Effect of comprehensive nursing intervention on the formation of pressure sore in patients undergoing orthopaedic surgery in prone position.

Pressure ulcers are a common complication of prone orthopaedic surgery, causing pain and inconvenience to patients. This study aimed to evaluate a comprehensive nursing intervention for pressure ulcer formation in these patients. A total of 120 patients undergoing prone orthopaedic surgery were randomly divided into two groups. The study group (60 patients) received a comprehensive nursing intervention, whereas the control group (60 patients) received a routine nursing intervention. After 2 weeks, the comprehensive nursing intervention significantly reduced the incidence and degree of pressure sores and led to a shorter recovery time than the routine nursing intervention (p < 0.05). The incidence of postoperative wound complications was decreased, and patient satisfaction was significantly improved (p < 0.05). The Hamilton Anxiety Scale, Hamilton Depression Scale and visual analogue scale scores of the study group were significantly lower than those of the control group, and the Short Form 36 Health Survey Questionnaire scores were higher than those of the control group (p < 0.05). A comprehensive nursing intervention can significantly reduce the incidence and degree of pressure ulcers, accelerate recovery time, reduce postoperative wound complications and improve the quality of life and satisfaction of patients undergoing prone orthopaedic surgery.

Knowledge and practice of informal caregivers on pressure injury prevention and treatment among patients receiving palliative care.

BACKGROUND: Pressure injuries (PIs) are prevalent in palliative care. Lack of knowledge and skills among informal caregivers on PI prevention and management contributes significantly to the occurance or deterioration of PIs. AIM: The aims of this study were to: (1) determine the level of knowledge and practices of informal caregivers on PI prevention and treatment; (2) explore the socio-demographic characteristics of informal caregivers that influence PI prevention and treatment among patients who need palliative care. METHODS: The quantitative cross-sectional descriptive design was used to collect data from 146 informal caregivers, and a valid and reliable questionnaire was used. RESULTS: A total of 146 informal caregivers of patients with PI completed the study. Most participants had a relatively low level of PI prevention, treatment knowledge and practice. Participants who were older than 28 years, working for the government and married had significantly better knowledge and practice of PI prevention and treatment than other participants. CONCLUSION: Information for informal caregivers in different settings about PI prevention and treatment is needed. Informal caregivers need to acquire more professional practices and knowledge to improve the quality of patient care.

Assessment of pressure injury risk in intensive care using the COMHON index: An interrater reliability study.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the interrater reliability of the COMHON (level of COnciousness, Mobility, Haemodynamics, Oxygenation, Nutrition) Index pressure injury risk assessment tool. DESIGN: Interrater reliability was tested. Twenty-five intensive care patients were each assessed by five different nurse-raters from a pool of intensive care nurses who were available on the days of assessment. In total, 25 nurses participated. SETTING: Two general and one cardiovascular surgery intensive care units in Istanbul, Turkey. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Interrater reliability was analysed using intraclass correlations, and standard errors of measurement (SEM) were calculated for sum scores, risk level and item scores. Minimally detectable change (MDC) was also calculated for sum score. Consistency between paired raters was analysed using Pearson's Product Moment Correlation (r) for sum score and Spearman's rho (rs) for ordinal variables. RESULTS: All assessments were completed in ≤5 min. Interrater reliability was very high [ICC (1,1) = 0.998 (95 % CI 0.996 - 0.999)] with a SEM of 0.14 and MDC of 0.39. Consistency between paired raters was strong for sum and item scores and risk levels (coefficients >0.6). All scale items showed correlations of >.3 with the sum score. CONCLUSION: The results demonstrate near-perfect interrater reliability. Further research into the psychometric properties of the COMHON Index and its impact on preventative intervention use is warranted. IMPLICATIONS FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE: Pressure injury risk assessment within intensive care should be setting-specific due to the unique risk factors inherent to the patient population, which are not considered by general pressure injury risk assessment tools. An intensive care-specific pressure injury risk assessment tool was tested and demonstrated high reliability between intensive care nurses. Further research is needed to understand how its use in practice affects preventative intervention implementation and, in turn, how it impacts pressure injury outcomes.

Cuide, movimente, evite lesão por pressão no seu paciente: um relato de experiência / Care, move, avoid pressure injury in your patient: an experience report / Cuidar, mover, evitar lesiones por presión en su paciente: informe de una experiencia

Introdução: As lesões por pressão (LPP) correspondem a danos na pele ou em tecidos moles encobertos, geralmente em áreas de proeminências ósseas, ou associado ao uso de dispositivo médico ou outro tipo de artefato. Diante disso, a enfermeira deve desenvolver sua prática, baseada em evidências científicas e priorizar a prevenção da formação das lesões na pele. Objetivo: Relatar a experiência de estudantes de Enfermagem sobre o desenvolvimento de ações de promoção do cuidado seguro relacionado à prevenção de LPP em pacientes internados em um hospital público pediátrico na Bahia. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo de caráter descritivo, do tipo relato de experiência, realizado por seis estudantes de Enfermagem em um hospital estadual pediátrico localizado no estado da Bahia, no período de novembro 2022. Principais resultados: Percebeu-se que existem profissionais de enfermagem que possuem interesse em obter mais conhecimento sobre o assunto, porém ainda há lacunas de conhecimento por parte da equipe sobre alguns assuntos abordados, tais como a escala de Braden e a utilização do colchão caixa de ovo para todas as faixas etárias. Foi possível perceber que os passos para prevenir a lesão por pressão não são cumpridos por parte da equipe e isso pode dificultar a prevenção das lesões de forma efetiva. Conclusão: Recomenda-se, portanto, que as unidades assistenciais, juntamente com suas respectivas coordenadoras, realizem ações contínuas de educação permanente, a fim de contribuir para uma melhor qualificação profissional, promovendo, acima de tudo, a segurança do paciente.

