Strength and Conditioning in the Young Athlete for Long-Term Athletic Development.

The safety and efficacy of youth strength and conditioning programs depend on proper instruction, coaching, and supervision. Types of training include bodyweight strengthening, resistance bands, medicine balls and weights, agility, plyometrics, and cardiovascular exercise. These should be preceded by a proper warm up using a combination of static stretching, self-myofascial release, dynamic warm-ups, and sport-specific warm-ups. Coaches and trainers should consider the athlete's age, maturity level, cognitive ability, puberty status, sport volume, and readiness levels in designing and supervising strength and conditioning programs. This review article covers the latest evidence supporting training to improve movement skills and promote long-term athletic development, while also preventing injury, for young athletes.

Online-delivered resistance exercise intervention among racially diverse breast cancer survivors: Feasibility, acceptability, and exploratory outcomes of B-REP.

PURPOSE: The aims are to determine the feasibility of an online-delivered resistance exercise program among racially diverse breast cancer survivors and to conduct an exploratory analysis of the intervention on muscular strength, physical activity levels, health-related quality of life, and self-efficacy. METHODS: A 2-arm randomized controlled trial study design with assessments at pre- and post-intervention was used. Participants (n = 52) were recruited from clinics at the host institution and randomized to either intervention (n = 28) or minimal contact control (MCC) conditions (n = 24). All participants received a 12-week individualized resistance exercise prescription based on their baseline functional strength assessment. Intervention participants exercised one-on-one once per week over Zoom with an exercise trainer. MCC participants received no supervision. Descriptive statistics were used to determine feasibility and acceptability (primary outcomes). Repeated measures ANOVAs were used to examine exploratory outcomes. RESULTS: The intervention demonstrated high rates for feasibility outcomes of enrollment (80.0%) and post-intervention assessment completion (92.9%). Acceptability outcomes were high for session attendance (98.0%) and satisfaction (Mscore = 4.87 out of 5, SD = .18). The intervention group increased upper- (p < .01) and lower- (p < .02) body strength compared to MCC condition. CONCLUSIONS: The intervention was feasible, acceptable, and demonstrated increases in muscular strength. Limitations include a small sample recruited from one cancer center. Future research is needed to determine longitudinal impacts of resistance exercise on survivorship outcomes. Online-delivered resistance exercise shows promising efficacy among racially diverse breast cancer survivors. CLINICALTRIALS: gov registration: NCT04562233 on September 18, 2020.

Reliability of dynamic and isometric upper muscle strength testing in breast cancer survivors.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide, and its treatment usually involves a combination of many medical procedures, including surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and hormonal therapy. One of the detrimental effects on physical function is reduced upper limb muscle strength. This study aimed to evaluate upper body strength intra-day and inter-day (test-retest) reliability using the handgrip strength test (HGS) and the bilateral isometric bench press (BIBP) and the test-retest reliability of the one repetition maximum on the bench press (BP-1RM) in breast cancer survivors (BCS). Thirty-two (52.94 ± 8.99 yrs) BCS participated in this study. The muscle strength tests were performed in two different moments, three to seven days apart. Intraclass coefficient correlation (ICC) and coefficient of variation (CV) were used to assess the reliability. Standard error of measurement (SEM), typical error of measurement (TEM), and minimally detectable change (MDC) analyses were performed. The Bland-Altman analysis was used to assess the agreement between test-retest. We found a reliability that can be described as "high" to "very high" (ICC ≥ 0.88; CV ≤ 10%) for intra-day and test-retest. SEM% and MDC% were lower than 5% and 11%, respectively, for all intra-day testing. SEM% and TEM% ranged from 3% to 11%, and MDC% ranged from 9% to 23% in the test-retest reliability. The agreement demonstrated a systematic bias ranging from 2.3% to 6.0% for all testing, and a lower systematic bias may be presented in the non-treated side assessed by HGS and BIBP. HGS, BIBP, and BP-1RM assessments are reliable for measuring upper-body muscle strength in BCS.

Influence of Regular Physical Activity on Sleep.

