Changes in fatty acids in plasma and association with the inflammatory response in dairy cows abomasally infused with essential fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid during late and early lactation.

Dairy cows are exposed to increased inflammatory processes in the transition period from late pregnancy to early lactation. Essential fatty acids (EFA) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) are thought to modulate the inflammatory response in dairy cows. The present study investigated the effects of a combined EFA and CLA infusion on the fatty acid (FA) status in plasma lipids, and whether changes in the FA pattern were associated with the acute phase and inflammatory response during late pregnancy and early lactation. Rumen-cannulated Holstein cows (n = 40) were assigned from wk 9 antepartum to wk 9 postpartum to 1 of 4 treatment groups. Cows were abomasally supplemented with coconut oil (CTRL, 76 g/d), linseed and safflower oil (EFA, 78 g/d of linseed oil and 4 g/d of safflower oil; ratio of oils = 19.5:1; n-6:n-3 FA ratio = 1:3), Lutalin (CLA, 38 g/d; isomers cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12; each 10 g/d), or both (EFA+CLA). Blood samples were taken to measure changes in FA in blood plasma on d -63, -42, 1, 28, and 56, and in plasma lipid fractions (cholesterol esters, free fatty acids, phospholipids, and triglycerides) on d -42, 1, and 56 relative to calving, and in erythrocyte membrane (EM) on d 56 after calving. Traits related to the acute phase response and inflammation were measured in blood throughout the study. Liver samples were obtained for biopsy on d -63, -21, 1, 28, and 63 relative to calving to measure the mRNA abundance of genes related to the inflammatory response. The concentrations of α-linolenic acid and n-3 FA metabolites increased in lipid fractions (especially phospholipids) and EM due to EFA supplementation with higher α-linolenic acid but lower n-3 metabolite concentrations in EFA+CLA than in EFA treatment only. Concentration of linoleic acid decreased in plasma fat toward calving and increased during early lactation in all groups. Concentration of plasma arachidonic acid was lower in EFA- than in non-EFA-treated groups in lipid fractions and EM. The cis-9,trans-11 CLA increased in all lipid fractions and EM after both CLA treatments. Plasma haptoglobin was lowered by EFA treatment before calving. Plasma bilirubin was lower in EFA and CLA than in CTRL at calving. Plasma concentration of IL-1ß was higher in EFA than in CTRL and EFA+CLA at certain time points before and after calving. Plasma fibrinogen dropped faster in CLA than in EFA and EFA+CLA on d 14 postpartum. Plasma paraoxonase tended to be elevated by EFA treatment, and was higher in EFA+CLA than in CTRL on d 49. Hepatic mRNA abundance revealed time changes but no treatment effects with respect to the inflammatory response. Our data confirmed the enrichment of n-3 FA in EM by EFA treatment and the inhibition of n-3 FA desaturation by CLA treatment. The elevated n-3 FA status and reduced n-6:n-3 ratio by EFA treatment indicated a more distinct effect on the inflammatory response during the transition period than the single CLA treatment, and the combined EFA+CLA treatment caused minor additional changes on the anti-inflammatory response.

Effects of abomasal infusion of essential fatty acids together with conjugated linoleic acid in late and early lactation on performance, milk and body composition, and plasma metabolites in dairy cows.

Rations including high amounts of corn silage are currently very common in dairy production. Diets with corn silage as forage source result in a low supply of essential fatty acids, such as α-linolenic acid, and may lead to low conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) production. The present study investigated the effects of abomasal infusion of essential fatty acids, especially α-linolenic acid, and CLA in dairy cows fed a corn silage-based diet on performance, milk composition, including fatty acid (FA) pattern, and lipid metabolism from late to early lactation. Rumen-cannulated Holstein cows (n = 40) were studied from wk 9 antepartum to wk 9 postpartum and dried off 6 wk before calving. The cows were assigned to 1 of 4 treatment groups. Cows were abomasally supplemented with coconut oil (CTRL, 76 g/d), linseed and safflower oil (EFA, 78 and 4 g/d; linseed/safflower oil ratio = 19.5:1; n-6/n-3 FA ratio = 1:3), Lutalin (CLA, 38 g/d; BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany; isomers cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12 each 10 g/d) or EFA+CLA. Milk composition was analyzed weekly, and blood samples were taken several times before and after parturition to determine plasma concentrations of metabolites related to lipid metabolism. Liver samples were obtained by biopsy on d 63 and 21 antepartum and on d 1, 28, and 63 postpartum to measure triglyceride concentration. Body composition was determined after slaughter. Supplementation of CLA reduced milk fat concentration, increased body fat mass, and improved energy balance (EB) in late and early lactation, but EB was lowest during late lactation in the EFA group. Cows with CLA treatment alone showed an elevated milk citrate concentration in early lactation, whereas EFA+CLA did not reveal higher milk citrate but did have increased acetone. Milk protein was increased in late lactation but was decreased in wk 1 postpartum in CLA and EFA+CLA. Milk urea was reduced by CLA treatment during the whole period. After calving, the increase of nonesterified fatty acids in plasma was less in CLA groups; liver triglycerides were raised lowest at d 28 in CLA groups. Our data confirm an improved metabolic status with CLA but not with exclusive EFA supplementation during early lactation. Increased milk citrate concentration in CLA cows points to reduced de novo FA synthesis in the mammary gland, but milk citrate was less affected in EFA+CLA cows, indicating that EFA supplementation may influence changes in mammary gland FA metabolism achieved by CLA.