Introduction: Pressure lesions (PPL) correspond to damage to the skin or covert soft tissue, usually in areas of bony prominence, or associated with the use of a medical device or other type of artifact. Therefore, nurses should develop their practice, based on scientific evidence and prioritize the prevention of skin lesion formation. Objective: To report the experience of nursing students on the development of actions to promote safe care related to the prevention of PPL in patients admitted to a pediatric public hospital in Bahia. Methodology: This is a descriptive study, of the type of experience report, conducted by six nursing students in a pediatric state hospital located in the state of Bahia, in the period of November 2022. Main results: It was noticed that there are nursing professionals who have an interest in obtaining more knowledge about the subject, but there are still gaps in knowledge on the part of the team on some subjects addressed, such as the Braden scale and the use of the egg box mattress for all age groups. It was possible to notice that the steps to prevent pressure injury are not met by the team and this can hinder the prevention of injuries effectively. Conclusion: It is recommended, therefore, that the care units, together with their respective coordinators, carry out continuous actions of continuing education, in order to contribute to a better professional qualification, promoting, above all, patient safety.

Introducción: Las lesiones por presión (LPP) corresponden a lesiones en la piel o tejidos blandos encubiertos, generalmente en zonas de prominencia ósea, o asociadas al uso de un dispositivo médico u otro tipo de artefacto. Por ello, el personal de enfermería debe desarrollar su práctica, basándose en la evidencia científica y priorizando la prevención de la formación de lesiones cutáneas. Objetivo: Relatar la experiencia de estudiantes de enfermería sobre el desarrollo de acciones para promover cuidados seguros relacionados a la prevención de PPL en pacientes internados en un hospital público pediátrico de Bahía. Metodología: Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, del tipo relato de experiencia, realizado por seis estudiantes de enfermería en un hospital público pediátrico localizado en el estado de Bahía, en el período de noviembre de 2022. Principales resultados: Se observó que hay profesionales de enfermería que tienen interés en obtener más conocimientos sobre el tema, pero todavía hay lagunas de conocimiento por parte del equipo en algunos temas abordados, como la escala de Braden y el uso del colchón caja de huevos para todos los grupos de edad. Se pudo notar que los pasos para prevenir lesiones por presión no son cumplidos por el equipo y esto puede dificultar la prevención de lesiones de forma efectiva. Conclusiones: Se recomienda, por lo tanto, que las unidades asistenciales, junto con sus respectivos coordinadores, realicen acciones continuas de formación continuada, con el fin de contribuir a una mejor cualificación profesional, promoviendo, sobre todo, la seguridad del paciente.

Análise do conhecimento de profissionais de enfermagem sobre prevenção de lesão por pressão: estudo transversal / Análisis del conocimiento de profesionales de enfermería sobre prevención de úlcera por presión: estudio transversal / Analysis of nursing professionals' knowledge about pressure ulcer prevention: a cross-sectional study

RESUMO Objetivos analisar e comparar o nível de conhecimento sobre prevenção de lesão por pressão entre enfermeiros e técnicos de enfermagem que atuam em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva e graduandos em enfermagem no último ano do curso. Método estudo transversal, de caráter descritivo-exploratório e de abordagem quantitativa, utilizando o Pieper's Pressure Ulcer Knowledge Test. Os dados foram analisados através do Statistical Package for Social Science, mediante estatística descritiva e inferencial (ANOVA-One Way, teste de normalidade de Shapiro-Wilk e pressuposto de homogeneidade através do teste de Levene). Resultados a amostra da pesquisa abarcou 70 participantes, sendo 22 enfermeiros, 14 técnicos de enfermagem e 34 graduandos em enfermagem. Foi visto que apenas 22,7% dos enfermeiros, 7,1% dos técnicos e 0,0% dos graduandos em enfermagem atingiram o percentual de acertos ≥ 90% recomendado pelo teste de conhecimento. Conclusão e implicações para a prática os resultados encontrados neste estudo permitiram identificar um nível insuficiente de conhecimento e uma percepção de aptidão equivocada, relacionados à prevenção de lesão por pressão, entre os participantes do estudo, com ênfase para os técnicos e para os graduandos em enfermagem. Logo, esta pesquisa aponta para a necessidade de ações educativas que visem a capacitação do público supramencionado.

RESUMEN Objetivos analizar y comparar el nivel de conocimiento sobre prevención de úlceras por presión entre enfermeros y técnicos de enfermería que actúan en Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos y estudiantes de enfermería en el último año del curso. Método estudio transversal, descriptivo-exploratorio y de abordaje cuantitativo, utilizando el Pieper's Pressure Ulcer Knowledge Test. Los datos fueron analizados mediante el Statistical Package for Social Science, utilizando estadística descriptiva e inferencial (ANOVA-One Way, prueba de normalidad de Shapiro-Wilk y suposición de homogeneidad mediante la prueba de Levene). Resultados la muestra contó con 70 participantes, siendo 22 enfermeros, 14 técnicos de enfermería y 34 estudiantes de graduación en enfermería. Se observó que sólo el 22,7% de los enfermeros, el 7,1% de los técnicos y el 0,0% de los estudiantes alcanzaron el porcentaje de aciertos ≥ 90% recomendado por la prueba de conocimiento. Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica los resultados encontrados permitieron identificar un nivel de conocimiento insuficiente y una percepción de aptitud errónea, relacionada con la prevención de úlceras por presión, entre los participantes del estudio, con énfasis en los técnicos y estudiantes de enfermería. Por lo tanto, esta investigación apunta la necesidad de acciones educativas dirigidas a la formación de dicho público.

ABSTRACT Objectives to analyze and compare the level of knowledge about pressure ulcer prevention among nurses and nursing technicians who work in Intensive Care Units and nursing students in the last year of the course. Method a cross-sectional, descriptive-exploratory study with a quantitative approach, using the Pieper's Pressure Ulcer Knowledge Test. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science, using descriptive and inferential statistics (ANOVA-One Way, Shapiro-Wilk normality test and assumption of homogeneity using Levene's test). Results the research sample included 70 participants, being 22 nurses, 14 nursing technicians and 34 undergraduate nursing students. It was observed that only 22.7% of nurses, 7.1% of technicians and 0.0% of students reached the percentage of correct answers ≥ 90% recommended by the knowledge test. Conclusion and implications for practice the results found in this study made it possible to identify an insufficient level of knowledge and a mistaken perception of aptitude, related to the pressure ulcer prevention, among the study participants, with emphasis on technicians and undergraduates in nursing. Therefore, this research points to the need for educational actions aimed at training the aforementioned public.

