RESUMO
Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) affects physical and mental health with limited therapeutic options. Novel materials and delivery methods have considerable potential to improve the current paradigm of treatment. In this study, we used a novel plant nanoparticle of safflower oil body (SOB) loaded with human fibroblast growth factor 10 (hFGF10) to target hair follicles and accelerate hair regeneration in AGA mice with few adverse effects. Our data revealed that the average particle size of SOB-hFGF10 was 226.73 ± 9.98 nm, with a spherical and uniform structure, and that SOB-hFGF10 was quicker to preferentially penetrate into hair follicles than hFGF2 alone. Using a mouse model of AGA, SOB-hFGF10 was found to significantly improve hair regeneration without any significant toxicity. Furthermore, SOB-hFGF10 inhibited dihydrotestosterone (DHT)-induced TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6 overproduction in macrophages in relation to hair follicle microinflammation, thereby enhancing the proliferation of dermal papilla cells. Overall, this study provides an applicable therapeutic method through targeting hair follicles and reducing microinflammation to accelerate hair regeneration in AGA.
Assuntos
Alopecia/tratamento farmacológico , Fator 10 de Crescimento de Fibroblastos , Nanopartículas , Óleo de Cártamo , Carthamus tinctorius/química , Sistemas de Liberação de Medicamentos , Fator 10 de Crescimento de Fibroblastos/administração & dosagem , Fator 10 de Crescimento de Fibroblastos/uso terapêutico , Cabelo/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Folículo Piloso/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Regeneração , Óleo de Cártamo/químicaRESUMO
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Diabetes mellitus (DM), as a multiorgan syndrome, is an endocrine and metabolic disorder that is associated with male reproductive system dysfunction and infertility. Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) as an herbal remedy improves DM and infertility-related disorders. The anti-hypercholesterolemic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative properties of this herb have been well documented, but its role in testosterone production, male reproductive system and zinc homeostasis has not been fully illustrated. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study aimed to investigate the preventive and therapeutic properties of different doses of safflower seed oil against reproductive damage caused by type II DM by investigating zinc element homeostasis, inflammation and oxidative damage in testis tissue and their relationship with testosterone production and sperm parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into eight groups and treated daily for 12 and 24 weeks in protective and therapeutic studies, respectively. Type II DM was induced by a High Fat Diet (HFD) in normoglycemic rats for three months. At the end of each study, serum level of glucose, testosterone, gonadotropins, TNF-α, insulin, and leptin were measured. Moreover, antioxidant enzymes activity, lipid peroxidation, zinc and testosterone along with the expression of Nrf-2, NF-κB, TNF-α, StAR, P450scc, and 17ßHSD3 genes in the testis were detected. RESULTS: After the intervention, the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the level of testosterone and gonadotropins significantly decreased in the rats with DM in comparison to the others. However, lipid peroxidation and serum level of insulin, leptin and TNF-α increased and the testicular level of zinc significantly changed in the rats with DM compared to the control groups (p < 0.05). The gene expression of NF-κB and TNF-α were also significantly increased and the gene expression of Nrf2, StAR, P450scc and 17ßHSD3 were decreased in the testis of diabetic rats (p < 0.05). The results showed that pretreatment and treatment with safflower seed oil could improve these parameters in diabetic rats compared with untreated diabetic rats (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: HFD could impair the production of testosterone and sperm, and reduce gonadotropin by increasing the serum level of leptin and inducing insulin resistance, oxidative stress and inflammation. However, safflower oil in a dose-dependent manner could improve testosterone level and sperm parameters by improving the level of leptin, zinc and insulin resistance, and the genes expression involved in testosterone synthesis, inflammation and oxidative stress.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/tratamento farmacológico , Inflamação/genética , Lipogênese/genética , Estresse Oxidativo/genética , Óleo de Cártamo/farmacologia , Espermatogênese/genética , Animais , Antioxidantes/análise , Antioxidantes/uso terapêutico , Glicemia/efeitos dos fármacos , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/induzido quimicamente , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/complicações , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Dieta Hiperlipídica/efeitos adversos , Ingestão de Alimentos/efeitos dos fármacos , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Gonadotropinas/sangue , Inflamação/metabolismo , Insulina/sangue , Leptina/sangue , Peroxidação de Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Lipogênese/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Óleo de Cártamo/química , Óleo de Cártamo/uso terapêutico , Sementes/química , Espermatogênese/efeitos dos fármacos , Espermatozoides/efeitos dos fármacos , Esteroides/metabolismo , Testículo/efeitos dos fármacos , Testículo/metabolismo , Testículo/patologia , Testosterona/metabolismo , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Zinco/sangueRESUMO