Antioxidant Micronutrients and Essential Fatty Acids Supplementation on Cystic Fibrosis Outcomes: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Antioxidant micronutrients and essential fatty acids supplementation intake appears to have a protective effect in some diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, and asthma. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review to evaluate the effects of these nutrients on nutritional and clinical outcomes of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). METHODS: This is a systematic review of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) in CF. MEDLINE (via PubMed), Embase, and Scopus databases were searched for RCTs published from 1948 through February 2019. Two investigators independently reviewed the titles and abstracts and then extracted the data from the included studies using a standardized predesigned form. Two reviewers independently performed the quality assessment of the RCTs according to the Cochrane risk of bias tools. RESULTS: A total of 4,792 studies were identified, and 23 were eligible (8 antioxidant micronutrient and 15 essential fatty acids). The interventions found were beta-carotene, zinc, magnesium, multivitamin, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), linoleic acid and lipid matrix with choline supplementation. A significant improvement was observed in: (a) pulmonary function with magnesium (n=1) and essential fatty acids (n=2) supplementation; (b) less pulmonary exacerbations with beta-carotene (n=1), zinc (n=1), antioxidant-enriched multivitamin (n=1) and essential fatty acids (n=2) supplementation. One study with antioxidant-enriched multivitamin and four studies with EPA/DHA supplementation reported significant reductions in inflammatory markers. Nutritional status was not modified by antioxidants supplementation in any of the studies, while in five studies there was an improvement with fatty acids supplementation. The risk of bias of the majority of the parallel studies was high. CONCLUSIONS: The benefits of antioxidants or DHA/EPA supplementation for CF, although observed in some studies, are not consistent enough to recommend routine use of these supplements. The mechanisms of action of these nutrients, dose levels and timing should be further explored in future studies.

Elaboração de cardápio para pacientes adultos de um centro de referência em queimaduras: Relato de experiência / Menu preparation for adult patients from a burn reference center: Experience report / Preparación de cardapio para pacientes adultos de un centro de referencia de quemaduras: Reporte de caso

Objetivo: Descrever o planejamento de um cardápio equilibrado qualitativamente e quantitativamente, para pacientes adultos vítimas de queimaduras do Centro de Tratamento de Queimados em Salvador, Bahia. Trata-se de um relato de caso, para o qual foi feito levantamento de dados baseado em protocolos e nas diretrizes mais atuais em terapia nutricional para queimaduras para revisar o cardápio oferecido aos pacientes hospitalizados no Hospital Geral do Estado da Bahia. Relato do Caso: Foi calculado o cardápio padrão atual das seis refeições oferecidas e dois cardápios propostos através do sistema de avaliação e prescrição Dietwin® com informações acerca do valor energético total, macronutrientes e micronutrientes. Houve ajuste da oferta energética total, de 2810Kcal/dia para uma média de 2546,77Kcal/dia, correspondendo a 36Kcal/Kg/dia, para um adulto referência de 70Kg. Houve aumento na oferta de proteína de 85,88g/dia para média de 111,46g/dia, 1,59 g/Kg/dia. Com o aumento da oferta proteica, a relação de calorias por gramas de nitrogênio foi reduzida de 179,5:1 do cardápio original, para uma média de 118,26:1. A oferta lipídica foi reduzida de 26,66% para em média 21,5%. A relação ômega 6:ômega 3 foi reduzida de 7,39:1 para 1,16:1, nos cardápios propostos. Conclusões: Os cardápios propostos estão de acordo com as evidências científicas mais recentes, com ajustes quantitativos da oferta calórica, proteica e lipídica, além de melhora da composição qualitativa dos carboidratos e ácidos graxos essenciais.

