la escala fue adaptada transculturalmente al portugués brasileño. Se destaca la necesidad de realizar pruebas psicométricas en una muestra consistente.

RESUMO Objetivos: descrever o processo metodológico de adaptação transcultural da Play-Performance Scale for Children para o português brasileiro. Métodos: estudo metodológico de tradução e adaptação transcultural em seis etapas: tradução, síntese das traduções, retrotradução, avaliação por um comitê de juízes, avaliação por enfermeiros especialistas e pré-teste. A concordância e a representatividade dos itens foram avaliadas por meio do índice de validade de conteúdo. Considerou-se o valor mínimo de 80% de concordância. Resultados: todas as etapas do processo de tradução e adaptação transcultural foram satisfatórias. Na avaliação realizada pelo comitê de juízes, todos os itens obtiveram concordância superior a 80%. Quinze enfermeiros pediatras realizaram a validação de conteúdo, sugerindo modificações necessárias para o entendimento e aplicação. Trinta crianças e adolescentes com câncer foram avaliados com a escala para o pré-teste. Conclusões: a escala foi adaptada transculturalmente para o português brasileiro. Ressalta-se a necessidade da realização de testes psicométricos em uma amostra consistente.

Functional capacity in patients with knee osteoarthritis: cross-sectional study / Capacidade funcional em pacientes com osteoartrite de joelho: estudo transversal

ABSTRACT Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a disabling inflammatory disease that makes walking and activities of daily living difficult. This condition can reduce functional capacity and increase the risk for surgery. Objective: To know the functional capacity of patients with KOA evaluated by the six-minute walk test (6MWT). Method: This cross-sectional study evaluated age, gender, weight, BMI, pain (VAS 90-100), physical disability (WOMAC 0-96), degree of joint damage by radiographic imaging, and 6MWT. Results: A total of 176 patients referred by Orthopedics were evaluated, with the inclusion of 164 participants. The mean age was 61.89 ± 10.62 years, 81% women, 67% with cardiovascular disease, hypertension and/or diabetes, 81% obese, with moderate pain (VAS 47.74 ± 29.27) and according to WOMAC, most had severe or very severe disability. The distance covered in the 6MWT was 354.03 ± 102.03m, 67% of the predicted distance. The maximum heart rate achieved was 107.27 ± 17.71 bpm, which characterizes 68% of the predicted by age. Only 12% of the sample showed a marked drop in oxygenation in the 6MWT and 40% had a recovery heart rate in the 1st minute below 15 bpm. Conclusion: Patients with KOA, who were evaluated by the 6MWT, have low functional capacity and physical deconditioning. Level of Clinical Evidence III, Case Control Study.

RESUMO A osteoartrite de joelho (OAJ) é uma doença inflamatória incapacitante que dificulta as atividades de vida diária do indivíduo. Esta condição pode reduzir a capacidade funcional e aumentar o risco de cirurgia, caso necessária. Objetivo: Conhecer a capacidade funcional de pacientes com OAJ, avaliada pelo teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6M). Métodos: Neste estudo transversal, avaliamos idade, sexo, peso, índice de massa corporal (IMC), dor (escala visual analógica - EVA 90-100), incapacidade física (Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index - WOMAC 0-96), grau de lesão articular por imagem radiográfica e TC6M. Resultados: Foram avaliados 176 pacientes encaminhados pela Ortopedia, com a inclusão de 164 participantes. Na amostra, verificou-se: média de idade de 61,89 ± 10,62 anos; 81% de mulheres; 67% com doença cardiovascular, hipertensão e/ou diabetes; 81% de obesos; com dor moderada (EVA 47,74 ± 29,27); e, segundo WOMAC, maioria com incapacidade intensa ou muito intensa. A distância percorrida no TC6M foi 354,03 ± 102,03 m, sendo esse valor 67% da distância prevista. A frequência cardíaca máxima alcançada foi de 107,27 ± 17,71 bpm, que caracteriza 68% da prevista pela idade. Somente 12% apresentaram acentuada queda de oxigenação no TC6M e 40% apresentaram frequência cardíaca de recuperação no primeiro minuto inferior a 15 bpm. Conclusão: Os pacientes com OAJ, que foram avaliados pelo TC6M, apresentaram baixa capacidade funcional e descondicionamento físico. Nível de Evidência III, Estudo de Caso Controle.