Edible, water-soluble, heat-sealable, and antioxidant films were developed from hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) or soy protein isolate (SPI) and applied as safflower oil packaging. A 0.1 or 0.2% DL-α-tocopherol acetate (VE) and 0 or 0.25% oleic acid were added into film formulations to provide antioxidant and hydrophobic properties, respectively, using a 23 factorial design. Films were analyzed for appearance, microstructure, water and oil sensitivity, mechanical properties, and antioxidant functionality. Subsequently, a completely randomized design was implemented for incorporating 2, 4, or 6% cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs, w/w dry weight polymer) for improving film mechanical and barrier properties. HPMC-based films achieved full dissolution in water at <55 °C under 5 min, while SPI-based films disintegrated in water up to 90 °C. Oleic acid significantly increased (P < 0.05) heat sealability of SPI film from 78 to 143 N/m and elongation at break from 36% to 88%, but decreased tensile strength and heat sealability of HPMC films by 55% and 41%, respectively. As safflower oil packaging, after 60 days of storage at 35 °C, oil contained in SPI-based pouch had the lowest peroxide values, 8.1 ± 0.9 mEq/kg. Based on barrier, mechanical, and antioxidant capacity evaluations, HPMC film with 0.1% VE and SPI film with 0.25% oleic acid and 0.1% VE were incorporated with CNC. SPI/CNC films did not show observable trends, but HPMC/2% CNC film exhibited significantly improved mechanical and barrier properties, with oxygen permeability of 5.0 mL mm/m2 day kPa. The developed films are a promising packaging alternative to decrease plastic waste, extend shelf life of lipid-based foods, and increase consumer convenience. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Individually packaged, single-use pouches of sauce or oil are common for seasoning instant and frozen foods, creating unnecessary plastic waste. Edible, water-soluble packaging with antioxidant functionality would reduce plastic waste, extend shelf life by preventing oxidation, and increase consumer convenience. The biopolymeric films and pouches developed in this study have unique properties from water solubility across a wide range of temperatures, resistance to oil, high oxygen barrier, and good heat sealability, providing a variety of potential applications for promoting sustainable food packaging.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/química , Embalagem de Alimentos , Derivados da Hipromelose/química , Óleo de Cártamo/química , Proteínas de Soja/química , Celulose/química , Nanopartículas/química , Oxirredução , Permeabilidade , Distribuição Aleatória , Solubilidade , Resistência à Tração , Água/químicaRESUMO
Dietary supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) n-3 can affect cutaneous wound healing; however, recent findings demonstrate the variable extent of their influence on the quality of healing. Here, we compare the effect of several dietary oils, containing different levels of PUFA n-3 and PUFA n-6, on wound healing in the rat model. Rats were fed the feed mixture with 8% palm oil (P), safflower oil (S), fish oil (F) or Schizochytrium microalga extract (Sch) and compared to the animals fed by control feed mixture (C). Dorsal full-thickness cutaneous excisions were performed after 52 days of feeding and skin was left to heal for an additional 12 days. Histopathological analysis of skin wounds was performed, including immune cells immunolabeling and the determination of hydroxyproline amount as well as gene expression analyses of molecules contributing to different steps of the healing. Matrix-assisted-laser-desorption-ionization mass-spectrometry-imaging (MALDI-MSI) was used to determine the amount of collagen α-1(III) chain fragment in healing samples. Treatment by Schizochytrium extract resulted in decrease in the total wound area, in contrast to the safflower oil group where the size of the wound was larger when comparing to control animals. Diet with Schizochytrium extract and safflower oils displayed a tendency to increase the number of new vessels. The number of MPO-positive cells was diminished following any of oil treatment in comparison to the control, but their highest amount was found in animals with a fish oil diet. On the other hand, the number of CD68-positive macrophages was increased, with the most significant enhancement in the fish oil and safflower oil group. Hydroxyproline concentration was the highest in the safflower oil group but it was also enhanced in all other analyzed treatments in comparison to the control. MALDI-MSI signal intensity of a collagen III fragment decreased in the sequence C > S > Sch > P > F treatment. In conclusion, we observed differences in tissue response during healing between dietary oils, with the activation of inflammation observed following the treatment with oil containing high eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) level (fish oil) and enhanced healing features were induced by the diet with high content of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, Schizochytrium extract).