Objective: To describe the planning of a qualitatively and quantitatively balanced dietary for adult burn victims of the Centro de Tratamento de Queimados in Salvador - Bahia. This is a case report, which data were collected based on the most current protocols and guidelines in nutritional therapy for burns to revise the dietary offered to patients hospitalized in Hospital Geral do Estado da Bahia. Case Report: The current standard dietary of the six meals offered and two menus proposed through the Dietwin® prescription and evaluation system with information on total energy value (VET), macronutrients and micronutrients were calculated. There was adjustment of the total energy supply, from 2810 Kcal / day to an average of 2546.77 Kcal / day, corresponding to 36Kcal / Kg / day, for an adult reference of 70Kg. There was an increase in protein supply from 85.88g / day to a mean of 111.46g / day, 1.59g / kg / day. With the increase in protein supply, the ratio of calories per grams of nitrogen was reduced from 179.5:1 of the original menu, to an average of 118.26:1. The lipid supply was reduced from 26.66% to an average of 21.5%. The W6: W3 ratio decreased from 7.39: 1 to 1.16: 1 on the proposed menus. Conclusions: The proposed menus are in accordance with the latest scientific evidence, with quantitative adjustments of the caloric, protein and lipid supply, as well as improvement of the qualitative composition of carbohydrates and essential fatty acids.

Objetivo: Describir la planificación de un menú equilibrado cualitativamente y cuantitativamente, para pacientes adultos víctima de quemaduras del Centro de Tratamento de Queimados en Salvador - Bahia. Se trata de un relato de caso, donde se hizo la recolecta de datos basados en protocolos y pautas más actuales en terapia nutricional para quemaduras para revisar el menú ofrecido a los pacientes hospitalizados em lo Hospital Geral do Estado da Bahia. Reporte de Caso: Se calculó el menú estándar actual y dos menús propuestos a través del sistema de evaluación y prescripción Dietwin® con informaciones a cerca del valor energético total, macronutrientes y micronutrientes. Hubo ajuste de la oferta energética total, de 2810Kcal/día para una media de 2546,77Kcal/día, correspondiendo a 36Kcal/Kg/día, para un adulto referencia de 70Kg. Se observó un aumento en la oferta de proteína de 85,88g/día para un promedio de 111,46g/día, 1,59g/Kg/día. Con el aumento de la oferta proteica, la relación de calorías por gramos de nitrógeno fue reducida de 179,5:1 del menú original, para una media de 118,26:1. La oferta lipídica se redujo del 26,66% para un promedio del 21,5%. La relación W6: W3 disminuyó de 7,39:1 a 1,16:1, en los menús propuestos. Conclusiones: Los menús propuestos están de acuerdo con las evidencias científicas más recientes, con ajustes cuantitativos de la oferta calórica, proteica y lipídica, además de mejora de la composición cualitativa de los carbohidratos y ácidos grasos esenciales.

Effect of small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements on growth, psychomotor development, iron status, and morbidity among 6- to 12-mo-old infants in South Africa: a randomized controlled trial.

Background: Evidence on the effect of small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements (SQ-LNSs) on early child growth and development is mixed. Objective: This study assessed the effect of daily consumption of 2 different SQ-LNS formulations on linear growth (primary outcome), psychomotor development, iron status (secondary outcomes), and morbidity in infants from age 6 to 12 mo within the context of a maize-based complementary diet. Methods: Infants (n = 750) were randomly assigned to receive SQ-LNS, SQ-LNS-plus, or no supplement. Both SQ-LNS products contained micronutrients and essential fatty acids. SQ-LNS-plus contained, in addition, docosahexaenoic acid, arachidonic acid (important for brain and eye development), lysine (limiting amino acid in maize), phytase (enhances iron absorption), and other nutrients. Infants' weight and length were measured bimonthly. At age 6 and 12 mo, psychomotor development using the Kilifi Developmental Inventory and South African Parent Rating Scale and hemoglobin, plasma ferritin, C-reactive protein, and α1-acid glycoprotein were assessed. WHO Motor Milestone outcomes, adherence, and morbidity were monitored weekly through home visits. Primary analysis was by intention-to-treat, comparing each SQ-LNS group with the control. Results: SQ-LNS-plus had a positive effect on length-for-age zscore at age 8 mo (mean difference: 0.11; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.22; P = 0.032) and 10 mo (0.16; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.27; P = 0.008) but not at 12 mo (0.09; 95% CI: -0.02, 0.21; P = 0.115), locomotor development score (2.05; 95% CI: 0.72, 3.38; P = 0.003), and Parent Rating Score (1.10; 95% CI: 0.14, 2.07; P = 0.025), but no effect for weight-for-age zscore. Both SQ-LNS (P = 0.027) and SQ-LNS-plus (P = 0.005) improved hemoglobin concentration and reduced the risk of anemia, iron deficiency, and iron-deficiency anemia. Both SQ-LNS products reduced longitudinal prevalence of fever, coughing, and wheezing but increased incidence and longitudinal prevalence of diarrhea, vomiting, and rash/sores. Conclusions: Point-of-use fortification with SQ-LNS-plus showed an early transient effect on linear growth and improved locomotor development. Both SQ-LNS products had positive impacts on anemia and iron status. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01845610.