Covid-19: um resgate bibliográfico sobre práticas exitosas na prevenção de lesões por pressão / COVID-19: A Bibliography Review on Successful Practices in Pressure Injuries Prevention / COVID-19: Un Rescate Bibliográfico sobre PrácticasExitosas en la Prevención de Lesiones por Presión

Introdução:Em dezembro de 2019 na China, o SARS-CoV-2 foi identificado e declaradocomopandemiapelaOrganização Mundial da Saúde.Suatransmissibilidade entrehumanos e evoluçãocomestabilidade clínicaehemodinâmica, aumentam o risco dodesenvolvimento delesões por pressãonos pacientes mais críticos.Objetivo:Identificar os principais cuidados hospitalares para manter a integridade da pele nos pacientes com COVID-19propensos a lesão por pressão. Metodologia:Estudo descritivo do tipo revisão integrativa realizado nas bases: Literatura Latino-Americana de Ciências da Saúde, Base de Dados de Enfermagem,Scientific Eletronic Library OnlineeBiblioteca Nacional de Medicina dos Estados Unidoscom osdescritores COVID-19, Lesão por pressão, Assistência ao pacienteePadrões de referência. Os critérios de inclusãoforamtextos completosdisponíveis gratuitamente, publicados entre 2019 e2021, que compartilhassem da temáticaem adultos e/ou idosos.Foramexcluídos artigos incompletos,plataformas pagas, cartae notas editor, reflexões e os artigos duplicados foram contabilizados uma vez, o idioma de origem não foi fator excludente.Resultados:Foram identificados 398 artigos potencialmente relevantes e 7 foram selecionados. As principais práticas relacionadas a prevenção de lesões por pressão em pacientes com COVID-19 apontamintervenções como o uso de checklist, avaliação periódica da pele,definiçãodo risco de desenvolvimento de lesão por pressão, mudança de decúbito conforme tolerância do paciente, uso de superfície para redistribuição de peso, cobertura profilática multicamadase controle da umidade da pele. Conclusões:As principais práticasparaevitar aslesões por pressãonos pacientes com COVID-19 no ambiente hospitalarestãoassociadas como cuidado direto ou indiretamente ligados a pele,adoção de medidas preventivas e sistemáticas dentro da realidade clínica e hemodinâmica dos pacientes (AU).

Introduction:In December 2019, in China, SARS-CoV-2 virus was identified and a pandemic was declared by the World Health Organization. Its transmissibility among humans and evolution with clinical and hemodynamic stability increases the risk of developingpressure injuries in the most critical patients.Objective:To identify the main hospital care to maintain skin integrity in COVID-19patients prone to pressure injuries.Methodology:A descriptive study of integrative review carried out in the following bases: Latin-American Health Sciences Literature, Nursing Database, Scientific Electronic Library Online and the National Library of Medicine of the United States, with the descriptors COVID-19, Pressure Injuries, Patient Care and Benchmarks. Inclusion criteria were full texts available for free, published between 2019 and 2021, which shared the subject matter in adults and/or elderly people. Incomplete articles, paid platforms, editor'sletter and notes, and reflections were excluded; duplicate articles were counted once. The source language was not an excluding factor.Results:398 potentially relevant articles were identified, 7 were selected. The main practices related to the prevention of pressure injuries in patients with COVID-19 point to interventions such as the use of checklists, periodic skin assessment, definition of the risk of developing pressure injuries, change of decubitus according to the patient's tolerance, use of surface for weight redistribution, multi-layer prophylactic coverage and skin moisture management.Conclusions:The main practices to avoid pressure injuries in patients with COVID-19in the hospital environment are associated with care directly or indirectly linked to the skin, adoption of preventive and systematic measures within the clinical and hemodynamic reality of patients (AU).

Introducción: Endiciembre de 2019, en China, el SARS-CoV-2 fue identificado y declarado pandemia por laOrganización Mundial de la Salud. Su transmisibilidad entre humanos y la evolución conestabilidad clínica yhemodinámica aumentan el riesgo de desarrollar lesiones por presión en lospacientes más críticos. Objetivo:Identificar los principales cuidados hospitalarios para mantener la integridad de la piel en pacientes con COVID-19propensos a lesiones por presión. Metodología:Estudio descriptivo del tipo "revisiónintegradora" realizado em las bases de datos: Literatura Latinoamericana de Ciencias de la Salud, Base de Datos de Enfermería, ScientificEletronic Library Online (Biblioteca Electrónica Científica en Línea) y Biblioteca Nacional de Medicina de los EstadosUnidos con los identificadores COVID-19, Lesión por Presión, Atención al Paciente y Estándares de Referencia. Loscriterios de inclusión fueron textos completos disponiblesde forma gratuita, publicados entre el 2019 y 2021, quecompartieron el tema en adultos y/o ancianos.Se excluyeronlos artículos incompletos, las plataformas pagadas,las cartas y las notas del editor y las reflexiones. Los artículos duplicados se contaron una vez. El idioma de origenno fue un factor de exclusión. Resultados:Se identificaron un total de 398 artículos potencialmente relevantes, 7fueron seleccionados. Las principales prácticasrelacionadas con la prevención de lesiones por presión em pacientes con COVID-19 apuntan a intervenciones como el uso de checklist, evaluación periódica de la piel,riesgo de lesión por presión, cambio de decúbito según tolerancia del paciente, uso desuperficie para redistribución de peso, cobertura profiláctica multicapa y control de la humedad de la piel.Conclusiones:Lasprincipales prácticas para evitar lesiones por presión en pacientes con COVID-19 en el ámbitohospitalario se asocian con cuidados directa o indirectamente vinculados a la piel, adopción de medidaspreventivas y sistemáticas dentro de la realidad clínica y hemodinámica de los pacientes (AU).