Assuntos
Gorduras Insaturadas na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/análise , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-6/análise , Pele/lesões , Cicatrização/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Antígenos CD8/metabolismo , Colágeno Tipo III/metabolismo , Gorduras Insaturadas na Dieta/farmacologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Óleos de Peixe/administração & dosagem , Óleos de Peixe/química , Óleos de Peixe/farmacologia , Indóis/química , Macrófagos/imunologia , Masculino , Óleo de Palmeira/administração & dosagem , Óleo de Palmeira/química , Óleo de Palmeira/farmacologia , Ratos , Óleo de Cártamo/administração & dosagem , Óleo de Cártamo/química , Óleo de Cártamo/farmacologia , Pele/efeitos dos fármacos , Pele/metabolismo , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização e Dessorção a Laser Assistida por MatrizRESUMO
This study aimed to develop a bioprocess using plant oil as the carbon source for lipid-assimilating yeast to produce high-value astaxanthin. Using high-oleic safflower oil as a model, efficient cell growth and astaxanthin production by the engineered Yarrowia lipolytica strain ST7403 was demonstrated, and a considerable portion of astaxanthin was found excreted into the spent oil. Astaxanthin was the predominant carotenoid in the extracellular oil phase that allowed facile in situ recovery of astaxanthin without cell lysis. Autoclaving the safflower oil medium elevated the peroxide level but it declined quickly during fermentation (reduced by 84% by day 3) and did not inhibit cell growth or astaxanthin production. In a 1.5-L fed-batch bioreactor culture with a YnB-based medium containing 20% safflower oil, and with the feeding of casamino acids, astaxanthin production reached 54 mg/L (53% excreted) in 28 days. Further improvement in astaxanthin titer and productivity was achieved by restoring leucine biosynthesis in the host, and running fed-batch fermentation using a high carbon-to-nitrogen ratio yeast extract/peptone medium containing 70% safflower oil, with feeding of additional yeast extract/peptone, to attain 167 mg/L astaxanthin (48% excreted) in 9.5 days of culture. These findings facilitate industrial microbial biorefinery development that utilizes renewable lipids as feedstocks to not only produce high-value products but also effectively extract and recover the products, including non-native ones.Key Points⢠Yarrowia lipolytica can use plant oil as a C-source for astaxanthin production.⢠Astaxanthin is excreted and accumulated in the extracellular oil phase.⢠Astaxanthin is the predominant carotenoid in the extracellular oil phase.⢠Plant oil serves as a biocompatible solvent for in situ astaxanthin extraction. Graphical abstract.
Assuntos
Carbono/metabolismo , Óleo de Cártamo/química , Yarrowia/metabolismo , Técnicas de Cultura Celular por Lotes/métodos , Biomassa , Reatores Biológicos/microbiologia , Meios de Cultura/química , Fermentação , Nitrogênio/química , Xantofilas/metabolismo , Yarrowia/genéticaRESUMO
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different extraction solvents (petroleum benzene, hexane, diethyl ether and acetone) and extraction methods (hot and cold) on oil yield of safflower seeds and its fatty acid compositions. Oil contents of safflower seeds extracted by hot extraction system were changed between 37.40% (acetone) and 39.53% (petroleum benzene), while that of cold extraction was varied between 39.96% (petroleum benzene) and 39.40% (diethyl ether). Regarding the extraction solvents, the highest oil yield (39.53%) was obtained with petroleum benzene, while the minimum value (37.40%) was found with acetone under hot extraction condition. The main fatty acids observed in all extracted oil samples were linoleic, oleic and palmitic acids. Oleic acid contents of safflower oils extracted by hot extraction system was ranged between 41.20% (acetone) and 42.54% (hexane), its content in oils obtained by cold extraction method was varied between 40.58% (acetone) and 42.10% (hexane and diethyl ether). Linoleic content of safflower oil extracted by hot extraction system was found between 48.23% (acetone) and 49.62% (hexane), while that oil extracted by cold method range from 48.07 (hexane) to 49.09% (acetone). The fatty acid composition of safflower seeds oil showed significant (p < 0.05) differences depending on solvent type and extraction method. The results of this study provide relevant information that can be used to improve organic solvent extraction processes of vegetable oil.