Control of canine idiopathic nasal hyperkeratosis with a natural skin restorative balm: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study.

BACKGROUND: Nasal hyperkeratosis may cause discomfort in dogs by predisposing them to fissures and secondary bacterial infection. Approaches to treatment have been described anecdotally; the effectiveness of such therapies remains unproven. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: To investigate the efficacy of a balm containing essential oils and essential fatty acids in dogs with idiopathic nasal hyperkeratosis. ANIMALS: Client-owned dogs with noncomplicated nasal hyperkeratosis. METHODS: The study was conducted as a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial with parallel group design and two month follow-up period. Dogs received daily topical application of a commercial balm product (group DBB) or placebo (aqueous gelling agent with preservatives, group PB). The main outcome variables were lichenification, dryness, suppleness and extent of lesions. Subjective owner satisfaction index score was a secondary variable. Evaluation was performed on days (D)0, 30 and 60. Response to treatment was assessed as the change from baseline to each examination day for each criterion. RESULTS: Forty eight dogs, principally French (26 of 48) and English (seven of 48) bulldogs, were included and 39 completed the study. No major adverse events were reported. On D60, changes from baseline for lichenification, lesion extent, suppleness and total score were -31.2%, -18.3%, -72.8% and -36.8% in group DBB (23 dogs) and -11.9%, 2.3%, -42.1% and -14% in group PB (16 dogs), respectively. The total score was significantly improved on D60 in group DBB compared to PB (Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney U-test, P = 0.0016). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: The balm proved safe and helpful in managing canine idiopathic noncomplicated nasal hyperkeratosis.

Long-Term Fish Oil Lipid Emulsion Use in Children With Intestinal Failure-Associated Liver Disease [Formula: see text].

BACKGROUND: Fish oil lipid emulsion (FOLE) and multidisciplinary care for infants with intestinal failure (IF) have been associated with reduced morbidity and mortality due to IF-associated liver disease (IFALD). With increased survival, a greater proportion of infants with IF are now able to remain on parenteral nutrition (PN) in the long term. The purpose of this study was to examine outcomes in children with IFALD who have required long-term PN and FOLE therapy due to chronic IF. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A review of prospectively collected data was performed for children with IFALD who required at least 3 years of PN and FOLE therapy due to chronic IF. Outcomes examined include the incidence of death, transplantation, and essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD), as well as growth parameters and the biochemical markers of liver disease. RESULTS: Of 215 patients with IFALD treated from 2004-2015, 30 required PN and FOLE therapy for at least 3 years (median, 4.6 years). To date, no patients have died, required transplantation, or developed EFAD. Biochemical markers of liver disease normalized within the first year of therapy with no recurrent elevations in the long term. Weight-for age and length-for-age z scores improved and PN dependence decreased in the first year of therapy, with a stable rate of growth in the long term. CONCLUSIONS: Children with IFALD who required long-term PN and FOLE for chronic IF had no mortality, need for transplantation, EFAD, or recurrence of liver disease in the long term, allowing for continued intestinal rehabilitation.

Uso de fórmula nutricional semielemental con alto contenido de TCM en pacientes con diagnóstico de quilotórax congénito o adquirido / Use of semielemental nutritional formula with high TCM content in patients with congenital or acquired chylothorax diagnosis