Fatores de risco para lesão por pressão em pacientes com COVID-19 em unidade de terapia intensiva / Risk factors for pressure injury in patients with COVID-19 in intensive care unit / Factores de riesgo de lesión por presión en pacientes con COVID-19 en unidad de cuidados intensivos

Objetivo: identificar e discutir os fatores de risco relacionados à ocorrência de lesão por pressão em pacientes com COVID-19 em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva. Método: estudo descritivo de abordagem quantitativa e retrospectiva que analisou prontuários eletrônicos de um Hospital Militar, no período de abril a dezembro de 2020. Resultados: participaram do estudo 44 (55%) pacientes com idade média de 68,73 anos e predominância do gênero masculino (35%). A região sacra (32%) foi a mais acometida, seguida concomitantemente das regiões sacra e calcâneo (20%) e o estágio 2 (31,8%) se mostrou mais frequente. Observou-se como fatores de risco o tempo de internação, o uso de ventilação mecânica, a pronação, o uso drogas vasoativas e sedativos contínuos, a antibioticoterapia, a permanência de dieta enteral e/ou dieta zero. Conclusão: a implementação de estratégias para prevenção de lesão por pressão é de extrema importância, pois é uma das metas internacionais de segurança do paciente.

Objective: to identify and discuss risk factors related to the occurrence of pressure injuries in patients with COVID-19 in the Intensive Care Unit. Method: descriptive study with a quantitative and retrospective approach that analyzed electronic medical records of a Military Hospital, from April to December 2020. Results: 44 (55%) patients participated in the study with a mean age of 68.73 years and a predominance of males (35%). The sacral region (32%) was the most affected, followed by the sacral and calcaneal regions (20%) and stage 2 (31.8%) was the most frequent. The risk factors were: length of stay, use of mechanical ventilation, pronation, use of vasoactive drugs and continuous sedatives, antibiotic therapy, permanence of enteral diet and/or zero diet. Conclusion: the implementation of strategies to prevent pressure injuries is extremely important, as it is one of the international goals of patient safety.

Objetivo: identificar y discutir los factores de riesgo relacionados con la ocurrencia de lesiones por presión en pacientes con COVID-19 en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos. Método: estudio descriptivo con enfoque cuantitativo y retrospectivo que analizó historias clínicas electrónicas de un Hospital Militar, de abril a diciembre de 2020. Resultados: Participaron en el estudio 44 (55%) pacientes con una edad media de 68,73 años y predominio del sexo masculino (35%). La región sacra (32%) fue la más afectada, seguida de la región sacra y calcánea (20%) y el estadio 2 (31,8%) fue el más frecuente. Los factores de riesgo fueron: estancia hospitalaria, uso de ventilación mecánica, pronación, uso de fármacos vasoactivos y sedantes continuos, antibioticoterapia, permanencia de dieta enteral y/o dieta cero. Conclusión: la implementación de estrategias para la prevención de las lesiones por presión es de suma importancia, ya que es una de las metas internacionales de seguridad del paciente.

Avaliação do conhecimento dos profissionais de Enfermagem na prevenção da lesão por pressão na terapia intensiva / Evaluación del conocimiento de los profesionales de Enfermería en la prevención de lesiones por presión en cuidados intensivos / Evaluation of the knowledge of nursing professionals in the prevention of pressure ulcer in intensive care

RESUMO Objetivo analisar o conhecimento dos profissionais de Enfermagem sobre a avaliação, prevenção e classificação das lesões por pressão na terapia intensiva antes e após a realização de um treinamento. Método trata-se de um estudo comparativo, tipo antes e depois, transversal, com delineamento prospectivo, que utilizou o instrumento Teste de Conhecimento sobre Lesão por Pressão de Caliri-Pieper (TCLP CALIRI-PIEPER) aplicado antes e após a realização de um treinamento com 55 e 50 profissionais da Enfermagem, respectivamente. A média de acerto aceitável foi de acima de 90%. Resultados do total de 41 itens do instrumento, 14 (34%) não obtiveram pontuação média acima de 90% de acerto, sendo os técnicos de Enfermagem inseridos neste contingente. Evidenciou-se que o efeito do treinamento na amostra total obteve, em média, um acréscimo de 3,5 pontos no nível de conhecimento. A diferença média entre a pontuação obtida no pré e pós-teste foi estatisticamente significativa (p<0,001). Conclusões e implicações para a prática os participantes avaliados demonstraram níveis de conhecimento eficaz e baixa divergência entre as categorias, evidenciando que os profissionais estão capacitados e preparados, possuindo domínio nos fatores relacionados à avaliação, prevenção e classificação das lesões por pressão na terapia intensiva após a realização de um treinamento.

RESUMEN Objetivo analizar los conocimientos de los profesionales de Enfermería sobre la evaluación, prevención y clasificación de las lesiones por presión en cuidados intensivos antes y después de la realización de una formación. Método se trata de un estudio comparativo, antes y después, transversal con un diseño prospectivo que utilizó el instrumento Caliri-Pieper Pressure Injury Knowledge Test (CALIRI-PIEPER TCLP) aplicado antes y después del entrenamiento con 55 y 50 profesionales de Enfermería, respectivamente. La media aceptable de derecho a golpe fue superior al 90%. Resultados del total de 41 ítems del instrumento, 14 (34%) no obtuvieron un puntaje promedio superior al 90% de acierto, con los técnicos de Enfermería incluidos en este contingente. Se evidenció que el efecto formación en la muestra total obtuvo, en promedio, un incremento de 3,5 puntos en el nivel de conocimientos. La diferencia promedio entre las puntuaciones previas y posteriores a la prueba fue estadísticamente significativa (p <0,001). Conclusiones e implicaciones para la práctica los participantes evaluados demostraron niveles de conocimiento efectivo y baja divergencia entre las categorías, evidenciando que los profesionales están capacitados y preparados, teniendo dominio de los factores relacionados con la evaluación, prevención y clasificación de lesiones por presión en cuidados intensivos después del entrenamiento.

ABSTRACT Objective to analyze the knowledge of Nursing professionals on the assessment, prevention and classification of pressure ulcers in intensive care before and after a training course. Method this is a comparative, before-and-after, cross-sectional, prospective study that used the Caliri-Pieper Pressure Ulcer Knowledge Test (CALIRI-PIEPER PUKT) applied before and after training with 55 and 50 nursing professionals, respectively. The acceptable mean score was above 90%. Results of the total of 41 items of the instrument, 14 (34%) did not obtain an average score above 90% of correct answers, and the nursing technicians were included in this contingent. It was evident that the effect of the training on the total sample obtained, on average, a 3.5 point increase in the level of knowledge. The mean difference between the scores obtained in the pre- and post-test was statistically significant (p<0.001). Conclusions and implications for the practice the participants evaluated demonstrated effective levels of knowledge and low divergence between the categories, showing that the professionals are trained and prepared, having domain in the factors related to the evaluation, prevention and classification of pressure ulcers in intensive care after training.