Assuntos
Carthamus tinctorius/química , Extração Líquido-Líquido/métodos , Óleo de Cártamo/isolamento & purificação , Sementes/química , Solventes , Acetona , Benzeno , Temperatura Baixa , Éter , Temperatura Alta , Ácido Linoleico/análise , Ácido Linoleico/isolamento & purificação , Organofosfatos , Ácidos Palmíticos/análise , Ácidos Palmíticos/isolamento & purificação , Petróleo , Óleo de Cártamo/químicaRESUMO
The crystal network development, elastic properties scaling behavior, and mechanical reversibility of candelilla wax (CW) oleogels with and without emulsifiers were studied. Saturated monoglycerides (MG) and polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR) were added at 1 or 2 times the critical micelle concentration. Although the micelles of both emulsifiers act as nucleation sites for the mixture of aliphatic acids and alcohols of CW, they did not affect the oleogel's thermodynamic stability. It was established that the crystal network of CW consists of at least two types of crystals, one rich in n-hentriacontane and other rich in aliphatic acids. Both crystals species contributed significantly to the oleogel elasticity. The elastic properties scaling behavior of CW oleogels fitted the fractal model within the weak-link regime. The setting temperature and added emulsifier modified the crystal network fractal dimension. During shearing, oleogels had massive breaking of junction zones, causing the loss of fractality in the crystal network, which in turn decreased the system's elasticity.
Assuntos
Emulsificantes/química , Varredura Diferencial de Calorimetria , Elasticidade , Ácidos Graxos/análise , Glicerol/análogos & derivados , Glicerol/química , Monoglicerídeos/química , Ácido Oleico/análise , Compostos Orgânicos/química , Reologia , Ácidos Ricinoleicos/química , Óleo de Cártamo/química , Ceras/química , Difração de Raios XRESUMO
Docetaxel has demonstrated extraordinary anticancer effects on lung cancer. However, lack of optimal bioavailability due to poor solubility and high toxicity at its therapeutic dose has hampered the clinical use of this anticancer drug. Development of nanoemulsion formulation along with biocompatible excipients aimed for pulmonary delivery is a potential strategy to deliver this poorly aqueous soluble drug with improved bioavailability and biocompatibility. In this work, screening and selection of pharmaceutically acceptable excipients at their minimal optimal concentration have been conducted. The selected nanoemulsion formulations were prepared using high-energy emulsification technique and subjected to physicochemical and aerodynamic characterizations. The formulated nanoemulsion had mean particle size and ζ-potential in the range of 90 to 110 nm and - 30 to - 40 mV respectively, indicating high colloidal stability. The pH, osmolality, and viscosity of the systems met the ideal requirement for pulmonary application. The DNE4 formulation exhibited slow drug release and excellent stability even under the influence of extreme environmental conditions. This was further confirmed by transmission electron microscopy as uniform spherical droplets in nanometer range were observed after storage at 45 ± 1 °C for 3 months indicating high thermal stability. The nebulized DNE4 exhibited desirable aerosolization properties for pulmonary delivery application and found to be more selective on human lung carcinoma cell (A549) than normal cell (MRC-5). Hence, these characteristics make the formulation a great candidate for the potential use as a carrier system for docetaxel in targeting lung cancer via pulmonary delivery.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos , Docetaxel , Portadores de Fármacos , Excipientes , Nanopartículas , Tensoativos , Antineoplásicos/administração & dosagem , Antineoplásicos/química , Linhagem Celular , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Docetaxel/administração & dosagem , Docetaxel/química , Portadores de Fármacos/administração & dosagem , Portadores de Fármacos/química , Liberação Controlada de Fármacos , Emulsões , Ésteres , Excipientes/administração & dosagem , Excipientes/química , Hexoses/administração & dosagem , Hexoses/química , Humanos , Nanopartículas/administração & dosagem , Nanopartículas/química , Óleo de Palmeira , Óleos de Plantas/administração & dosagem , Óleos de Plantas/química , Polissorbatos/administração & dosagem , Polissorbatos/química , Óleo de Cártamo/administração & dosagem , Óleo de Cártamo/química , Tensoativos/administração & dosagem , Tensoativos/químicaRESUMO
The study was aimed at evaluating the effects of vegetable oils on emulsion stability. Palm olein (POo), olive oil (OO), safflower oil (SAF), grape seed oil (GSO), soybean oil (SBO) and sunflower oil (SFO) with different degree of saturation levels were chosen as major ingredient of oil phases. All the emulsions were stored at 4â, 27â and 40â for 35 days and subjected to all the stability tests, including temperature variation, centrifuge test, cycle test, pH and slip melting point. The results indicated that POo exhibited the highest stability, followed by SAF, OO, GSO, SFO and SBO. In addition, the results implied that the degree of saturation levels of vegetable oils does give significant effect on emulsion stability based on the centrifuge testing for an approximate 30% usage level of oil. The POo-based emulsion exhibited good emulsion stability throughout the experimental period indicated that POo could be a good carrier oil for various applications in cosmetic industry.