INTRODUCCIÓN: Antecedentes: El presente informe expone la evaluación del producto nutricional Fórmula semielemental con alto contecnido de TCM (triglicéridos de cadena media) respecto a su uso en pacientes con diagnóstico de quilotóraz congénito o adquirido. Aspectos Generales: El quilotóraz es la acumulación de quilo o fluído alcalino en la cavidad pleural que resulta de fugas provenientes de los vasos linfáticos por malformaciones o lesiones del conducto torácio. Esta enfermedad puede ocurrir en pacientes de cualquier edad, incluyendo neonatos e infantes.Tecnología Sanitaria de Interés: Las fórmulas con alto contenido de triglicéridos de cadena media (TCM) son fórmulas semielementares, ya que los nutrientes que las componen se encuentran higrolizados en moléculas pequeñas. Estas fórmulas están clasificadas como "fórmulas con modificaciones del cuerpo graso", y están compuestas por RCM (70-90% de los lípidos) y pequeñas cantidades de triglicéridos de cadena larga (TCL), añadidos para cubrir los requerimientos de ácidos grasos de los infantes que las consumen. METODOLOGÍA: Estrategia de Búsqueda: Se realizó una búsqueda de literatura científica en relación al uso de fórmulas semielementales con alto contenido de triglicéridos de cadena media (TCM) en neonatos o lactantes con quilotóraz congénito o adquirido. Se dio preferencia a guías de práctica clínica, revisiones sistemáticas con o sin meta-analísis y ensayos clínicos aleatorizados. RESULTADOS: Se realizó la búsqueda bibliográfica y de evidencia que sustente el uso de una formula semielemental con alto contenido de triglicéridos de cadena media (TCM) en pacientes con diagnóstico de quilotórax congénito o adquirido.Luego de revisar un total de 261 referencias resultados de la búsqueda bibliográfica, logramos filtar 38 estudios relevantes. Sinopsis de la Evidencia: Existe evidencia sobre el uso de dietas con alto contenido de triglicéridos de cadena média (TCM) como tratamiento de quilotórax en infantes, niños, adolescentes y adultos lo cual constituye evidencia indirecta para la evaluación del presente Dictamen. CONCLUSIONES: En la presente evaluación de tecnologia sanitaria se presenta la evidencia recabada sobre el beneficio de las fórmulas semielementales con alto contenido de triglicéridos de cadena media (TCM). La evidencia encontrada que compara el uso de una fórmula con alto contenido de TCM con el uso de nutrición parenteral (NPT) es escaza. Se ha identificado evidencia proveniente de un único estudio observacional que compara el uso de fórmulas con alto contenido de TCM con el uso de NPT en infantes con quilotórax post-quirúrgico. El Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud e Investigación-IETSI, aprueba el uso de la fórmula semielemental con alto contenido de TCM en neoantos o infantes con diagnóstico de quilotórax congénito o adquirido. El present Dictamen Preliminar tiene una vigencia de dos años a partir de la fecha de publicación.

Eficacia y seguridad de fórmulas semielemental con bajo contenido de grasa y alto contenido de trigliceridos de cadena media para pacientes con defecto de la beta oxidacion de acidos grasos de cadena larga / Efficacy and safety of semielemental formulas with low fat and high content of medium chain triglycerides for patients with beta oxidation defects of long chain fatty acids

INTRODUCCIÓN: Antecedentes: El presente dictamen presenta la evaluación de la eficacia y seguridad de la fórmula con bajo contenido de grasa y alto contenido de trigliceridos de cadena media, para pacientes con defecto de la beta oxidación de acidos grasos de cadena larga. Aspectos Generales: Los trastornos de la oxidación de ácidos grasos (FAO), constituyen un grupo crítico de enfermedades potencilamente fatales que representan un grupo de alteraciones heterogéneas que requieren tratamientos específicos.Los trastornos de oxidación de ácidos grasos son indivudualmente raros, pero colectivamente comunes, debido al gran número de diferentes enzimas afectadas. Tecnología Sanitaria de Interés: La fórmula nutricional baja en grasa de cadena larga y rica en triglicéridos de cadenamedia, en su presentación como fórmula para lactantes viene en diferentes presentaciones comerciales. Monogen se encuentra disponible en Perú, de acuerdo a los especialistas que se encuentran en la redacción del presente dictamen. METODOLOGÍA: Estrategia de Búsqueda: Se realizó una estrategia de búsqueda sistemática de la evidencia cientifica con respecto a la eficacia y seguridad de la fórmula con bajo contenido de grasa y alto contenido de trigliceridos de cadena media, para pacientes con defecto de la beta oxidación de acidos grasos de cadena larga. Para la búsqueda primaria se busó la información disponbiela a través de los metabuscadores: Translating Research into Practice (TRIPDATABASE), National Library of Medicine (Pubmed-Medline), The National Guideline Clearinghouse (NGC), y Health Systems Evidence (HSE). RESULTADOS: Tras la búsqueda bibliográfica se encontraron documentos que evaluaron la eficacia y seguridad de la fórmula con bajo contenido de grasa y alto contenido de triglicéridos de cadena media para pacientes con defecto de la beta oxidación de ácidos grasos de cadena larga. CONCLUSIONES: El presente documento evaluó la evidencia cientifica publicada hasta Julio del 2016 para el uso de la fórmula con bajo contenido de grasa y alto contenido de trigliceridos de cadena media para pacientes con defecto de la beta oxidación de ácidos grasos de cadena larga. Los trastornos de la oxidación de ácidos grasos (FAO), constituyen un grupo de enfermedades potencialmente fatales, con más de 20 trastornos deiferentes identificados que representan un grupo de alteraciones heterogéneas que requieren tratamientos específicos. LCHADD, se encuentra reconocida como una de las enfermedades por alteración de la FAO más severas. Las actuales recomendaciones y consenso de expertos recomiendan en lactantes y en pacientes que tienen defectos e la deglución, una fórmula infantil espeical que contiene triglicéridos de cadena media (MCT) y ácidos grasos esenciales, ya que los efectos tóxicos de la acumulación de hidroxi acilcarnitina tienen consecuencias sobre el estado clínico del paciente. El Instituto de Evaluación de Tenologías en Salud e Investigación (IETSI) aprueba el uso de la fórmula con bajo contenido de grasa y alto contenido de trigliceridos de cadena media para pacientes con defecto de la beta oxidación de ácidos grasos de cadena larga bajo.

