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Previously, the tyrosine kinase inhibitor sunitinib failed to show clinical benefit in patients with recurrent glioblastoma. Low intratumoural sunitinib accumulation in glioblastoma patients was reported as a possible explanation for the lack of therapeutic benefit. We designed a randomized phase II/III trial to evaluate whether a high-dose intermittent sunitinib schedule, aimed to increase intratumoural drug concentrations, would result in improved clinical benefit compared to standard treatment with lomustine. Patients with recurrent glioblastoma were randomized 1:1 to high-dose intermittent sunitinib 300 mg once weekly (Q1W, part 1) or 700 mg once every two weeks (Q2W, part 2) or lomustine. The primary end-point was progression-free survival. Based on the pre-planned interim analysis, the trial was terminated for futility after including 26 and 29 patients in parts 1 and 2. Median progression-free survival of sunitinib 300 mg Q1W was 1.5 months (95% CI 1.4-1.7) compared to 1.5 months (95% CI 1.4-1.6) in the lomustine arm (P = 0.59). Median progression-free survival of sunitinib 700 mg Q2W was 1.4 months (95% CI 1.2-1.6) versus 1.6 months (95% CI 1.3-1.8) for lomustine (P = 0.70). Adverse events (≥grade 3) were observed in 25%, 21% and 31% of patients treated with sunitinib 300 mg Q1W, sunitinib 700 mg Q2W and lomustine, respectively (P = 0.92). To conclude, high-dose intermittent sunitinib treatment failed to improve the outcome of patients with recurrent glioblastoma when compared to standard lomustine therapy. Since lomustine remains a poor standard treatment strategy for glioblastoma, innovative treatment strategies are urgently needed.
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Background: Sunitinib is approved for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC), imatinib-resistant gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST), and advanced pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNET). This study aims to investigate the safety profiles of sunitinib through data mining of the US Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS). Methods: The individual case safety reports (ICSRs) on sunitinib from 2006 Q1 to 2024 Q1 were collected from the ASCII data packages in the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS). After standardizing the data, a variety of disproportionality analyses, including the reporting odds ratio (ROR), the proportional reporting ratio (PRR), the bayesian confidence propagation neural network (BCPNN), and the multi-item gamma Poisson shrinker (MGPS) were employed to identify the potential safety signals of sunitinib-associated AEs. Results: A total of 35,923 ICSRs of sunitinib as the "primary suspected" drug were identified within the reporting period. The search detected 276 disproportionate preferred terms (PTs). The most common AEs, including diarrhea, asthenia, decreased appetite, hypertension, and dysgeusia, were consistent with the drug label and clinical trials. Unexpected significant AEs, such as uveal melanocytic proliferation, salivary gland fistula, yellow skin, eyelash discoloration, scrotal inflammation, were detected. The median onset time of sunitinib-related AEs was 57 days (interquartile range [IQR]16-170 days), with most of the ICSRs developing within the first month (n = 4,582, 39.73%) after sunitinib therapy as initiated. Conclusion: The results of our study were consistent with routine clinical observations, and some unexpected AEs signals were also identified for sunitinib, providing valuable evidence for the safe use of sunitinib in the real-world and contributing to the clinical monitoring and risk identification of sunitinib.
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A sophisticated electrochemical sensor is presented employing a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with a novel composite of synthesized graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) and CoNiO2 bimetallic oxide nanoparticles (g-C3N4/CoNiO2). The sensor's electrocatalytic capabilities for Sunitinib (SUNI) oxidation were demonstrated exceptional performance with a calculated detection limit (LOD) of 52.0 nM. The successful synthesis and integrity of the composite were confirmed through meticulous characterization using various techniques. FT-IR analysis affirmed the successful synthesis of g-C3N4/CoNiO2 by providing insights into its molecular structure. XRD, FE-SEM, SEM-EDX, and BET analyses collectively validated the material's structural integrity, surface morphology, and electrocatalytic performance. Optimization of key analytical parameters, such as loading volume, concentration, electrolyte solution type, and pH, enhanced the electrocatalytic sensing capabilities of g-C3N4/CoNiO2. The synergistic interaction between g-C3N4 and CoNiO2 bimetallic oxide nanoparticles executed the sensor highly effective in the electrical oxidation of SUNI. Across a concentration range of 0.1-83.8 µM SUNI, the anodic peak current exhibited a linear increase with good precision. Application of the newly developed g-C3N4/CoNiO2 system to detect SUNI in a variety of samples, including urine, human serum, and capsule dosage forms, obtained satisfactory recoveries ranging from 97.1 to 103.0%. This methodology offers a novel approach to underscore the potential of the developed sensor for applications in biological and pharmaceutical monitoring.