Good sleep and adequate physical activity are essential to health. Yet, large numbers of people are chronically deficient in sleep and physical activity. About 1 in 3 Americans get less than 7 h of sleep per night and only 1 of 4 adults regularly complete weekly physical activity in amounts recommended for good health. This chapter reviews research that has examined relationships between regular physical activity and sleep. The overall weight of evidence supports that regular physical activity is associated with better sleep quality among healthy adults, with epidemiological studies showing moderate-sized effects and more well-controlled randomized controlled trial experiments often showing larger effects. Large epidemiology studies suggest that the relationship between regular physical activity and better sleep quality may partially mediate the well-established associations between physical activity and reduced risk of mortality, cardiovascular diseases, and dementia. There is evidence that the completion of regular physical activity also is associated with better sleep quality among those with certain sleep disorders (i.e., insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea, and restless legs syndrome), mental health disorders (i.e., depression and posttraumatic stress disorder), and medical illnesses (i.e., breast cancer survivors). The evidence is inadequate to support that regular physical activity substantially improves sleep quality either (i) in children, adolescents, and older adults, (ii) in those with cancers except for breast cancer, (iii) in those with fibromyalgia, or (iv) among those with chronic kidney disease. Also, there is inadequate evidence to conclude that sleep quality is disrupted during weeks when competitive athletes engage in periods of overtraining.

Effects of concurrent aerobic and strength training in women diagnosed with non-metastatic breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: To investigate the potential impact of concurrent aerobic and strength training (CT) on women diagnosed with breast cancer. METHODS: Articles published in English and indexed in the PubMed, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, The Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, EMBASE, and CINAHL Plus databases from their inception to 12 December 2023 were searched. Eligible studies were randomized controlled trials that involved CT and assessed cardiorespiratory fitness, cancer-related fatigue, and quality of life (QoL) using specialized tools. Subgroup analyses were conducted as per treatment status and characteristics. Risk of bias was evaluated with the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool (RoB 2.0). RESULTS: This study included 29 studies involving 2071 participants. CT was found to significantly improve patients' cardiorespiratory fitness (weighted mean difference = 4.24 mL/kg/min, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.93-6.55, P < 0.001), cancer-related fatigue (standardized mean difference (SMD) = - 0.74, 95% CI = - 1.05 to - 0.44, P < 0.001), and QoL (SMD = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.50-1.01, P < 0.001). The analysis of secondary outcomes found that CT could significantly improve patients' body composition, anxiety, pain, sleep disorders, and anorexia and enhance upper and lower limb muscle strength, but was ineffective on depression. CONCLUSION: For women with breast cancer, CT significantly enhances cardiorespiratory fitness, alleviates cancer-related fatigue, and improves QoL. The health benefits of CT are inferior in the postmenopausal cohort compared to the overall study population. IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS: CT is advisable for female breast cancer survivors due to its significant effectiveness in mitigating cancer-related fatigue, enhancing cardiorespiratory fitness, and improving the QoL.

Weight training and risk of all-cause, cardiovascular disease and cancer mortality among older adults.

BACKGROUND: While previous studies indicate muscle-strengthening exercises may reduce mortality risk, further research is needed to increase certainty of the evidence. We investigated overall and dose-response associations between weight training and the risks of all-cause, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer mortality in a large cohort of older adults with long follow-up time and a large number of deaths. We also investigated the joint associations of weight training and aerobic exercise with mortality risk. METHODS: Weight training was assessed via self-report in 2004-05 in the National Institutes of Health-American Association of Retired Persons (NIH-AARP) Diet and Health Study (USA; n = 216 339), with follow-up to 2019. Cox regression estimated the hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the associations between weight training and mortality, after adjusting for confounders including aerobic exercise. RESULTS: Around 25% of participants [mean age = 69.9 years (standard deviation = 5.4), 58% men] reported engaging in weight training over the past year, and there were 79 107 (37%) deaths. Engaging in any weight training (vs none) was associated with lower risks of all-cause (HR = 0.94; 95% CI = 0.93-0.96), CVD (HR = 0.92; 95% CI = 0.90-0.95) and cancer mortality (HR = 0.95; 95% CI = 0.92-0.98). More time spent in weight training was associated with only marginally greater risk reductions. Larger risk reductions were observed among women than men. Performing both aerobic exercise and weight training conferred the greatest mortality risk reduction; weight training was not associated with mortality risk among participants who did no aerobic exercise. CONCLUSION: Performing any amount of weight training lowered mortality risk.

Strength and muscle mass development after a resistance-training period at terrestrial and normobaric intermittent hypoxia.