Safety and Health Benefits of Novel Dietary Supplements Consisting Multiple Phytochemicals, Vitamins, Minerals and Essential Fatty Acids in High Fat Diet Fed Rats.

The objective was to determine safety and efficacy of health supplements "Beyond Tangy Tangerine," a multivitamin/mineral complex and combination of multivitamin/mineral complex, "Osteofx," a bone healthy supplement and "Ultimate Essential Fatty Acids" in Sprague Dawley rats consuming high-fat diets. Initially a pilot study was conducted which confirmed palatability and acceptability of supplements. In a second study, rats (n = 15/group) were randomized to Control; Multivitamin/mineral complex (2 g/kg BW) or Combination (2 g Multivitamin/mineral complex, 1.5 g Bone healthy supplement and 0.34 g Essential fatty acids/kg BW). No differences were observed in BW change, feed intake, organ weights or bone mineral composition with supplementations compared to control. Multivitamin/mineral complex supplementation decreased abdominal white adipose tissue weights (WAT) (p = .005), total (p = .033) and fat mass (p = .040), plasma IL-6 (p = .016) and ALKP (p = .038) and elevated plasma calcium (p < .001), phosphorus (p = .038), total protein (p = .002), albumin (p = .014) and globulin (p = .018), compared to control. Similarly, combination supplementation reduced WAT (p < .001), total (p = .023) and fat mass (p = .045), plasma triglycerides (p = .018), IL-6 (p = .002) and ALKP (p < .001) with increases in plasma calcium (p = .031), phosphorus (p < .001) compared to control. Results indicate that consuming either supplement can be considered safe and improves overall health by reducing inflammation, abdominal fat mass and plasma triglycerides, as well as promote bone health.

The effects of different lipid emulsions on the lipid profile, fatty acid composition, and antioxidant capacity of preterm infants: A double-blind, randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Olive oil (OO), medium-chain triglycerides (MCT)/long-chain triglycerides (LCT) mixture and soybean oil (SO) lipid emulsions are currently used for preterm infants in China. The aim of our study was to compare the lipid profile, fatty acid composition, and antioxidant capacity of preterm infants administered OO, MCT/LCT, or SO lipid emulsions. METHODS: In this study, 156 preterm infants (birth weight < 2000 g and gestational age < 37 weeks) received parenteral nutrition (PN) containing OO, MCT/LCT, or SO lipid emulsions for a minimum of 14 d. On days 0, 7, and 14, the lipid profile, fatty acid composition and antioxidant capacity were analyzed. RESULTS: On day 7, HDL levels in the MCT/LCT group were significantly lower than in the OO (1.06 ± 0.40 mmol/L) or SO groups. LDL levels were higher in the OO group than in the MCT/LCT or SO groups on day 7. A-I/B was higher in MCT/LCT than in OO or SO groups. Myristic acid (C14:0) levels on days 7 and 14 increased in MCT/LCT compared to the OO and SO groups. The OO group had higher oleic acid (C18:1n9) levels than the two other groups. Linoleic acid (C18:2n6), linolenic acid (C18:3n3), and eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n3) were significantly lower in the OO group than in MCT/LCT or SO groups. Monounsaturated fatty acid levels decreased, and ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid and essential fatty acids levels increased in MCT/LCT and SO groups. No significant differences were obtained in SOD, MDA, GSH-Px, and T-AOC among the groups. CONCLUSION: The three lipid emulsions were safe and well tolerated in preterm infants. Oleic acid (C18:1n9) levels increased and LA (C18:2n6), ALA (C18:3n3), and EPA (C20:5n23) levels decreased in OO compared to MCT/LCT or SO. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT01683162, https://register.clinicaltrials.gov/.