Beneficios del entrenamiento multicomponente en el aprendizaje motor y cognitivo de los adultos mayores / Benefits of multicomponent training on motor and cognitive learning in older adults / Benefícios do treinamento multicomponente para o aprendizado motor e cognitivo em adultos mais velhos

Un problema reiterativo en adultos mayores son las caídas, afectando notablemente su salud y generando morbimortalidad elevada por la lesión y por las secuelas producidas en el aspecto psicológico y social. Objetivo. Analizar los beneficios de los ejercicios multicomponentes en el aprendizaje motor y cognitivo del adulto mayor. Metodología. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de artículos experimentales que se centraron en los ejercicios multicomponentes como intervención o tratamiento publicados en revistas indexadas en las bases de datos Scopus y Scielo entre 2015 y 2020. Como resultado preliminar se obtuvo 183 artículos con la aplicación de la cadena de búsqueda: TITLE-ABS-KEY (multicomponent AND exercises AND older AND adults). Después de la selección, se analizaron 12 artículos relevantes que cumplían con los criterios establecidos. Conclusión. La prueba de condición física multidimensional, mostró su eficacia para predecir cambios en el rendimiento físico; Los ejercicios de resistencia redujeron la ocurrencia de caídas al mejorar la funcionalidad. Asimismo, los ejercicios multicomponentes fueron eficaces para restablecer la función cognitiva de los adultos mayores, la prevención de caídas y la mejoría de sus labores cotidianas. Los programas de intervención con ejercicios multicomponentes, redujeron sustancialmente los riesgos de caídas, comparados con programas de ejercicios únicos, del mismo modo se evidenció mejoras relevantes en la función cognitiva y en labores cotidianas, evidenciando mejor funcionamiento general que a su vez originó mejoras en su productividad.

Falls are a recurrent problem in older adults, notably affecting their health and generating high morbimortality due to the injury and the psychological and social sequelae. Objective. To analyze the benefits of multicomponent exercises in motor and cognitive learning in the elderly. Methodology. A systematic review of experimental articles focusing on multicomponent exercises as an intervention or treatment published in journals indexed in the Scopus and Scielo databases between 2015 and 2020 was performed. As a preliminary result, 183 articles were obtained with the application of the search string: TITLE-ABS-KEY (multicomponent AND exercises AND older AND adults). After selection, 12 relevant articles that met the established criteria were analyzed. Conclusion. The multidimensional physical fitness test showed its efficacy in predicting changes in physical performance; resistance exercises reduced the occurrence of falls by improving functionality. Likewise, multicomponent exercises were effective in restoring the cognitive function of older adults, preventing falls and improving their daily tasks. Intervention programs with multicomponent exercises substantially reduced the risk of falls, compared to single exercise programs, and also showed significant improvements in cognitive function and daily tasks, resulting in better overall functioning, which in turn led to improvements in productivity.

As quedas são um problema recorrente em adultos mais velhos, afetando sua saúde e gerando alta morbimortalidade devido à lesão e às sequelas psicológicas e sociais. Objetivos. Analisar os benefícios dos exercícios multicomponentes na aprendizagem motora e cognitiva em idosos. Metodologia. Realizamos uma revisão sistemática de artigos experimentais que enfocaram os exercícios multicomponentes como intervenção ou tratamento publicados em periódicos indexados nas bases de dados Scopus e Scielo entre 2015 e 2020. Como resultado preliminar, 183 artigos foram obtidos com a aplicação da string de busca: TITLE-ABS-KEY (multicomponent AND exercises AND older AND adults). Após a seleção, foram analisados 12 artigos relevantes que atenderam aos critérios estabelecidos. Conclusões. O teste multidimensional de condicionamento físico demonstrou ser eficaz na previsão de mudanças no desempenho físico; os exercícios de resistência reduziram a ocorrência de quedas, melhorando a funcionalidade. Os exercícios multicomponentes também foram eficazes na restauração da função cognitiva dos idosos, na prevenção de quedas e na melhoria de suas tarefas diárias. Os programas de intervenção de exercícios multicomponentes reduziram substancialmente o risco de quedas em comparação com os programas de exercícios individuais e também apresentaram melhorias significativas na função cognitiva e nas tarefas diárias, resultando em melhor funcionamento geral, o que, por sua vez, levou a melhorias na produtividade.