This study investigated the effect of a resistance training (RT) period at terrestrial (HH) and normobaric hypoxia (NH) on both muscle hypertrophy and maximal strength development with respect to the same training in normoxia (N). Thirty-three strength-trained males were assigned to N (FiO2 = 20.9%), HH (2,320 m asl) or NH (FiO2 = 15.9%). The participants completed an 8-week RT program (3 sessions/week) of a full body routine. Muscle thickness of the lower limb and 1RM in back squat were assessed before and after the training program. Blood markers of stress, inflammation (IL-6) and muscle growth (% active mTOR, myostatin and miRNA-206) were measured before and after the first and last session of the program. Findings revealed all groups improved 1RM, though this was most enhanced by RT in NH (p = 0.026). According to the moderate to large excess of the exercise-induced stress response (lactate and Ca2+) in HH and N, results only displayed increases in muscle thickness in these two conditions over NH (ES > 1.22). Compared with the rest of the environmental conditions, small to large increments in % active mTOR were only found in HH, and IL-6, myostatin and miR-206 in NH throughout the training period. In conclusion, the results do not support the expected additional benefit of RT under hypoxia compared to N on muscle growth, although it seems to favour gains in strength. The greater muscle growth achieved in HH over NH confirms the impact of the type of hypoxia on the outcomes.

P-move: a randomized control trial of exercise in patients with advanced pancreatic or biliary tract cancer (aPBC) receiving beyond first-line chemotherapy.

PURPOSE: Patients with advanced pancreatic and biliary tract cancer (aPBC) frequently suffer from high symptom burden. Exercise can reduce treatment side effects and improve patient-related outcomes (PROMs). However, evidence from prospective studies regarding feasibility and efficacy in advanced settings are sparse. The primary aim of this prospective, randomized-controlled study was to evaluate the feasibility and effects of exercise (ET) in patients with aPBC. METHODS: Patients with aPBC beyond first-line therapy were randomized according to the minimization procedure with stratification by gender, age, and loss of body weight in the past six months. The intervention group (IG) completed 3 training units/week for 8 weeks (1x supervised strength sessions, 2x individualized home-based sessions). Control group (CG) received recommendations on physical activity during cancer. RESULTS: 41 patients (stage IV pancreatic or biliary tract cancer) were included no adverse events related to exercise occurred during the trial. Physical function increased significantly in IG in 5 out of 7 physical domains. Comparison of IG and CG at 8 weeks (t2) showed significant differences in favour of IG in leg press (p=0.001), bench press (p=0.011), sit-to-stand (p=0.001) and crunch (0.006). Constipation revealed a significant difference in favour of IG at t2 (p=0.033). Quality of life stabilized/increased in IG during the study period compared to a decrease in CG. Throughout/Over the 8 weeks, fatigue notably reduced in the IG (p=0.028). CONCLUSION: Exercise is safe and feasible in patients with aPBC undergoing further line therapy. Significant improvements in physical functioning and increased quality of life were achieved. German Clinical Trials Register ID: DRKS00021179; Registration date 15.05.2020.

T Cell Exhaustion Markers in Multiple Myeloma Patients are Lower After Physical Activity Intervention.

PURPOSE: There is compelling evidence that CD4+ and CD8+T cells are dysfunctional in multiple myeloma, compromising their ability to control disease progression. Pre-clinical models suggest that exercise represents a non-pharmacologic means to reduce immune exhaustion, but no studies to date have examined the relationship between an exercise intervention and biomarkers of immune exhaustion in multiple myeloma patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The current study includes 24 multiple myeloma patients who participated in a six-month physical activity intervention, consisting of supervised strength training (n = 12) and unsupervised home-based walking arms (n = 12). Comprehensive flow cytometry was utilized to assess the frequency of CD4+ and CD8+T cells and subpopulations expressing the markers of exhaustion PD-1, TIGIT, TIM3 and/or LAG3. Ratios of exhausted to non-exhausted cell populations, and percentages of exhausted to total populations of the same lineage, were calculated for the baseline and final timepoints. RESULTS: Eighteen of 20 exhaustion measures were lower at the end of the intervention than at baseline, and several were significantly or borderline significantly reduced in the entire sample or in one of the arms. The entire sample saw improvements in the ratios of CD4+ TIGIT+ to non-exhausted CD4+ (0.7 [0.6] to 0.6 [0.4], P = .04) and CD8+ PD1+ to non-exhausted CD8+ (1.8 [2.6] to 1.5 [2.0], P = .06), and in total exhausted CD8+ as a percent of total CD8+ (72.9 [21.9] to 68.3 [19.6], P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: This pilot study suggests that physical activity induces changes in MM patients' immune systems, potentially rendering a less exhausted T cell state.