Assuntos
Emulsões/química , Óleos de Plantas/química , Centrifugação , Cosméticos , Extrato de Sementes de Uva/química , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Azeite de Oliva/química , Óleo de Palmeira/química , Óleo de Cártamo/química , Óleo de Soja/química , Temperatura , Temperatura de TransiçãoRESUMO
The study aimed at improving the antioxidant activity of ß-conglycinin to enhance the oxidative and physical stabilities of safflower oil-in-water emulsion stabilized by ß-conglycinin. Heating promoted binding affinity and antioxidant activity of ß-conglycinin. Catechin and chlorogenic acid showed higher binding affinities towards unheated (or heated) ß-conglycinin than caffeic acid and quercetin. The enhancement efficiencies of the phenolics on the antioxidant activity of unheated (or heated) ß-conglycinin decreased in the order of catechinâ¯>â¯quercetinâ¯>â¯chlorogenic acidâ¯>â¯caffeic acid. Hydrophobic force and hydrogen bonding were the important binding forces for the selected phenolics to ß-conglycinin. The complexation with catechin has no side effect on interfacial behavior and emulsifying property of ß-conglycinin. The use of heated ß-conglycinin-catechin complex as an emulsifier for preparing safflower oil emulsion effectively improved the oxidative and physical stabilities of the emulsion treated with lipoxygenase through inhibition of lipid oxidation, protein carbonyl formation and sulfhydryl loss.
Assuntos
Antígenos de Plantas/química , Antioxidantes/química , Catequina/química , Emulsões/química , Globulinas/química , Proteínas de Armazenamento de Sementes/química , Proteínas de Soja/química , Antígenos de Plantas/metabolismo , Catequina/metabolismo , Globulinas/metabolismo , Peroxidação de Lipídeos , Lipoxigenases/metabolismo , Oxirredução , Ligação Proteica , Carbonilação Proteica , Óleo de Cártamo/química , Proteínas de Armazenamento de Sementes/metabolismo , Proteínas de Soja/metabolismo , Espectrometria de Fluorescência , Compostos de Sulfidrila/química , Água/químicaRESUMO
Previous studies demonstrate humans can detect fatty acids via specialized sensors on the tongue, such as the CD36 receptor. Genetic variation at the common single nucleotide polymorphism rs1761667 of CD36 has been shown to differentially impact the perception of fatty acids, but comparative data among different ethnic groups are lacking. In a small cohort of Caucasian and East Asian young adults, we investigated if: (1) participants could detect oleic acid (C18:1) added to safflower oil emulsions at a constant ratio of 3% (w/v); (2) supplementation of oleic acid to safflower oil emulsions enhanced perception of fattiness and creaminess; and (3) variation at rs1761667 influenced oleic acid detection and fat taste perception. In a 3-alternate forced choice test, 62% of participants detected 2.9 ± 0.7 mM oleic acid (or 0.08% w/v) in a 2.8% safflower oil emulsion. Supplementation of oleic acid did not enhance fattiness and creaminess perception for the cohort as a whole, though East Asians carrying the GG genotype perceived more overall fattiness and creaminess than their AA genotype counterparts (P < 0.001). No differences were observed for the Caucasians. These preliminary findings indicate that free oleic acid can be detected in an oil-in-water emulsion at concentrations found in commercial oils, but it does not increase fattiness or creaminess perception. Additionally, variation at rs1761667 may have ethnic-specific effects on fat taste perception.
Assuntos
Antígenos CD36/genética , Etnicidade , Ácido Oleico/administração & dosagem , Óleo de Cártamo/administração & dosagem , Percepção Gustatória/genética , Adulto , Composição Corporal , Índice de Massa Corporal , Emulsões , Feminino , Aditivos Alimentares/administração & dosagem , Aditivos Alimentares/análise , Frequência do Gene , Humanos , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos , Masculino , Ácido Oleico/análise , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Óleo de Cártamo/química , Paladar , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Vegetable oils extracted from oilseeds are an important component of foods, but are also used in a range of high value oleochemical applications. Despite being biodegradable, nontoxic and renewable current plant oils suffer from the presence of residual polyunsaturated fatty acids that are prone to free radical formation that limit their oxidative stability, and consequently shelf life and functionality. Many decades of plant breeding have been successful in raising the oleic content to ~90%, but have come at the expense of overall field performance, including poor yields. Here, we engineer superhigh oleic (SHO) safflower producing a seed oil with 93% oleic generated from seed produced in multisite field trials spanning five generations. SHO safflower oil is the result of seed-specific hairpin-based RNA interference of two safflower lipid biosynthetic genes, FAD2.2 and FATB, producing seed oil containing less than 1.5% polyunsaturates and only 4% saturates but with no impact on lipid profiles of leaves and roots. Transgenic SHO events were compared to non-GM safflower in multisite trial plots with a wide range of growing season conditions, which showed no evidence of impact on seed yield. The oxidative stability of the field-grown SHO oil produced from various sites was 50 h at 110°C compared to 13 h for conventional ~80% oleic safflower oils. SHO safflower produces a uniquely stable vegetable oil across different field conditions that can provide the scale of production that is required for meeting the global demands for high stability oils in food and the oleochemical industry.