Student Nurse Knowledge of and Attitudes Toward Pressure Injury Prevention: How Sufficient Is Undergraduate Education?

OBJECTIVES: To assess the knowledge and attitudes of student nurses regarding evidence-based guidelines for preventing pressure injuries. METHODS: This study used a descriptive research design. The participants included second-, third-, and fourth-year nursing students completing their bachelor's degrees at a faculty of nursing in Turkey. Data collection forms consisted of a student nurse information form, the Pressure Ulcer Prevention Knowledge Assessment Instrument, and the Attitude Towards Pressure Ulcer Prevention Instrument. RESULTS: The overall mean score for knowledge was 49.9% (11.7/26). The highest scores for the instrument's subthemes were for nutrition (72%), and the lowest were for etiology and development (40.1%). The overall mean attitude score was 42.20 ± 2.40, although a statistically significant difference among grades was found (P < .001). The highest mean scores showed agreement among students that pressure injury prevention should be a priority (10.50 ± 1.43). A significant difference was found in the competence subscale according to the number of dressing changes observed and sense of competence in pressure injury care (P = .003). A weak but statistically significant positive relationship was found between knowledge and attitude scores (r = 0.158; 95% confidence interval, .040-.269; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed that certain revisions are needed in the nursing curriculum to improve the knowledge and attitudes of nursing students toward the prevention and care of pressure injuries. More details should be covered in the classroom and laboratories through simulation or clinical practice for improved management of pressure injuries.

Preventing and managing device-related pressure ulcers in oncology.

There is growing evidence that medical device-related pressure ulcers (MDRPUs) are an increasing healthcare concern in all aspects of care. It is especially important to develop an individualised care plan for people at the end of life to prevent pressure ulceration and to treat this if it occurs. Tissue viability nurses have a responsibility to review and assess new prophylactic devices and dressings, to ensure a high standard of care is provided. This article describes the use of a soft silicone dressing, Kliniderm foam silicone lite, in combination with best practice, to prevent MDRPUs in the oncology setting. Three case studies show that the dressing helped avoid the occurrence of ulceration on the ears and nose in patients receiving oxygen through a nasal cannula.

Abordaje holístico de las lesiones por presión en la persona mayor: Caso clínico / Holistic approach to pressure injuries in the elderly: Clinical case

Se expone un caso clínico de una paciente de 88 años cursando una hospitalización domiciliaria de larga estadía, por múltiples lesiones por presión, tras su seguimiento presenta una merma en su recuperación, por lo que un profesional de enfermería de hospitalización domiciliaria realiza una visita domiciliaria integral que evidencia múltiples elementos que precisan un abordaje holístico de la situación. Para su abordaje se utilizó el marco teórico de Virginia Henderson, que facilitó la elección del diagnóstico en la cuidadora de Cansancio del rol de cuidador, lo cual permitió que la situación lograra ser abordada satisfactoriamente. CONCLUSIÓN: se relevó la importancia de un manejo holístico en las lesiones por presión, que debe considerar la dimensión social en la que está inmerso el paciente, junto a un manejo interdisciplinario, preparación profesional y abordaje precoz del probable impacto económico en estos pacientes.

A clinical case of an 88-year-old patient undergoing a long-term home hospitalization due to multiple pressure injuries is presented. After follow-up, she presents a decline in her recovery, so a home hospitalization nursing professional performs a comprehensive home visit that shows multiple elements that require a holistic approach to the situation. For its approach, the theoretical framework of Virginia Henderson was used, which facilitated the choice of the diagnosis in the caregiver of Tiredness from the caregiver role, which allowed the situation to be satisfactorily addressed. CONCLUSION: the importance of a holistic management of pressure injuries was highlighted, which must consider the social dimension in which the patient is immersed, together with an interdisciplinary management, professional preparation, and an early approach to the probable economic impact on these patients.

Indicadores da Nursing Outcomes Classification para avaliação de pacientes com lesão por pressão: consenso de especialistas / Indicadores da Nursing Outcomes Classification para la evaluación de pacientes con lesión por presión: consenso de expertos / Indicators of Nursing Outcomes Classification for evaluation of patients with pressure injury: expert consensus

Resumo Objetivos selecionar os indicadores dos resultados de enfermagem Integridade tissular: pele e mucosas (1101) e Cicatrização de feridas: segunda intenção (1103) da Nursing Outcomes Classification e construir suas definições conceituais e operacionais para a avaliação de pacientes com lesão por pressão. Métodos estudo de consenso de especialistas realizado em hospital universitário em setembro/2018. Participaram no estudo 10 enfermeiros com experiência na utilização da Nursing Outcomes Classification e no cuidado ao paciente com lesão por pressão. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de encontro presencial com os especialistas. Resultados Foram selecionados 17 indicadores da Nursing Outcomes Classification para a avaliação do paciente com lesão por pressão, com uma concordância de 100% entre os especialistas. São eles: Branqueamento, Eritema, Sensibilidade, Perfusão tissular, Hidratação/ Descamação, Espessura, Necrose, Odor desagradável na ferida, Pele com bolhas, Pele macerada, Descolamento Sob as bordas da Ferida, Inflamação Da Ferida, Exsudato/Drenagem, Granulação, Tunelamento, Formação de cicatriz e Tamanho da ferida. Conclusão e implicações para a prática os indicadores selecionados permitiram a elaboração de um instrumento que auxiliará na avaliação de pacientes com lesão por pressão de forma acurada. Esse instrumento subsidiará o enfermeiro na tomada de decisão diagnóstica e terapêutica da lesão por pressão.