Evaluation of the Impact of Adaptive Progressive Supervised Resistance Training on Strength and Quality of Life in Patients with Breast Cancer during Chemotherapy: The VALESCO Study.

INTRODUCTION: Breast cancer patients (BCP) experience considerable side effects during and after treatment. Several studies have shown positive effects of exercise on therapy-related side-effects such as loss of muscle strength, loss of bone mineral density, lymphedema, and several elements of quality of life (QoL). Resistance exercise has proven effective and beneficial for BCP; however, optimal individual training parameters remain to be determined. METHODS: The aim of our study was to implement an adaptive, progressive, supervised resistance protocol for BCPs during chemotherapy, improving muscle strength, physical condition, and overall QoL while reducing therapy-induced side-effects. Forty patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy were included 6-12 weeks post-OP. Twenty patients underwent high intensity resistance-training twice a week for 12 weeks, and the control group received usual care. RESULTS: Strength parameters improved significantly in the intervention group and in different scales of QoL. We documented a cyclic performance level dependent on the number of days after treatment. CONCLUSION: Adaptive resistance training with simple training control mechanisms proved to be effective regarding optimal intensity in each training session and needs to be implemented in further studies in order to guarantee adequate loads in accordance to the training protocols.

Swallowing Rehabilitation With Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation for Sarcopenic Dysphagia: A Case Report.

Sarcopenic dysphagia is defined as dysphagia caused by sarcopenia of the whole body and swallowing-related muscles. We present a case of sarcopenic dysphagia with improved swallowing function after strength training of swallowing-related muscles using neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES). A 78-year-old man was admitted to our hospital with an intraductal papillary mucinous tumor of the pancreatic duct. After admission, the patient developed aspiration pneumonia and was placed on strict bed rest without oral intake, which resulted in progressive malnutrition. At the start of swallowing rehabilitation, he had whole-body sarcopenia, nutritional impairment, and weakness in swallowing-related muscles, with a maximum tongue pressure of 21.4 kPa and an opening force of 5.1 kg. In the videofluoroscopic swallowing study, he aspirated 3 cc of a moderately thick liquid. Consequently, as part of swallowing rehabilitation, strengthening training of swallowing-related muscles with NMES was undertaken for about three weeks. As a result, the maximum tongue pressure and opening force improved to 28.4 kPa and 6.8 kg, respectively. A subsequent videofluoroscopic swallowing study showed no obvious aspiration during any procedure. The patient was discharged on the 86th day on a regular diet. As a component of swallowing rehabilitation, NMES may offer therapeutic benefits for patients with sarcopenic dysphagia.

The chronic leukocyte and inflammatory cytokine responses of older adults to resistance training in normobaric hypoxia; a randomized controlled trial.

TRIAL DESIGN: Older adults experience chronic dysregulation of leukocytes and inflammatory cytokines, both at rest and in response to resistance training. Systemic hypoxia modulates leukocytes and cytokines, therefore this study characterized the effects of normobaric hypoxia on the leukocyte and cytokine responses of older adults to resistance training. METHODS: 20 adults aged 60-70 years performed eight weeks of moderate-intensity resistance training in either normoxia or normobaric hypoxia (14.4% O2), consisting of two lower body and two upper body exercises. Venous blood was drawn before and after the training intervention and flow cytometry was used to quantify resting neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils, in addition to the subsets of lymphocytes (T, B and natural killer (NK) cells). Inflammatory cytokines were also quantified; interleukin 1 beta (IL-1ß), IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Acute changes in leukocytes and cytokines were also measured in the 24 h following the last training session. RESULTS: After the intervention there was a greater concentration of resting white blood cells (p = 0.03; 20.3% higher) T cells (p = 0.008; 25.4% higher), B cells (p = 0.004; 32.6% higher), NK cells (p = 0.012; 43.9% higher) and eosinophils (p = 0.025; 30.8% higher) in hypoxia compared to normoxia, though the cytokines were unchanged. No acute effect of hypoxia was detected in the 24 h following the last training session for any leukocyte population or inflammatory cytokine (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Hypoxic training caused higher concentrations of resting lymphocytes and eosinophils, when compared to normoxic training. Hypoxia may have an additional beneficial effect on the immunological status of older adults. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR). TRIAL NUMBER: ACTRN12623001046695. Registered 27/9/2023. Retrospectively registered. All protocols adhere to the COSORT guidelines.