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Técnicas Eletroquímicas , Eletrodos , Grafite , Limite de Detecção , Compostos de Nitrogênio , Sunitinibe , Grafite/química , Humanos , Sunitinibe/química , Sunitinibe/análise , Sunitinibe/sangue , Sunitinibe/urina , Técnicas Eletroquímicas/métodos , Técnicas Eletroquímicas/instrumentação , Compostos de Nitrogênio/química , Nanopartículas Metálicas/química , Carbono/química , Óxidos/química , Oxirredução , Nitrilas/químicaRESUMO
Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (ccRCC), the most prevalent form of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), poses a significant threat to human health due to its rising morbidity and mortality rates. Sunitinib, a pivotal targeted drug for the treatment of ccRCC, presents a significant challenge due to the high susceptibility of ccRCC to resistance. HSP90 inhibitor AUY922 has demonstrated anti-tumor activity in a range of cancer types. However, its efficacy in combination with sunitinib for ccRCC treatment has not been evaluated. In this study, we employed bioinformatics, network pharmacology, and in vitro assays to verify that AUY922 inhibits cell viability, proliferation, and migration of ccRCC cell lines 786-O and ACHN, with IC50s of 91.86 µM for 786-O and 115.5 µM for ACHN. The effect of AUY922 enhancing the inhibitory effect of sunitinib on ccRCC was further confirmed. The CCK-8 assay demonstrated that the IC50 of sunitinib was reduced from 15.10 µM to 11.91 µM for 786-O and from 17.65 µM to 13.66 µM for ACHN, after the combined application of AUY922. The EdU assay and wound healing assay indicated that AUY922 augmented the inhibitory impact of sunitinib on the proliferation and migration of ccRCC cells. Western blot and RT-PCR analyses demonstrated that AUY922 increased the sensitivity of ccRCC cells to sunitinib by targeting the HIF-1α/VEGFA/VEGFR pathway. Our study represents the first investigation into the role and mechanism of AUY922 in enhancing the sensitivity of ccRCC to sunitinib. In conclusion, the findings indicate the potential for AUY922 to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of sunitinib and overcome sunitinib resistance in ccRCC.
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INTRODUCTION: Chemotherapy therapies are effective in treating cancer, but they can have harmful effects on the cardiovascular system. This study explores the possible role of metformin in reducing the cardiac damage caused by chemotherapy. METHODS: In this scoping review, we conducted a comprehensive literature search on electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (ISI)) until November 2023. The manuscript was screened regarding the role of metformin in chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity. Finally, 26 papers were selected after double screening. RESULT: Chemotherapy has the potential to damage and cause cell death in the heart, resulting in molecular, biochemical, and histological changes compared to an untreated group. However, co-treatment with metformin may offer protection by preventing or reversing these harmful effects on cardiac cells. Metformin's cardioprotective properties are thought to be due to its ability to modulate oxidative stress, inflammation, autophagy, and the apoptotic pathway. CONCLUSION: The present study strongly suggests that metformin is an effective solution to chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity. Metformin can alleviate the harmful effects of chemotherapy on the heart by affecting oxidative stress, inflammation, autophagy, and apoptosis pathways. However, it is essential to note that the use of metformin may have some drawbacks, as it is a non-targeted therapy and could potentially reduce the effectiveness of targeted cancer drugs. Despite this, the potential benefits of using metformin in clinical settings cannot be ignored. Further studies are necessary to determine the specifics of this interaction. Still, the promising results of this review suggest that metformin may be an essential tool in the fight against chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity.
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BACKGROUND: Metastatic Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGLs) are rare neuroendocrine tumors characterized by high morbidity and limited systemic treatment options, mainly based on radiometabolic treatments or chemotherapy. Based on the preclinical rationale that PGGLs carcinogenesis relies on angiogenesis, treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) may represent another viable therapeutic option. METHODS: We conducted a prospective phase II study in patients with metastatic or unresectable PGGLs. Patients received sunitinib (50 mg daily for 4 weeks, followed by a 2-week rest period) until progressive disease (PD), unacceptable toxicity or consent withdrawal. The primary endpoint was 12-month progression-free survival (PFS) rate; secondary endpoints were safety overall response rate (ORR) according to RECIST 1.1 criteria and overall survival (OS). EudraCT Number: 2011-002632-99. RESULTS: Fifty patients were included. At a median follow-up of 71.7 months (IQR 35.4-100.1), the 1 year-PFS rate was 53.4 % (95 %CI 41.1-69.3) and median PFS was 14.1 months (95 % CI 8.9-25.7). ORR was 15.6 %, the median OS was 49.4 months (95 %CI 21.2-NA), and grade 3 or higher treatment-related adverse events were reported in 34 % patients. No significant correlation was found between specific genetic alterations or genomic clusters and sunitinib efficacy. CONCLUSION: Sunitinib is an active drug in patients with advanced PGGLs, capable of inducing prolonged disease control with a manageable toxicity profile.