Resumen Objetivos seleccionar los indicadores de resultados de enfermería Integridad tisular: piel y membranas mucosas (1101) y Cicatrización de heridas: segunda intención (1103) de la Nursing Outcomes Classification, y construir sus definiciones conceptuales y operativas para la evaluación de los pacientes con lesiones por presión. Métodos estudio de consenso de expertos realizado en un hospital universitario en septiembre/2018. Participaron en el estudio diez enfermeras. La recolección de datos se realizó a través de reuniones cara a cara con los especialistas. Resultados Se seleccionaron 17 indicadores de la Nursing Outcomes Classification para la evaluación del paciente con una lesión por presión, con el 100% de acuerdo entre los especialistas. Son ellos: Blanqueamiento, Eritema, Sensibilidad, Perfusión tisular, Hidratación / Descamación, Espesor, Necrosis, Olor desagradable en la herida, Piel con burbujas, Piel macerada, Descamación debajo de los bordes de la herida, Inflamación de la herida, Exudado/Drenaje, Granulación, Túneles, Formación de cicatrices y Tamaño de la herida. Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica los indicadores seleccionados permitieron la elaboración de un instrumento que ayudará en la evaluación de los pacientes con lesiones por presión. Este instrumento subvencionará a las enfermeras en la toma de decisiones diagnósticas y terapéuticas de la lesión por presión.

Abstract Objectives to select the nursing outcome indicators Tissue integrity: skin and mucous membranes (1101) and Wound healing: second intention (1103) of the Nursing Outcomes Classification, and to construct their conceptual and operational definitions for the evaluation of patients with pressure injuries. Methods expert consensus study conducted at a university hospital in September 2018. Ten nurses with experience in using the Nursing Outcomes Classification and in caring for patients with pressure injuries participated in the study. Data collection took place through face-to-face meetings with the specialists. Results Seventeen indicators from the Nursing Outcomes Classification were selected for the evaluation of patients with pressure injuries, with 100% agreement among the specialists. That's them: Blanching, Erythema, Sensation, Tissue perfusion, Hydration, Thickness, Necrosis, Foul wound odor, Blistered skin, Macerated skin, Undermining, Wound inflammation, Exudate/drainage, Granulation, Tunneling, Scar formation, Decreased wound size. Conclusion and implications for practice the selected indicators allowed the elaboration of an instrument that will assist in the evaluation of patients with pressure injuries in an accurate way. This instrument will assist the nurses in the diagnostic and therapeutic decision making of the pressure injuries.

Percepção de profissionais de enfermagem sobre lesões por pressão relacionadas a dispositivos médicos / Percepción de los profesionales de enfermería sobre la evidencia por áreas relacionadas con dispositivos médicos / Perception of Nursing professionals on medical device-related pressure injuries

Resumo Objetivo Conhecer a percepção de profissionais de enfermagem atuantes em unidade de terapia intensiva acerca das lesões por pressão relacionadas a dispositivos médicos. Método Pesquisa qualitativa, descritiva, realizada com 12 profissionais de enfermagem de um hospital público de ensino de Santa Catarina. A coleta de dados se deu por entrevista semiestruturada, e análise pela técnica do discurso do sujeito coletivo com o emprego do software QualiQuantiSoft®. Resultados Emergiram cinco Ideias Centrais: tipos de dispositivos e ocorrência das lesões por pressão relacionadas a dispositivos médicos; (in)visibilidade e (des)valorização destas lesões no cuidado ao paciente crítico; lesões por pressão relacionadas a dispositivos médicos podem ser inevitáveis; perfil do paciente crítico e risco para desenvolver a lesão; e (des)conhecimento profissional sobre o impacto da lesão na vida das pessoas após alta da terapia intensiva. Conclusão e implicações para a prática A percepção da enfermagem acerca das lesões por pressão relacionadas a dispositivos médicos está vinculada aos tipos de dispositivos, a ocorrência das lesões na terapia intensiva, ao cuidado ofertado e ao impacto das lesões na vida das pessoas.

Resumen Objetivo Conocer la percepción de los profesionales de Enfermería que trabajan en unidades de cuidados intensivos acerca de las lesiones por presión relacionadas con dispositivos médicos. Método Investigación cualitativa y descriptiva, realizada con 12 profesionales de Enfermería de un hospital escuela público Santa Catarina. Los datos se recolectaron por medio de una entrevista semiestructurada, y el análisis tuvo lugar a través de la técnica de discurso del sujeto colectivo utilizando el software QualiQuantiSoft®. Resultados Surgieron cinco Ideas Centrales: tipos de dispositivos y frecuencia de las lesiones por presión relacionadas con dispositivos médicos; la (in)visibilidade y (des)valorización de estas lesiones en la atención al paciente en estado crítico; las lesiones por presión relacionadas con dispositivos médicos pueden ser inevitables; perfil del paciente en estado crítico y riesgo de desarrollar una lesión; y (des)conocimiento profesional sobre el efecto de la lesión en la vida de las personas después del alta de la unidad de cuidados intensivos. Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica La percepción del personal de Enfermería acerca de las lesiones por presión relacionadas con dispositivos médicos está vinculada a los tipos de dispositivos, a la frecuencia de las lesiones en la unidad de cuidados intensivos, a la atención prestada y al efecto de las lesiones en la vida de las personas.

Abstract Objective To know the perception of Nursing professionals working in intensive care units regarding medical device-related pressure injuries related. Method A qualitative and descriptive research, carried out with 12 Nursing professionals from a public teaching hospital in Santa Catarina. Data collection took place through semi-structured interviews, and the analysis was performed using the collective subject discourse technique by means of the QualiQuantiSoft® Software. Results Five Central Ideas emerged: types of devices and the occurrence of medical device-related pressure injuries; (in)visibility and (de)valuation of these injuries in the care of critical patients; medical device-related pressure injuries can be inevitable; critical patient profile and risk to develop the injury; and (lack of) professional knowledge about the impact of the injury on people's lives after discharge from intensive care. Conclusion and implications for the practice The perception of Nursing about medical device-related pressure injuries is linked to the types of devices, the occurrence of injuries in intensive care, the care offered and the impact of injuries on people's lives.