Assuntos
Carthamus tinctorius/metabolismo , Ácidos Oleicos/metabolismo , Interferência de RNA , Óleo de Cártamo/química , Sementes/metabolismo , Carthamus tinctorius/genética , OxirreduçãoRESUMO
Marine-derived n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have been shown to inhibit mammary carcinogenesis. However, evidence regarding plant-based α-linolenic acid (ALA), the major n-3 PUFA in the Western diet, remains equivocal. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of lifelong exposure to plant- or marine-derived n-3 PUFAs on pubertal mammary gland and tumor development in MMTV-neu(ndl)-YD5 mice. It is hypothesized that lifelong exposure to n-3 PUFA reduces terminal end buds during puberty leading to delayed tumor onset, volume and multiplicity. It is further hypothesized that plant-derived n-3 PUFAs will exert dose-dependent effects. Harems of MMTV-FVB males were bred with wild-type females and fed either a (1) 10% safflower (10% SF, n-6 PUFA, control), (2) 10% flaxseed (10% FS), (3) 7% safflower plus 3% flaxseed (3% FS) or (4) 7% safflower plus 3% menhaden (3% FO) diet. Female offspring were maintained on parental diets. Compared to SF, 10% FS and 3% FO reduced (P<.05) terminal end buds at 6 weeks and tumor volume and multiplicity at 20 weeks. A dose-dependent reduction of tumor volume and multiplicity was observed in mice fed 3% and 10% FS. Antitumorigenic effects were associated with altered HER2, pHER-2, pAkt and Ki-67 protein expression. Compared to 10% SF, 3% FO significantly down-regulated expression of genes involved in eicosanoid synthesis and inflammation. From this, it can be estimated that ALA was 1/8 as potent as EPA+DHA. Thus, marine-derived n-3 PUFAs have greater potency versus plant-based n-3 PUFAs.
Assuntos
Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/farmacologia , Óleos de Peixe/farmacologia , Neoplasias Mamárias Experimentais/prevenção & controle , Animais , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Ingestão de Alimentos/efeitos dos fármacos , Ácidos Graxos/análise , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/química , Feminino , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Óleo de Semente do Linho/química , Masculino , Neoplasias Mamárias Experimentais/metabolismo , Neoplasias Mamárias Experimentais/patologia , Camundongos Endogâmicos , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , Puberdade/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptor ErbB-2/metabolismo , Óleo de Cártamo/químicaRESUMO
Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) is commercially cultivated for vegetable oil extracted from the seeds. However, during the production process of seed oil, a large amount of the oil cake is thrown away or fermented as fertilizer to improve the homing rate of pigeons. Therefore, to solve the ecological problem and develop its new function, we investigated the chemical constituents of a safflower seed oil cake, and six new hybrid dimers, (±)-carthatins A-F (1-6, respectively), with a phenylpropanoid and a feruloylserotonin fused via a dihydrofuran ring, together with four known compounds, including sinapyl alcohol (7), coniferyl alcohol (8), serotobenine (9), and feruloylserotonin (10), were isolated. The extensive nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, combined with electronic circular dichroism analysis and chiral high-performance liquid chromatography, allowed the complete structural assignments of (±)-carthatins A-F. Moreover, we evaluated their anti-acetylcholinesterase activities. Racemic carthatins A and B (1 and 2, respectively) showed anti-acetylcholinesterase effects with IC50 values of 17.96 and 66.83 µM, respectively. To some extent, our findings provide a new scaffold of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, which could be beneficial for developing therapeutic molecules for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and supporting folk application of a safflower seed oil cake.