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Neoplasias das Glândulas Suprarrenais , Paraganglioma , Feocromocitoma , Sunitinibe , Humanos , Sunitinibe/uso terapêutico , Sunitinibe/efeitos adversos , Feminino , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Feocromocitoma/tratamento farmacológico , Feocromocitoma/patologia , Paraganglioma/tratamento farmacológico , Paraganglioma/patologia , Neoplasias das Glândulas Suprarrenais/tratamento farmacológico , Idoso , Adulto , Estudos Prospectivos , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Antineoplásicos/efeitos adversos , Intervalo Livre de ProgressãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is a common liver surgery complication. This study aims to explore the effect and potential mechanism of Sunitinib - a multi-target tyrosine kinase inhibitor - on hepatic IRI. METHODS: We established a hepatic IRI model using C57BL/6 mice, and integrated 40 mg/kg of Sunitinib, solely or combined with 100 µg/kg of coumermycin A1 (C-A1), in the treatment strategy. H&E staining, TUNEL assay, and detection of serum ALT and AST activities were used to assess liver damage. Further, ELISA kits and Western Blots were utilized to determine IL-1ß, TNF-α, IL-6, CXCL10, and CXCL2 levels. Primary macrophages, once isolated, were cultured in vitro with either 2 nM of Sunitinib, or Sunitinib in conjunction with 1 µM of C-A1, to gauge their influence on macrophage polarization. qPCR and Western blot were conducted to examine the level of p-STAT1/STAT1, p-STAT3/STAT3, p-JAK2/JAK2, and M1/M2 polarization markers. To quantify immune cell infiltration, we applied Immunofluorescence. RESULTS: Sunitinib pretreatment significantly alleviated liver injury and reduced p-STAT1/STAT1, p-STAT3/STAT3, p-JAK2/JAK2 levels. In vitro, Sunitinib treatment curbed M1 polarization induced by LPS + IFN-γ and bolstered M2 polarization triggered by IL-4. C-A1 application upregulated JAK2/STAT pathway phosphorylation and promoted LPS + IFN-γ-induced M1 polarization, which was reversed by Sunitinib treatment. In IL-4-stimulated macrophages, application of C-A1 activated the JAK2/STAT pathway and decreased M2-type macrophages, which was reversed by Sunitinib treatment either. CONCLUSION: Sunitinib is capable of guiding the polarization of macrophages toward an M2-type phenotype via the inhibition of the JAK2/STAT pathway, thereby exerting a protective effect on hepatic IRI.
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BACKGROUND: Sunitinib is a multikinase inhibitor used to treat patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC). However, sunitinib toxicity makes it a double-edged sword. Potent immune modulation by sunitinib extends to nuclear interactions. To address these issues, there is an urgent need for delivery vectors suitable for sunitinib treatment. METHODS: We developed PEGylated liposomes as delivery vectors to precisely target sunitinib (lipo-sunitinib) to RCC tumors. Further investigations, including RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), were performed to evaluate transcriptomic changes in these pathways. DiI/DiR-labeled lipo-sunitinib was used for the biodistribution analysis. Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence (IF) were used to examine immune modulation in orthotopic RCC models. RESULTS: The evaluation of results indicated that lipo-sunitinib precisely targeted the tumor site to induce autophagy and was readily taken up by RCC tumor cells. In addition, transcriptomic assays revealed that following lipo-sunitinib treatment, autophagy, antigen presentation, cytokine, and chemokine production pathways were upregulated, whereas the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) pathway was downregulated. In vivo data provided evidence supporting the inhibitory effect of lipo-sunitinib on RCC tumor progression and metastasis. Flow cytometry further demonstrated that liposunitinib increased the infiltration of effector T cells (Teffs) and conventional type 1 dendritic cells (cDC1s) into the tumor. Furthermore, systemic immune organs such as the tumor-draining lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow exhibited upregulated anticancer immunity following lipo-sunitinib treatment. CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrated that lipo-sunitinib is distributed at the RCC tumor site, concurrently inducing potent autophagy, elevating antigen presentation, activating cytokine and chemokine production pathways, and downregulating EMT in RCC cells. This comprehensive approach significantly enhanced tumor inhibition and promoted anticancer immune modulation.