Not Only Protein: Dietary Supplements to Optimize the Skeletal Muscle Growth Response to Resistance Training: The Current State of Knowledge.

Regarding skeletal muscle hypertrophy, resistance training and nutrition, the most often discussed and proposed supplements include proteins. Although, the correct amount, quality, and daily distribution of proteins is of paramount importance for skeletal muscle hypertrophy, there are many other nutritional supplements that can help and support the physiological response of skeletal muscle to resistance training in terms of muscle hypertrophy. A healthy muscle environment and a correct whole muscle metabolism response to the stress of training is a prerequisite for the increase in muscle protein synthesis and, therefore, muscle hypertrophy. In this review, we discuss the role of different nutritional supplements such as carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, creatine, omega-3, polyphenols, and probiotics as a support and complementary factors to the main supplement i.e., protein. The different mechanisms are discussed in the light of recent evidence.

The Association of Body Image Perceptions with Behavioral and Health Outcomes among Young Adults.

This study was conducted on 5 March 2024, by the Universidad Europea de Madrid. This study aims to explore how body image perceptions influence health behaviors and mental and physical health outcomes among a specific group of 605 young adults aged 20 to 35 engaged in strength training regimes. To measure these perceptions, the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ) was employed, an advanced tool that assesses multiple dimensions of body image through its subscales, including feelings of physical attractiveness, investment in one's appearance, and satisfaction with different body areas. Participants were segmented into two groups based on a median split of their self-reported body image. The survey assessed a diverse array of variables, including demographic details, physiological data, resistance training routines, and psychological attributes. In this revision, we consistently use the term 'dietary habits' to ensure clear and uniform language when discussing eating patterns. Notable differences were observed in dietary habits and exercise engagement, influenced significantly by body image perceptions. Negative body image was linked to less healthy dietary habits, diminished physical activity, and worse psychological outcomes, such as increased anxiety and depression. Conversely, a positive body image was associated with healthier dietary habits, more frequent physical activity, and better psychological health. The findings suggest that interventions aimed at improving body image could be crucial for enhancing overall health within this specific demographic. Due to the non-representative nature of the study group, conclusions are cautiously presented as applicable only to similar populations engaged in strength training. This study underscores the need for holistic strategies that encourage positive body image to improve both physical and psychological health outcomes in young adults.

Resistance is not futile: a systematic review of the benefits, mechanisms and safety of resistance training in people with heart failure.

Exercise offers many physical and health benefits to people with heart failure (CHF), but aerobic training (AT) predominates published literature. Resistance training (RT) provides additional and complementary health benefits to AT in people with CHF; we aimed to elucidate specific health benefits accrued, the mechanism of effect and safety of RT. We conducted a systematic search for RT randomised, controlled trials in people with CHF, up until August 30, 2023. RT offers several benefits including improved physical function (peak VO2 and 6MWD), quality of life, cardiac systolic and diastolic function, endothelial blood vessel function, muscle strength, anti-inflammatory muscle markers, appetite and serious event rates. RT is beneficial and improves peak VO2 and 6MWD, partly restores normal muscle fibre profile and decreases inflammation. In turn this leads to a reduced risk or impact of sarcopenia/cachexia via effect on appetite. The positive impact on quality of life and performance of activities of daily living is related to improved function, which in turn improves prognosis. RT appears to be safe with only one serious event reported and no deaths. Nevertheless, few events reported to date limit robust analysis. RT appears to be safe and offers health benefits to people with CHF. RT modifies the adverse muscle phenotype profile present in people with CHF and it appears safe. Starting slowly with RT and increasing load to 80% of 1 repetition maximum (RM) appears to offer optimal benefit.