Assuntos
Carthamus tinctorius/química , Inibidores da Colinesterase/química , Óleo de Cártamo/química , Acetilcolinesterase/química , Dimerização , Estrutura Molecular , Sementes/químicaRESUMO
This work investigates the extraction process of safflower oil using pressurized ethanol, and compares the chemical composition obtained (in terms of fatty acids) with other extraction techniques. Soxhlet and Ultrasound showed maximum global yield of 36.53% and 30.41%, respectively (70°C and 240min). PLE presented maximum global yields of 25.62% (3mLmin(-1)), 19.94% (2mLmin(-1)) and 12.37% (1mLmin(-1)) at 40°C, 100bar and 60min. Palmitic acid showed the lower concentration in all experimental conditions (from 5.70% to 7.17%); Stearic and Linoleic acid presented intermediate concentrations (from 2.93% to 25.09% and 14.09% to 19.06%, respectively); Oleic acid showed higher composition (from 55.12% to 83.26%). Differences between percentages of fatty acids, depending on method were observed. Results may be applied to maximize global yields and select fatty acids, reducing the energetic costs and process time.
Assuntos
Extração Líquido-Líquido/métodos , Pressão , Óleo de Cártamo/análise , Óleo de Cártamo/química , Sementes/química , Ácidos Graxos/análise , Ácidos Graxos/química , Ácido Linoleico/análise , Ácido Linoleico/química , Ácido Palmítico/análise , Ácido Palmítico/químicaRESUMO
The growing scientific interest in exploitation of vegetable bioactives has raised a number of questions regarding their imminent presence in pharmaceutical formulations. This study intends to demonstrate that a dual combination between vegetable oil (e.g. thistle oil, safflower oil, sea buckthorn oil) and a carrot extract represents an optimal approach to formulate safe carrier systems that manifest cell regeneration effect and promising antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Inclusion of both natural actives into lipid carriers imparted a strong negative charge on the nanocarrier surface (up to -45mV) and displayed average sizes of 70nm to 140nm. The entrapment efficiency of carrot extract into nanostructured carriers ranged between 78.3 and 88.3%. The in vitro release study has demonstrated that the entrapment of the extract represents a viable way for an equilibrated release of carotenoids. Besides the excellent antioxidant properties (e.g. scavenging up to 98% of the free oxygen radicals), the results of cellular integrity (e.g. cell viability of 133%) recommend these nanocarriers based on dual carrot extract-bioactive oil as a promising trend for the treatment of certain disorders in which oxidative stress plays a prominent role. In addition, the lipid nanocarriers based on safflower oil and sea buckthorn oil demonstrated an anti-inflammatory effect on LPS induced THP-1 macrophages, by inhibiting the secretion of two pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-6 and TNF-α.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios , Antioxidantes , Daucus carota/química , Portadores de Fármacos , Hippophae/química , Nanoestruturas/química , Extratos Vegetais , Óleo de Cártamo , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios/química , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacocinética , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/farmacocinética , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Portadores de Fármacos/química , Portadores de Fármacos/farmacocinética , Portadores de Fármacos/farmacologia , Humanos , Camundongos , Tamanho da Partícula , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacocinética , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Óleo de Cártamo/química , Óleo de Cártamo/farmacocinética , Óleo de Cártamo/farmacologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a special fatty acid in dairy products with unique antioxidant and anti-cancerous effects. Kefir, a milk product, comprises normalized homogenized cow's milk, the fructose and lactulose syrup as well as a symbiotic starter which has improved probiotic characteristics. The study was aimed to discuss patents and to examine the effect of different safflower oil concentrations on CLA content of the kefir drink prepared by low-fat milk. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Safflower oil was added at 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5% (V/V) to low-fat cow's milk and six formulations of kefir samples were prepared. The CLA content of the kefir products was measured at pH=6.0 and pH=6.8 by gas chromatography. Acid and bile tolerance of bacterial microenvironment in the products were also determined. RESULTS: Substitution of natural fat content of milk with safflower oil resulted in proportional increase in the CLA contents of kefir in a dose dependent manner. The highest concentration of CLA was found under 0.5% (V/V) of safflower oil at pH 6.0 and temperature of 37 °C. Adding the Safflower oil into milk used for kefir production, increased CLA content from 0.123 (g/100 g) in pure safflower free samples to 0.322 (g/100 g) in samples with 0.5% (V/V) of safflower oil. CONCLUSION: The current study revealed that substitution of safflower oil with natural fat of cow's milk may help the production of kefir samples with remarkable increase in CLA content of final product.