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Autofagia , Carcinoma de Células Renais , Neoplasias Renais , Lipossomos , Polietilenoglicóis , Sunitinibe , Carcinoma de Células Renais/tratamento farmacológico , Sunitinibe/farmacologia , Autofagia/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Lipossomos/química , Neoplasias Renais/tratamento farmacológico , Camundongos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Polietilenoglicóis/química , Humanos , Imunomodulação/efeitos dos fármacos , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/química , Distribuição Tecidual , Transição Epitelial-Mesenquimal/efeitos dos fármacos , FemininoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical significance of subtyping (type 1 vs 2) of papillary renal cell carcinoma (PRCC) in patients treated with targeted therapy, as well as the concordance, sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV) of local review pathology review. METHODS: Patients with advanced refractory PRCC were randomised to receive sunitinib or cabozantinib, crizotinib or savolitinib, stratified by PRCC subtype (type 1, type 2, or not otherwise specified [NOS]/mixed) by local review. Central review was retrospectively conducted by three expert genitourinary pathologists who independently reviewed cases. The sensitivity and PPV of local review were estimated and outcomes [objective response rate (ORR), progression-free survival (PFS)] were summarised for treatment groups stratified by subtypes by central review. RESULTS: Amongst the 147 patients reviewed, the prevalence of individual subtypes varied by local or central review (type 1: 17.7% vs 29.3%; type 2: 53.1% vs 45.6%; NOS/mixed: 29.3% vs 25.2%), respectively. Individual cases were frequently reclassified and local pathology review demonstrated low sensitivity (type 1: 48%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 33, 65; type 2: 67%, 95% CI 55, 78; NOS/mixed: 43%, 95% CI 27, 61). The PPVs of local review were 80%, 57.7% and 37% for type 1, 2 and NOS/mixed, respectively. Compared to sunitinib, cabozantinib demonstrated improved PFS for both type 1 and type 2 PRCC subgroups (7.4 vs 9.0 and 2.9 vs 5.6 months, respectfully) as well as higher ORR. CONCLUSIONS: The PRCC subtype assignment did not identify a subset of patients with greater clinical benefit from cabozantinib, with significant discordance between local and central review. Our findings confirm the limited clinical value of pathological subtyping of metastatic PRCC, in line with the recent World Health Organisation 2022 guidelines. PATIENT SUMMARY: In this study, categorising papillary renal cell carcinoma into type 1 or 2 subtypes showed limited concordance between central and local pathological review and did not enrich for patients more likely to benefit from cabozantinib in the S1500 PAPMET trial.
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OBJECTIVE: Advanced clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) seriously affects the life and health of patients, but effective treatment for this disease is still lacking in clinic. This study investigated the efficacy of nivolumab plus cabozantinib versus sunitinib in the treatment of elderly patients with advanced ccRCC. METHODS: The clinical data of 216 elderly patients with advanced ccRCC in our hospital from January 2020 to January 2022 were retrospectively analysed. On the basis of different treatment regimens, patients were divided into the cabozantinib group (n = 111, receiving nivolumab and cabozantinib) and the sunitinib group (n = 105, receiving nivolumab and sunitinib). The overall survival time, disease control rates, health status, incidence of adverse events and identification of prognostic risk were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: The cabozantinib group had higher overall survival time, disease control rate and scores in the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Kidney Symptom Index and EuroQol-Five Dimensions-Three Levels Questionnaire than the sunitinib group. The incidence of adverse events in the cabozantinib group was lower than that in the sunitinib group (p < 0.001). However, no difference existed in the identification of prognostic risk between the two groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The effect of nivolumab plus cabozantinib on the treatment of elderly patients with advanced ccRCC is better than that of nivolumab plus sunitinib, with fewer adverse reactions and higher safety. However, the research results require further clinical studies to confirm and promote.