The Adjuvant Nutritional Intervention in Cancer (ANICA) Trial.

Adjuvant Nutritional Intervention in Cancer (ANICA) was a clinical study carried out in Denmark in the 1990s with 32 typical patients with breast cancer, aged 32-81 yr and classified high risk because of tumor spread to the lymph nodes. The patients received standard therapy for their breast cancer, but got from the start additionally an adjuvant therapy in form of a cocktail consisting of vitamin C (2,850 mg/day), vitamin E (2,500 IU/day), beta-carotene (32.5 IU/day), selenium (Se; 387 micrograms/day), various other vitamins and essential trace elements, essential fatty acids (1.2 g gamma-linolenic acid/day and 3.5 g omega-3 PUFAs/day), and coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10, 90 mg/day). The protocol was later changed, with reduction of the Se intake and more coenzyme Q10 than when the study was started. The average survival of high-risk breast patients in the study was 50% after 5 yr, whereas for low-risk breast cancer patients (without metastases in the axilla when treatment was started), the average survival was 90% after ten years. The main investigator died, and the final report from the ANICA study was therefore never written. However, the published preliminary results from the trial were very promising; it seems, therefore, important to follow-up this study.

A metabolomic approach to dry eye disorders. The role of oral supplements with antioxidants and omega 3 fatty acids.

PURPOSE: We used nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of hydrogen-1 nuclei ((1)H NMR S) to analyze the metabolic profile of reflex tears from patients with dry eye disorders. METHODS: We performed a prospective case-control study involving 90 participants: 55 patients diagnosed with dry eye syndrome (DESG) and 35 healthy subjects (control group, CG). From the DESG, two subgroups were formed: mild DES (n=22) and moderate DES (n=33). Participants were prescribed an oral nutraceutic supplementation containing antioxidants and essential polyunsaturated fatty acids to be taken as three capsules per day for 3 months. Reflex tears (20-30 µl) were collected from the tear meniscus of both eyes of each subject with a microglass pipette. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra were acquired with a standard one-dimensional pulse sequence with water suppression; 256 free induction decays were collected into 64,000 data points with 14 ppm spectral width. RESULTS: Basal tears showed a differential metabolomic profile between groups. Almost 50 metabolites were identified by H cholesterol, N-acetylglucosamine, glutamate, amino-n-butyrate, choline, glucose, and formate were detected before supplementation and choline/acetylcholine after supplementation. The metabolic profile of the tears was statistically different between groups, as well as before and after supplementation. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that DES induces changes in the tear metabolic profile that can be modified with appropriate oral supplementation with antioxidants and essential polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Comparison of essential fatty acid intakes and serum levels of inflammatory factors between asthmatic and healthy adults: a case- control study.

Dietary fatty acids play a critical role in modulation of airway inflammation in asthma. This study was conducted to compare dietary intakes of essential fatty acids and serum levels of inflammatory factors in asthmatic and healthy adults, and to examine the potential relationship between inflammatory markers and dietary fatty acids. In this case-control study, 47 asthmatic patients (26 males and 21 females) were compared with 47 controls (24 males and 23 females). Blood samples were taken from case and control groups and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), leptin and adiponectin were determined. Dietary intakes were assessed by semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Dietary intakes of omega-3 fatty acids were significantly lower in asthmatic patients compared to controls (p<0.05). Serum concentrations of TNF-α, hs-CRP and leptin were significantly higher in asthmatic patients. There was a significant negative relationship between adiponectin levels and saturated fatty acid intakes in both groups, but the relationship between adiponectin and mono-unsaturated fatty acid intakes was positive and significant only in asthmatic group. No significant correlation between other inflammatory factors and dietary intakes was found in this study. Higher intake of omega-3 and lower levels of inflammatory factors in the healthy control group compared to asthmatic group may explain the protective role of essential fatty acids in asthma. Further studies with larger sample size are needed in this regard.

Peculiarities of one-carbon metabolism in the strict carnivorous cat and the role in feline hepatic lipidosis.

Research in various species has indicated that diets deficient in labile methyl groups (methionine, choline, betaine, folate) produce fatty liver and links to steatosis and metabolic syndrome, but also provides evidence of the importance of labile methyl group balance to maintain normal liver function. Cats, being obligate carnivores, rely on nutrients in animal tissues and have, due to evolutionary pressure, developed several physiological and metabolic adaptations, including a number of peculiarities in protein and fat metabolism. This has led to specific and unique nutritional requirements. Adult cats require more dietary protein than omnivorous species, maintain a consistently high rate of protein oxidation and gluconeogenesis and are unable to adapt to reduced protein intake. Furthermore, cats have a higher requirement for essential amino acids and essential fatty acids. Hastened use coupled with an inability to conserve certain amino acids, including methionine, cysteine, taurine and arginine, necessitates a higher dietary intake for cats compared to most other species. Cats also seemingly require higher amounts of several B-vitamins compared to other species and are predisposed to depletion during prolonged inappetance. This carnivorous uniqueness makes cats more susceptible to hepatic lipidosis.