Assuntos
Produtos Fermentados do Leite/química , Gorduras na Dieta/análise , Substitutos da Gordura/química , Manipulação de Alimentos , Ácidos Linoleicos Conjugados/análise , Patentes como Assunto , Óleo de Cártamo/química , Animais , Carthamus/química , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Humanos , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Leite/química , TemperaturaRESUMO
The objective of this research was to evaluate the physical properties of different types of wax/oil systems. Olive (OO), corn (CO), soybean (SBO), sunflower (SFO), safflower (SAFO), and canola (CAO) oils were mixed with sunflower oil wax (SFOW), paraffin wax (PW), and beeswax (BW) at different concentrations (1% to 10%). Results from this study show that the physical properties of wax/oil systems is affected not only by the concentration and type of wax used, but also by the type of oil used. In general, wax/oil systems formulated with SFOW generated crystalline networks with high enthalpies (1 to 22 J/g) and high G' values (2 to 6 × 10(6) Pa) compared with the values obtained for BW and PW. SFOW crystalline networks were characterized by needle-like crystals independently of the wax concentrations and type of oil used. BW crystalline networks, however, were characterized by different crystal morphologies (needle-like or spherulites) depending on the wax concentration and type of oil used. PW samples were characterized by a crystalline network formed by needle- and platelet-like crystals. Enthalpy values of BW and PW samples were similar (0.3 to 20 J/g), but BW samples resulted in significantly higher (P < 0.05) G' values in the 5% and 10% samples with values of 3.9 × 10(6) and 6.1 × 10(5) Pa for 10% BW and PW, respectively.
Assuntos
Gorduras Insaturadas na Dieta/análise , Parafina/química , Óleos de Plantas/química , Ceras/química , Brassica/química , Carthamus/química , Cristalização , Ácidos Graxos Monoinsaturados/química , Helianthus/química , Humanos , Óleo de Brassica napus , Óleo de Cártamo/química , Óleo de Soja/química , Glycine max/química , Óleo de Girassol , TermodinâmicaRESUMO
Safflower oil is a complex mixture of C18 saturated and unsaturated fatty acids amongst other fatty acids, and achieving separation between these similar structure components using one dimensional gas chromatography (GC) may be difficult. This investigation aims to obtain improved separation of fatty acid methyl esters in safflower oil, and their quantification using comprehensive two-dimensional GC (GC×GC). Here, GC×GC separation is accomplished by the coupling of two ionic liquid (IL) column phases: the combination of SLB-IL111 with IL59 column phases was finally selected since it provided excellent separation of a FAME standard mixture, as well as fatty acids in safflower and linseed oil, compared to other tested column sets. Safflower oil FAME were well separated in a short run of 16min. FAME validation was demonstrated by method reproducibility, linearity over a range up to 500mgL(-1), and limits of detection which ranged from 1.9mgL(-1) to 5.2mgL(-1) at a split ratio of 20:1. Quantification was carried out using two dilution levels of 200-fold for major components and 20-fold for trace components. The fatty acids C15:0 and C17:0 were not reported previously in safflower oil. The SLB-IL111/IL59 column set proved to be an effective and novel configuration for separation and quantification of vegetable and animal oil fatty acids.
Assuntos
Cromatografia Gasosa/instrumentação , Cromatografia Gasosa/métodos , Ácidos Graxos/isolamento & purificação , Líquidos Iônicos/química , Óleo de Cártamo/química , Carthamus tinctorius/química , Ácidos Graxos/análise , Ácidos Graxos/química , Extratos Vegetais/química , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Óleo de Cártamo/análise , Sementes/químicaRESUMO
Evidence suggests that monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats facilitate greater absorption of carotenoids than saturated fats. However, the comparison of consuming a polyunsaturated fat source versus a saturated fat source on tomato carotenoid bioaccumulation has not been examined. The goal of this study was to determine the influence of coconut oil and safflower oil on tomato carotenoid tissue accumulation in Mongolian gerbils ( Meriones unguiculatus ) fed a 20% fat diet. Coconut oil feeding increased carotenoid concentrations among many compartments including total carotenoids in the serum (p = 0.0003), adrenal glandular phytoene (p = 0.04), hepatic phytofluene (p = 0.0001), testicular all-trans-lycopene (p = 0.01), and cis-lycopene (p = 0.006) in the prostate-seminal vesicle complex compared to safflower oil. Safflower oil-fed gerbils had greater splenic lycopene concentrations (p = 0.006) compared to coconut oil-fed gerbils. Coconut oil feeding increased serum cholesterol (p = 0.0001) and decreased hepatic cholesterol (p = 0.0003) compared to safflower oil. In summary, coconut oil enhanced tissue uptake of tomato carotenoids to a greater degree than safflower oil. These results may have been due to the large proportion of medium-chain fatty acids in coconut oil, which might have caused a shift in cholesterol flux to favor extrahepatic carotenoid tissue deposition.