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Anilidas , Carcinoma de Células Renais , Neoplasias Renais , Nivolumabe , Piridinas , Sunitinibe , Humanos , Carcinoma de Células Renais/tratamento farmacológico , Sunitinibe/uso terapêutico , Sunitinibe/efeitos adversos , Sunitinibe/administração & dosagem , Neoplasias Renais/tratamento farmacológico , Masculino , Anilidas/efeitos adversos , Anilidas/uso terapêutico , Anilidas/administração & dosagem , Idoso , Feminino , Nivolumabe/uso terapêutico , Nivolumabe/efeitos adversos , Nivolumabe/administração & dosagem , Estudos Retrospectivos , Piridinas/efeitos adversos , Piridinas/uso terapêutico , Piridinas/administração & dosagem , Resultado do Tratamento , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêutico , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/efeitos adversos , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Taxa de SobrevidaRESUMO
Sunitinib has greatly improved the survival of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) patients in recent years. However, 20-30% of treated patients do not respond. To identify miRNAs and genes associated with a response, comparisons were made between biopsies from responder and non-responder ccRCC patients. Using integrated transcriptomic analyses, we identified 37 miRNAs and 60 respective target genes, which were significantly associated with the NF-kappa B, PI3K-Akt and MAPK pathways. We validated expression of the miRNAs (miR-223, miR-155, miR-200b, miR-130b) and target genes (FLT1, PRDM1 and SAV1) in 35 ccRCC patients. High levels of miR-223 and low levels of FLT1, SAV1 and PRDM1 were associated with worse overall survival (OS), and combined miR-223 + SAV1 levels distinguished responders from non-responders (AUC = 0.92). Using immunohistochemical staining of 170 ccRCC patients, VEGFR1 (FLT1) expression was associated with treatment response, histological grade and RECIST (Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors) score, whereas SAV1 and BLIMP1 (PRDM1) were associated with metachronous metastatic disease. Using in situ hybridisation (ISH) to detect miR-155 we observed higher tumoural cell expression in non-responders, and non-tumoural cell expression with increased histological grade. In summary, our preliminary analysis using integrated miRNA-target gene analyses identified several novel biomarkers in ccRCC patients that surely warrant further investigation.
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Carcinoma de Células Renais , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Neoplasias Renais , MicroRNAs , Sunitinibe , Humanos , Carcinoma de Células Renais/genética , Carcinoma de Células Renais/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma de Células Renais/patologia , MicroRNAs/genética , Sunitinibe/uso terapêutico , Sunitinibe/farmacologia , Neoplasias Renais/genética , Neoplasias Renais/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Renais/patologia , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/genética , Feminino , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica/métodos , Biomarcadores Tumorais/genética , Adulto , Indóis/uso terapêutico , Indóis/farmacologiaRESUMO
Variability in disease onset and progression is a hallmark of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), both in sporadic and genetic forms. Recently, we found that SOD1-G93A transgenic mice expressing the same amount of mutant SOD1 but with different genetic backgrounds, C57BL/6JOlaHsd and 129S2/SvHsd, show slow and rapid muscle wasting and disease progression, respectively. Here, we investigated the different molecular mechanisms underlying muscle atrophy. Although both strains showed similar denervation-induced degradation of muscle proteins, only the rapidly progressing mice exhibited early and sustained STAT3 activation that preceded atrophy in gastrocnemius muscle. We therefore investigated the therapeutic potential of sunitinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor known to inhibit STAT3 and prevent cancer-induced muscle wasting. Although sunitinib treatment reduced STAT3 activation in the gastrocnemius muscle and lumbar spinal cord, it did not preserve spinal motor neurons, improve neuromuscular impairment, muscle atrophy and disease progression in the rapidly progressing SOD1-G93A mice. Thus, the effect of sunitinib is not equally positive in different diseases associated with muscle wasting. Moreover, given the complex role of STAT3 in the peripheral and central compartments of the neuromuscular system, the present study suggests that its broad inhibition may lead to opposing effects, ultimately preventing a potential positive therapeutic action in ALS.