Percepção de enfermeiros acerca dos cuidados e a utilização de hidrogel em lesões por pressão / Perception of nurses about care and the use of hydrogel in pressure injuries

Resumo O estudo objetivou conhecer a percepção dos enfermeiros sobre a utilização do hidrogel em lesões por pressão. Trata-se de pesquisa com abordagem qualitativa realizada em uma instituição hospitalar pública de João Pessoa/Paraíba, onde a amostra foi composta por 17 enfermeiros atuantes no Centro de Terapia Intensiva, comissão de pele e sala vermelha. Os dados foram coletados através de uma entrevista utilizando um formulário semiestruturado, e a análise deu-se por meio da técnica de Análise de Conteúdo Temática. Foi revelado que existem fragilidades no que concerne aos conhecimentos dos enfermeiros em relação às lesões por pressão e à aplicação hidrogel. Observando-se a necessidade de realizar educação continuada nos serviços de saúde, com o objetivo de atenuar as limitações de conhecimentos dos enfermeiros no que se refere ao conceito, à classificação e às causas das lesões por pressão, bem como sobre a utilização do hidrogel.

Abstract The study aimed to know the perception of nurses about the use of hydrogels in pressure injuries. This is a research with a qualitative approach conducted in a public hospital in João Pessoa / Paraíba, where the sample consisted of 17 nurses working in the Intensive Care Center, skin committee and red room. Data were collected through an interview using a semi-structured form, and the analysis was performed using the Thematic Content Analysis. It was revealed that there are weaknesses regarding nurses' knowledge regarding pressure injuries and hydrogel application. Noting the need for continuing education in health services, with the aim of alleviating nurses' knowledge limitations regarding the concept, classification and causes of pressure injuries, as well as the use of hydrogel.

Resumen El estudio tuvo como objetivo conocer la percepción de las enfermeras sobre el uso de hidrogeles en lesiones por presión. Esta es una investigación con un enfoque cualitativo realizada en un hospital público en João Pessoa / Paraíba, donde la muestra consistió en 17 enfermeras que trabajan en el Centro de Cuidados Intensivos, el comité de la piel y la sala roja. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de una entrevista usando una forma semiestructurada, y el análisis se realizó usando la técnica de Análisis de Contenido Temático. Se reveló que existen debilidades con respecto al conocimiento de las enfermeras con respecto a las lesiones por presión y la aplicación de hidrogel. Observando la necesidad de educación continua en los servicios de salud, con el objetivo de aliviar las limitaciones de conocimiento de las enfermeras con respecto al concepto, clasificación y causas de las lesiones por presión, así como el uso de hidrogel.

The efficacy of gelatin sponge combined with moist wound-healing nursing intervention for the treatment of pressure ulcers: A randomized controlled trial protocol.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this current research is to investigate the effectiveness of the nursing intervention of combination gelatin sponge and moist wound healing in treating the pressure ulcers (PUs). METHODS: This is a randomized controlled trial to be carried out from January 2021 to May 2021. This trial is implemented in accordance with the SPIRIT Checklist for the randomized researches and was granted through the Ethics Committee of 5th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital (No. 0624876). This study includes 80 PU participants. The patients meet the following criteria will be included. All participants meet the diagnostic criteria recommended via the National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel Society: complete skin defect, no bones, tendons and muscles exposure, no subcutaneous tunnel or scale; the patients selected are between 40 and 60 years old. The patients with the following criteria will be excluded: receiving other treatments that may influence the healing, for instance, radiation therapy and corticosteroids; patients with the complications of infection, malignant tumors, as well as peripheral vascular disease; and patients with serious diseases, containing kidney, cardiac, and liver diseases. The patients are randomly divided into 2 groups, the control group and study group, with 40 members in each group. In control group, the patients are given the routine nursing care. And in study group, the patients are given the nursing of gelatin sponge combined with moist wound-healing. After 28 days, the state of the patients healing is observed closely, containing the dressing change frequency, curative effects, and the end-point efficiency. On the basis of the Pressure Ulcer Healing Scale developed by the American pressure sore expert group, the quantitative scoring can be implemented, and therapeutic effects are assessed. RESULTS: The variables of clinical result among the groups are illustrated in the Table. CONCLUSION: The nursing intervention of gelatin sponge combined with the moist wound- healing may evidently increase the healing efficiency of PU. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: researchregistry 6091.

Determination of nurses' level of knowledge on the prevention of pressure ulcers: The case of Turkey.

AIM OF THE STUDY: Pressure ulcers (PUs) constitute a health issue that has a high prevalence and incidence rate in acute and long-term care, requiring long-term nursing care for treatment and prevention. Therefore, nurses should have adequate knowledge of the interventions and practices used to prevent PUs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study employed a descriptive and cross-sectional design to assess the level of nurses' knowledge concerning preventive interventions for PUs. Based on data found in the literature, researchers developed a 16-question Participant Information Form (including age, gender, level of education, employed ward, and training on PUs) and used this form, along with the Turkish version of the Pressure Ulcer Prevention Knowledge Assessment Instrument (PUPKAI-T), to collect data. RESULTS: A group of 471 nurses working in two foundation hospitals in 2018 participated in the study by completing a questionnaire. Among the participants, 44.2% worked in surgery, 21.2% in internal medicine, and 34.6% in other wards (such as intensive care, pediatrics, and the operating theater). Most of the nurses(73.5%) held a bachelor's degree, and their average work experience was 7.27 ± 7.00 years. It was determined that 69.4% of the nurses had not received in-service training relating to PUs, 55.6% did not attend lectures/conferences or read articles on the prevention of PUs, and 59.7% rated themselves as "adequate" in interventions used to prevent PUs. Based on the use of PUPKAI-T, 17 individuals (3.6%) scored equal to or more than the 60% cut-off value, and 454 individuals (96.4%) scored less than 60%. The mean level of knowledge on PUs was calculated as 11.1 ± 2.659 (range: 1-18) out of 26 questions. CONCLUSIONS: Results of the study showed that the general level of knowledge of nurses in preventing PUs are extremely insufficient. Therefore, various strategies should be developed to increase nurses' level of knowledge on the etiology and development, classification and observation, and risk assessment of PUs, as well as on nutrition plans and preventive interventions.

Nurses' decision-making about cancer patients' end-of-life skin care in Wales: an exploratory mixed-method vignette study protocol.