Effects of traditional concurrent training and multicomponent training composed by strength training and dance classes on functional and cognitive capacity of older adults: a study protocol / Efeitos do treinamento combinado tradicional e do treinamento multicomponente composto por treinamento de força e aulas de dança na capacidade funcional e cognitiva de idosos: protocolo de estudo

The combination of strength and aerobic training (concurrent training - TG) has been a widely used intervention for improving health outcomes. Also, dance has been well described as a great aerobic activity and can be an interesting option to compose an alternative multicomponent training pro-gram. Therefore, the aim of the present protocol study is to describe the methods that will be used in a randomized controlled trial (RCT) design to identify and compare the impacts of traditional TG composed by strength and aerobic training and a multicomponent training consisting of strength training combined with dance classes (DG) on functional and cognitive capacity and quality of life of older people. The sample of RCT will consist of men and women aged between 60 and 75 years. Both interventions will occur twice a week for 12 weeks with progressive intensity and volume. Functional capacity will be assessed by gait, balance, sitting and standing and climbing tests. Strength will be assessed through one repetition maximum test (1RM) in knee extension exercise, and handgrip using a hand dynamometer. Muscle thickness will be assessed using quadriceps ultrasound. Muscle power will be assessed in the knee extension exercise at 30 and 70% of 1RM using an encoder. Aerobic capacity will be assessed using the 6-minute walk test. Quality of life and cognitive performance will be assessed by questionnaires. Comparisons between groups over time will be carried out using Generalized Estimating Equations with a significance level of p<0.01. This protocol follows the rec-ommendations of SPIRIT-2013.

A combinação de treinamento de força e aeróbico (treinamento combinado - TC) tem sido uma interven-ção amplamente utilizada para melhorar desfechos de saúde. Além disso, a dança tem sido bem descrita na literatura como uma ótima atividade aeróbica e pode ser uma opção interessante para compor um programa alternativo de treinamento multicomponente. Portanto, o objetivo do presente protocolo de estudo é descrever os métodos que serão utilizados em um ensaio clínico randomizado (ECR) que visa identificar e comparar os impactos do TC tradicional composto por treinamento de força e aeróbico e de um treinamento multi-componente composto por treinamento de força combinado com aulas de dança sobre capacidade funcional, cognitiva e qualidade de vida de idosos. A amostra do ECR será composta por homens e mulheres com idade entre 60 e 75 anos. Ambas as intervenções ocorrerão duas vezes por semana durante 12 semanas com intensidade e volume progressivos. A capacidade funcional será avaliada por meio de testes de marcha, equilíbrio, sentar e levantar e subir escadas. A força será avaliada por meio do teste de uma repetição máxima (1RM) no exercício de extensão de joelhos e por meio do teste de preensão palmar com o dinamômetro manual. A espessura muscular será avaliada por meio de ultrassonografia do quadríceps. A potência muscular será ava-liada no exercício de extensão de joelhos a 30 e 70% de 1RM por meio de um transdutor linear de posição. A capacidade aeróbica será avaliada por meio do teste de caminhada de 6 minutos. A qualidade de vida e o desempenho cognitivo serão avaliados por meio de questionários. As comparações entre os grupos ao longo do tempo serão realizadas por meio de Equações de Estimativas Generalizadas com nível de significância p<0,01. Este protocolo segue as recomendações do SPIRIT-2013.

Hypertrophy Training Following A Total Hip Replacement: A Literature Review.

Hip OA is becoming more common, with a greater number of younger individuals undergoing total hip arthroplasty (THA). These individuals have the desire to return to considerable loading and in some instances return to sport. The purpose of this review was to investigate the current guidelines and/or protocols for hypertrophy or strengthening in individuals who have undergone total hip arthroplasty. A total of 16 papers were identified, some of which also addressed total knee arthroplasty. There is no consensus for the best practice for a hypertrophy program following THA especially regarding when a direct anterior approach was used during hip arthroplasty. Further research is needed as this is a growing area in rehabilitation. This review aims to bridge the gap by offering a comprehensive synthesis of the available literature on postoperative rehabilitation after THA, with a specific emphasis on identifying the most effective muscular strengthening and hypertrophy training programs for patients undergoing anterior approach hip surgery.