[Proposed profile of omega 3 fatty acids in enteral nutrition]. / Propuesta de perfil de ácidos grasos omega 3 en nutrición enteral.

We review the international recommendations on oral intake of n-3 fatty acids and their content in the enteral nutrition formulas. Their metabolic actions depend on their metabolization to EPA and DHA. The activity of desaturases catalyzing this process increases with exercise, insulin, estrogens in the fertile women, and peroxisomal proliferators, whereas it decreases with fasting, protein and oligoelements deficiencies, age < 30 years, sedentary lifestyle, cigarette smoking, alcohol, cholesterol, trans and saturated fatty acids, insulin deficiency, and stress hormones (adrenalin and glucocorticoids). Most of the guidelines recommend that 20-35% of the total energy comes from fat, being 7-10% saturated fats, 6-10% polyunsaturated, and 20% monounsaturated, in Spain. The recommendation for n-3 FA is 0.5-2 g/day or 0.5-2% of total caloric intake, with an upper limit of 3 g/day. For n-6 FA, 2.5-10% of total caloric intake, the n-6/n-3 ratio not being well established although most of the guidelines recommend 5:1. The EPA and DHA content should be at least 500 mg per day. Finally, the EPA/DHA ratio is 2:1 in most of them. Standard nutrition formulas present an appropriate fat content, although most of the products containing EPA and DHA exceed the limit of 3 g/day. Among the products with hyperprotein and/or concentrated, only of them contains EPA y DHA. Not all the formulas used for the frail elderly contain EPA or DHA, and in those containing them their concentration may be excessive and with a proportion very dissimilar to that of fish oil.

Vitamins, minerals, essential fatty acids and colorectal cancer risk in the United Kingdom Dietary Cohort Consortium.

The risk for colorectal cancer may be influenced by the dietary intake of various vitamins, minerals and essential fatty acids. We conducted a pooled analysis of dietary data collected using food diaries in seven prospective studies in the United Kingdom Dietary Cohort Consortium. Five hundred sixty-five cases of colorectal cancer were matched with 1,951 controls on study centre, age, sex and recruitment date. Dietary intakes of retinol, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, vitamin D, calcium, iron, magnesium, potassium, n - 6 fatty acids, n - 3 fatty acids and the ratio of n - 6 to n - 3 fatty acids were estimated and their associations with colorectal cancer examined using conditional logistic regression models, adjusting for exact age, height, weight, energy intake, alcohol intake, fiber intake, smoking, education, social class and physical activity. There were no statistically significant associations between colorectal cancer risk and dietary intake of any of the vitamins, minerals or essential fatty acids examined.

Metabolic and endocrine effects of long-chain versus essential omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in polycystic ovary syndrome.

The objective of the study was to compare the effects of essential vs long-chain omega (n)-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in polycystic ovary syndrome. In this 6-week, prospective, double-blinded, placebo (soybean oil)-controlled study, 51 completers received 3.5 g n-3 PUFA per day (essential PUFA from flaxseed oil or long-chain PUFA from fish oil). Anthropometric variables, cardiovascular risk factors, and androgens were measured; oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and frequently sampled intravenous GTT (IVGTT) were conducted at baseline and 6 weeks. Between-group comparisons showed significant differences in serum triglyceride response (P = .0368), whereas the changes in disposition index also tended to differ (P = .0621). When within-group changes (after vs before intervention) were considered, fish oil and flaxseed oil lowered serum triglyceride (P = .0154 and P = .0176, respectively). Fish oil increased glucose at 120 minutes of OGTT (P = .0355), decreased the Matsuda index (P = .0378), and tended to decrease acute insulin response during IVGTT (P = .0871). Soybean oil increased glucose at 30 (P = .0030) and 60 minutes (P = .0121) and AUC for glucose (P = .0122) during OGTT, tended to decrease acute insulin response during IVGTT (P = .0848), reduced testosterone (P = .0216), and tended to reduce sex hormone-binding globulin (P = .0858). Fasting glucose, insulin, adiponectin, leptin, or high-sensitivity C-reactive protein did not change with any intervention. Long-chain vs essential n-3 PUFA-rich oils have distinct metabolic and endocrine effects in polycystic ovary syndrome; and therefore, they should not be used interchangeably.