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Esclerose Lateral Amiotrófica , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Indóis , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Transgênicos , Músculo Esquelético , Pirróis , Fator de Transcrição STAT3 , Medula Espinal , Sunitinibe , Animais , Esclerose Lateral Amiotrófica/metabolismo , Esclerose Lateral Amiotrófica/tratamento farmacológico , Esclerose Lateral Amiotrófica/patologia , Sunitinibe/farmacologia , Músculo Esquelético/efeitos dos fármacos , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Músculo Esquelético/patologia , Fator de Transcrição STAT3/metabolismo , Fator de Transcrição STAT3/antagonistas & inibidores , Indóis/farmacologia , Camundongos , Medula Espinal/metabolismo , Medula Espinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Medula Espinal/patologia , Pirróis/farmacologia , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismo , Superóxido Dismutase/genética , Atrofia Muscular/metabolismo , Atrofia Muscular/patologia , Neurônios Motores/efeitos dos fármacos , Neurônios Motores/metabolismo , Neurônios Motores/patologia , Progressão da DoençaRESUMO
The approval of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has revolutionized the management of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC), introducing several ICI-based combinations as the new standard of care for affected patients. Nonetheless, monotherapy with antiangiogenic tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), such as pazopanib or sunitinib, still represents a first-line treatment option for selected patients belonging to the favorable risk group according to the International mRCC Database Consortium (IMDC) model. After TKI monotherapy, the main second-line option is represented by ICI monotherapy with the anti-Programmed Death Receptor 1(PD-1) nivolumab. To date, the expected clinical outcomes are similar with pazopanib or sunitinib and there is no clear indication for selecting one TKI over the other. Moreover, their impact on subsequent ICI treatment outcomes is not well defined, yet. Based on these premises, we investigated the immunomodulatory activity of these drugs in vitro and in vivo.Both TKIs induced Programmed Cell Death Ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression and soluble PD-L1 release in RCC cells, and hampered T cell activation, reducing cytokine production and the proportion of activated T cells. Nevertheless, in a syngeneic co-culture system with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and tumor cells, incubation with anti-PD-1 antibody following TKIs treatment significantly restored T cell function, potentiating the cytotoxic effects against tumor cells. Pazopanib and sunitinib followed by anti-PD-1 antibody produced a comparable inhibition of tumor growth in a RCC syngeneic mouse model. Our findings suggest that pazopanib and sunitinib, showing similar immunomodulatory effects, may have a comparable impact on the subsequent effectiveness of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade.
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Inibidores da Angiogênese , Carcinoma de Células Renais , Neoplasias Renais , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1 , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases , Pirimidinas , Sulfonamidas , Sunitinibe , Carcinoma de Células Renais/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma de Células Renais/patologia , Neoplasias Renais/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Renais/patologia , Animais , Humanos , Camundongos , Inibidores da Angiogênese/farmacologia , Inibidores da Angiogênese/uso terapêutico , Inibidores da Angiogênese/administração & dosagem , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/uso terapêutico , Sunitinibe/farmacologia , Sunitinibe/uso terapêutico , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Pirimidinas/farmacologia , Pirimidinas/uso terapêutico , Sulfonamidas/farmacologia , Sulfonamidas/uso terapêutico , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/metabolismo , Indazóis/farmacologia , Indazóis/uso terapêutico , Indazóis/administração & dosagem , Inibidores de Checkpoint Imunológico/farmacologia , Inibidores de Checkpoint Imunológico/uso terapêutico , Feminino , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de Xenoenxerto/métodos , Nivolumabe/farmacologia , Nivolumabe/uso terapêutico , Nivolumabe/administração & dosagem , Antígeno B7-H1/antagonistas & inibidores , Antígeno B7-H1/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Sunitinib is an oral anticancer drug approved for the treatment of among others gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). Previous analyses demonstrated an exposure-response relationship at the standard dose, and minimum target levels of drug exposure have been defined above which better treatment outcomes are observed. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) could be used as a tool to optimize the individual dose, aiming at sunitinib trough concentrations ≥37.5 ng/ml for continuous dosing. Nonetheless, data on the added value of TDM-guided dosing on clinical endpoints are currently lacking. Therefore, we evaluate the effect of TDM in patients with advanced and metastatic GIST treated with sunitinib in terms of efficacy and toxicity. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A TDM-guided cohort was compared to a non-TDM-guided cohort in terms of median progression-free survival (mPFS) and overall survival (mOS). Also, mPFS between patients with and without dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) was compared. Patients in the prospective cohort were included in two studies on TDM-guided dosing (the DPOG-TDM study and TUNE study). The retrospective cohort consisted of patients from the Dutch GIST Registry who did not receive TDM-guided dosing. RESULTS: In total, 51 and 106 patients were included in the TDM-guided cohort and non-TDM-guided cohort, respectively. No statistical difference in mPFS was observed between these two cohorts (39.4 versus 46.9 weeks, respectively; P = 0.52). Patients who experienced sunitinib-induced DLTs had longer mPFS compared to those who did not (51.9 versus 28.9 weeks, respectively; P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Our results do not support the routine use of TDM-guided dose optimization of sunitinib in patients with advanced/metastatic GIST to improve survival.