Effect of exercise based interventions on sleep and circadian rhythm in cancer survivors-a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Disrupted circadian rhythm commonly reported in cancer survivors is closely associated with cancer related fatigue, sleep disturbances and compromised quality of life. As more cancer survivors request non-pharmacological treatment strategies for the management of their chronic sleep-related symptoms, there is a need for meta-analyses of various interventions such as exercise on sleep and circadian rhythm disturbances. Methods: A search for RCT's was conducted in April 2020 and updated in July 2023 using relevant keywords for cancer, sleep, circadian rhythm and exercise interventions on PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, PEDro and CINAHL. Results: Thirty-six studies were included for qualitative analysis and 26, for meta-analysis. Thirty-five studies analyzed sleep outcomes, while five analyzed circadian rhythm. RCT's studying the effect of aerobic exercise, resistance exercise, combined aerobic and resistance exercise, physical activity, yoga, or tai chi were included. Meta-analysis results showed significant exercise-related improvements on sleep quality assessed by Pittsburgh Sleep Quality index (PSQI) (SMD = -0.50 [-0.87, -0.13], p = 0.008), wake after sleep onset (WASO) (SMD = -0.29 [-0.53, -0.05], p = 0.02) and circadian rhythm, assessed by salivary cortisol levels (MD = -0.09 (95% CI [-0.13 to -0.06]) mg/dL, p < 0.001). Results of the meta-analysis indicated that exercise had no significant effect on sleep efficiency, sleep onset latency, total sleep time and circadian rhythm assessed by accelerometry values. Conclusion: While some sleep and circadian rhythm outcomes (PSQI, WASO and salivary cortisol) exhibited significant improvements, it is still somewhat unclear what exercise prescriptions would optimize different sleep and circadian rhythm outcomes across a variety of groups of cancer survivors. Implication: As exercise does not exacerbate cancer-related circadian rhythm and sleep disturbances, and may actually produce some significant benefits, this meta-analysis provides further evidence for cancer survivors to perform regular exercise.

Effects of Muscle Strength Training in Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review.

INTRODUCTION: Prostate cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers in males. Treatment options cause a series of side effects that can lead to a deterioration in the physical and quality of life of patients, such as musculoskeletal changes, atrophy or muscle weakness, due to the testosterone suppression. Scientific evidence has shown that exercise mitigates the side effects induced by cancer treatment. This study aimed to analyse the effects of muscular strength work on the organism of patients with prostate cancer in the treatment phase. MATERIAL AND METHODS: PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL, Medline, Web of Science and PEDro databases were searched in January 2022. The Medical Subject Headings "resistance training", "prostatic neoplasms", "strength training" and "prostate cancer" were used. RESULTS: A total of 13 articles were analysed. In all of them, statistically significant changes were found in strength, physical performance, muscle mass and cardiovascular and respiratory health after the implementation of a strength exercise program. Other variables did not achieve the expected changes. CONCLUSIONS: A strength exercise program improves strength, physical performance, muscle mass and cardiovascular health in patients with prostate cancer. However, whether it improves other parameters, such as body fat, power, bone density and quality of life, is unclear.

Salivary proteomic profile of response to different resistance training protocols: A case report.

Resistance training (RT) with blood flow restriction (BFR) or high intensity (HI) are effective to increase muscle mass. To understand this effect, techniques known as "omics" are used to identify possible biomarkers. This study analyzed the salivary proteomic profile of healthy individuals trained before and after two RT protocols both designed with eight exercises for upper- and lower-limbs, one performed at low percentage of one-maximum repetition (%1RM) with BFR technique, and other at high %1RM (HI) without BRF technique. Four healthy males between 18 and 28 years participated in the study. Stimulated saliva was collected before (BBFR/BHI) and immediately after (ABFR/AHI) the two RT protocols. All protein-related processing was performed using label-free proteomic. The difference in expression between groups was expressed as p < .05 for downregulated proteins and 1-p > .95 for upregulated proteins. There was difference in salivary flow between ABFR and BBFR (p = .005). For HI, 87 proteins were found after the practice and 119 before. Three hemoglobin isoforms were increased in AHI compared with BHI. In the BFR comparison, 105 proteins were identified after (ABFR) and 70 before (BBFR). Among those increased ABFR, we highlight five hemoglobin isoforms and Deleted in malignant brain tumors 1 protein. Between ABFR and AHI, 17 isoforms of histones, Transaldolase, Transketolase, Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and Antileukoproteinase were decreased ABFR. For HI, there was an increase in proteins related to oxidative stress and metabolism of the musculoskeletal system, compared with BFR. HI seems to induce higher anabolic signaling to muscle mass increase and antiatherosclerotic effects.