INTRODUCTION: Patients with cancer are at high risk of developing pressure ulcers at the end of life as a result of their underlying condition or cancer treatment. There are many guidelines which set out best practice with regard to end-of-life skin care. However, the complexity of palliative cancer care often means that it is challenging for nurses to make the appropriate person-centred decisions about end-of-life skin care. This study seeks to explore the perceived importance that nurses place on different factors in their end-of-life skin care for patients with cancer. The utility, face validity and content validity of a prototype decision-making tool for end-of-life skin care will also be evaluated. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: A mixed-method design will be used to gather data from primary and secondary care nurses working in different hospitals and local authority areas across Wales. Clinical vignettes will be used to gather qualitative and quantitative data from nurses in individual interviews. Qualitative data will be subject to thematic analysis and quantitative data will be subject to descriptive statistical analysis. Qualitative and quantitative data will then be synthesised, which will enhance the rigour of this study, and pertinently inform the further development of an end-of-life skin care decision-making tool for patients with cancer. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethical approval to undertake the study has been granted by Cardiff University School of Healthcare Sciences Research Governance and Ethics Screening Committee. Informed consent will be obtained in writing from all the participants in this study. The results of this study will be disseminated through journal articles, as well as presentations at national and international conferences. We will also report our findings to patient and public involvement groups with an interest in improving cancer care, palliative care as well as skin care.

Development of recurrent pressure ulcers, risk factors in older patients: a prospective observational study.

OBJECTIVE: Prevention of recurrent pressure ulcers (PU) is one of the most important challenges in wound care, furthermore, the risk factors for recurrent PUs are still not fully understood. This study aimed to explore the risk factors for recurrent PU development within two weeks, including biophysical skin properties, pro-inflammatory cytokine (tumour necrosis factor [TNF]-α) levels and bacterial species, in older patients. METHOD: This prospective study was conducted in a long-term care facility with patients whose PU had healed within two months. Biophysical skin properties were evaluated by stratum corneum hydration, pH, sebum content and transepidermal water loss. TNF-α level was measured using skin blotting. Skin bacteria were collected using tape stripping and determined by species-specific gene amplification. These parameters, along with Braden scale and interface pressure, were evaluated every two weeks for a total period of eight weeks. A penalised generalised estimating equation analysis was used to determine the risk factors for recurrent PUs. RESULTS: In total, 20 patients were included in this study, with 57 observations. Of these, recurrent PU was seen in eight observations. Elevation of pH (p=0.049; odds ratio [OR] per 1 unit=3.91, 95% confidence interval [CI]:1.01-15.15), presence of Acinetobacter spp. (p=0.039; OR versus culture-negative=6.28, 95%CI:1.10-35.86) and higher interface pressure (p=0.008; OR per 1 mmHg=1.06, 95%CI:1.01-1.10) on the healed PU were significantly related to the development of recurrent PU. CONCLUSION: Higher pH, existence of Acinetobacter spp. and higher interface pressure on the site of the healed PU were associated with the development of recurrent PUs in older patients undergoing conservative treatments.

The Phenomenon of Trombley-Brennan Terminal Tissue Injury in a Neonate: A Case Study.

BACKGROUND: Trombley-Brennan terminal tissue injury (TB-TTI), also known as skin failure, was first identified in 2009 among critically ill adults receiving palliative care. Identification of this skin injury can be misinterpreted as a pressure ulcer. However, this phenomenon is now accepted as an early sign of impending death among critically ill adults. CLINICAL FINDINGS: This case study describes TB-TTI in a terminally ill infant in a neonatal intensive care unit evidenced by intact, 2-cm oval skin discoloration on the lateral side of both knees with rapid progression in size. PRIMARY DIAGNOSIS: TB-TTI was identified on the day of death in an infant with a primary diagnosis of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy born at 32 weeks' gestation. INTERVENTIONS: The neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) team mobilized the NICU advanced care team, institution's ethical council, and "Team Lavender" to provide infant comfort measures and emotional support to the family and care givers. OUTCOMES: Infant death occurred 8 hours after TB-TTI was identified. PRACTICE RECOMMENDATIONS: To our knowledge, this case study of TB-TTI in a terminally ill neonate in the NICU has not been previously described in the neonatal or pediatric population. Early recognition of the phenomenon can enable the healthcare team to provide timely emotional, spiritual, and psychosocial support to the family and allow time to "be present" with the infant at "end of life." Future work should explore additional signs of TB-TTI and the occurrence rate.

Operating room nurses' self-reported knowledge and attitude on perioperative pressure injury.

Surgical patients are at risk of developing a perioperative pressure injury (ORPI) during surgery. Accurate assessment and prompt implementation of prevention strategies or treatment of ORPI are dependent on knowledge and skills of operating room (OR) nurses. The study examined the knowledge and attitude of OR nurses in identifying at-risk patients. A cross-sectional, prospective, descriptive study was adopted. OR nurses were invited to complete the survey using the attitude towards pressure ulcer prevention instrument (Cronbach α of 0.79) and pressure ulcer knowledge assessment tool (Cronbach α of 0.77). Approximately, 28% of OR nurses took part in the survey. Most of them were females (99%) with a mean age of 38.4 ± 12.9 years old. Of these, 73% of the nurses described not having adequate experience in preventing ORPI, and 88% of them were uncertain about the treatment strategies. The mean overall knowledge score was 47.8 ± 9.1% for this cohort. The study demonstrated that approximately 8.9% of OR nurses passed with a score ≥ 60% for knowledge. The mean overall attitude score was 74.6 ± 6.1% for this cohort. About 35.6% of these nurses gave positive scores of greater than 75% for attitudes. The knowledge scores have no relationship with the working experience, role responsibility, academic qualification, ethnicity, nationality, and gender except for age 35 years older or equal and younger. Still, both the knowledge and attitude scores obtained have a strong relationship with the nurses' experiences with PI prevention. Personal competency to prevent PI has a strong correlation with risk identifying and preventing PI. There are strong associations between being responsible for PI development and the knowledge on risk identification and prevention of PI. The attitude regarding the prioritisation of PI prevention is also strongly correlated to the nurses' knowledge in preventing PI. Positive attitudes of OR nurses have no relationship with the overall knowledge scores. The prevention of ORPI is not on the list of priorities among OR nurses. The knowledge of preventive measures and risk identification of PI was limited among local OR nurses. Incorporating a standard screening and assessment tool within the current assessment list will support and promote ORPI risk assessment and continuous assessment. Contextualised education on ORPI prevention and management should be considered part of the training for OR nurses.