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Antineoplásicos , Monitoramento de Medicamentos , Tumores do Estroma Gastrointestinal , Sunitinibe , Humanos , Sunitinibe/administração & dosagem , Sunitinibe/uso terapêutico , Sunitinibe/farmacologia , Tumores do Estroma Gastrointestinal/tratamento farmacológico , Tumores do Estroma Gastrointestinal/patologia , Feminino , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Antineoplásicos/administração & dosagem , Estudos Retrospectivos , Monitoramento de Medicamentos/métodos , Adulto , Resultado do Tratamento , Neoplasias Gastrointestinais/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Gastrointestinais/patologia , Neoplasias Gastrointestinais/mortalidade , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Estudos Prospectivos , Intervalo Livre de ProgressãoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore the effect of CD276 expression on the sunitinib sensitivity of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) cell and animal models and the potential mechanisms involved. METHODS: CD276 expression levels of ccRCC and normal samples were analyzed via online databases and real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). CD276 was knocked down in ccRCC cell models (sunitinib-resistant 786-O/R cells and sunitinib-sensitive 786-O cells) using shRNA transfection, and the cells were exposed to a sunitinib (2 µM) environment. Cells proliferation was then analyzed using MTT assay and colony formation experiment. Alkaline comet assay, immunofluorescent staining, and western blot experiments were conducted to assess the DNA damage repair ability of the cells. Western blot was also used to observe the activation of FAK-MAPK pathway within the cells. Finally, a nude mouse xenograft model was established and the nude mice were orally administered sunitinib (40 mg/kg/d) to evaluate the in vivo effects of CD276 knockdown on the therapeutic efficacy of sunitinib against ccRCC. RESULTS: CD276 was significantly upregulated in both ccRCC clinical tissue samples and cell models. In vitro experiments showed that knocking down CD276 reduced the survival rate, IC50 value, and colony-forming ability of ccRCC cells. Knocking down CD276 increased the comet tail moment (TM) values and γH2AX foci number, and reduced BRCA1 and RAD51 protein levels. Knocking down CD276 also decreased the levels of p-FAK, p-MEK, and p-ERK proteins. CONCLUSION: Knocking down CD276 effectively improved the sensitivity of ccRCC cell and animal models to sunitinib treatment.
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Antineoplásicos , Antígenos B7 , Carcinoma de Células Renais , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos , Neoplasias Renais , Sunitinibe , Humanos , Masculino , Animais , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Carcinoma de Células Renais/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma de Células Renais/genética , Neoplasias Renais/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Renais/genética , Antígenos B7/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Técnicas de Silenciamento de Genes , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Reparo do DNA , Sistema de Sinalização das MAP Quinases , Sunitinibe/uso terapêutico , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNETs) account for approximately 2% of all pancreatic malignancies. Several systemic treatment options have been developed over the last four decades, ranging from cytotoxic chemotherapy and octreotide to newer targeted therapies like sunitinib, cabozantinib, and lenvatinib. Although surgery or liver-directed therapy remains cornerstone for management of metastatic PanNETs, however, they remain unfeasible in majority of cases. PanNETs behave differently than SI-NETs (small intestinal NET); the former is more aggressive and less responsive to somatostatin-based therapies. The optimal sequence of the systemic therapies for the advanced PanNETs depends mainly on the tumor burden, Ki-67 index, and the tempo of the disease. In the end, drawing from ENETS (European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society) and ESMO (European Society for Medical Oncology) guidelines, we propose a working algorithm for the management of advanced PanNETs, not amenable to surgery or liver-directed therapies.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND/AIM: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is characterized by early metastasis, clinical resistance and poor prognosis. Recently, we showed that aggressive OSCC cells co-express endothelial cell markers and can form tube-like structures, known as vasculogenic mimicry (VM), a process associated with poor prognosis in head and neck cancers. Given the limited success of current antiangiogenic therapy in treating OSCC, this study sought to explore the efficiency of these drugs in targeting an ex vivo model of VM. MATERIALS AND METHODS: OSCC cell lines from the tongue and floor of the mouth in addition to human endothelial cells were used. The treatments comprised a set of clinically relevant antiangiogenic drugs: sorafenib, sunitinib, and axitinib, which were administered in different doses. Multiple ex vivo approaches including cell tubulogenesis, proliferation, apoptosis, and migration assays were used. RESULTS: Although these drugs inhibited the formation of endothelial cell capillaries, they showed clear differential effects on OSCC cell-derived VM and cell morphology. Sorafenib inhibited the tubulogenesis of aggressive OSCC cells compared with the limited effect of sunitinib and axitinib. Furthermore, our data consistently demonstrated a preferential efficacy of certain drugs over others. Sorafenib and sunitinib exhibited anti-cancer effects on tumor cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cell migration, compared with the limited effect of axitinib. CONCLUSION: The antiangiogenic drugs, except sorafenib, had limited effect on VM formation in vitro and exhibited varying anti-cancer effects on OSCC cells. These data support the notion that VM formation may in part explain the development of drug resistance in OSCC cells.
Assuntos
Inibidores da Angiogênese , Axitinibe , Movimento Celular , Proliferação de Células , Neoplasias Bucais , Neovascularização Patológica , Sorafenibe , Sunitinibe , Humanos , Inibidores da Angiogênese/farmacologia , Inibidores da Angiogênese/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias Bucais/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Bucais/patologia , Neoplasias Bucais/irrigação sanguínea , Neoplasias Bucais/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Neovascularização Patológica/tratamento farmacológico , Neovascularização Patológica/patologia , Sorafenibe/farmacologia , Sorafenibe/uso terapêutico , Sunitinibe/farmacologia , Sunitinibe/uso terapêutico , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Movimento Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Axitinibe/farmacologia , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/patologia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/irrigação sanguínea , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/metabolismo , Células Endoteliais/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Endoteliais/patologia , Células Endoteliais/metabolismo , Compostos de Fenilureia/farmacologia , Compostos de Fenilureia/uso terapêutico , Niacinamida/análogos & derivados , Niacinamida/farmacologia , Niacinamida/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Current therapeutic options for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) are very limited, which is largely due to inadequate comprehension of molecular pathological mechanisms as well as RCC's resistance to chemotherapy. Dual-specificity phosphatase 6 (DUSP6) has been associated with numerous human diseases. However, its role in RCC is not well understood. Here, we show that diminished DUSP6 expression is linked to RCC progression and unfavorable prognosis. Mechanistically, DUSP6 serves as a tumor suppressor in RCC by intervening the TAF10 and BSCL2 via the ERK-AKT pathway. Further, DUSP6 is also transcriptionally regulated by HNF-4a. Moreover, docking experiments have indicated that DUSP6 expression is enhanced when bound by Calcium saccharate, which also inhibits RCC cell proliferation, metabolic rewiring, and sunitinib resistance. In conclusion, our study identifies Calcium saccharate as a prospective pharmacological therapeutic approach for RCC.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos , Carcinoma de Células Renais , Fosfatase 6 de Especificidade Dupla , Glicólise , Neoplasias Renais , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt , Sunitinibe , Humanos , Carcinoma de Células Renais/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma de Células Renais/metabolismo , Carcinoma de Células Renais/patologia , Sunitinibe/farmacologia , Neoplasias Renais/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Renais/metabolismo , Neoplasias Renais/patologia , Glicólise/efeitos dos fármacos , Glicólise/fisiologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , Animais , Fosfatase 6 de Especificidade Dupla/metabolismo , Fosfatase 6 de Especificidade Dupla/genética , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Nus , Sistema de Sinalização das MAP Quinases/efeitos dos fármacos , Sistema de Sinalização das MAP Quinases/fisiologia , MasculinoRESUMO
Therapy failure with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) sunitinib remains a great challenge in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). Growing evidence indicates that the tumour subpopulation can enter a transient, non-mutagenic drug-tolerant state to endure the treatment underlying the minimal residual disease and tumour relapse. Drug tolerance to sunitinib remains largely unexplored in RCC. Here, we show that sunitinib-tolerant 786-O/S and Caki-2/S cells are induced by prolonged drug treatment showing reduced drug sensitivity, enhanced clonogenicity, and DNA synthesis. Sunitinib-tolerance developed via dynamic processes, including (i) engagement of c-MET and AXL pathways, (ii) alteration of stress-induced p38 kinase and pro-survival BCL-2 signalling, (iii) extensive actin remodelling, which was correlated with activation of focal adhesion proteins. Remarkably, the acute drug response in both sensitive and sunitinib-tolerant cell lines led to dramatic fine-tuning of the actin-cytoskeleton and boosted cellular migration and invasion, indicating that the drug-response might depend on cell state transition rather than pre-existing mutations. The drug-tolerant state was transiently acquired, as the cells resumed initial drug sensitivity after >10 passages under drug withdrawal, reinforcing the concept of dynamic regulation and phenotypic heterogeneity. Our study described molecular events contributing to the reversible switch into sunitinib-tolerance, providing possible novel therapeutic opportunities in RCC.