A relação entre arte e vida em vigotski: uma análise conceitual / The relationship between art and life in vygotsky: a conceptual analysis / La relación entre arte y vida en vigotski: un análisis conceptual

Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a relação entre arte e vida segundo Vigotski. Para isso, foi realizada uma análise conceitual dos capítulos 1, 7, 9, 10 e 11 da Psicologia da Arte, do capítulo 13 da Psicologia Pedagógica e do texto O significado histórico da crise da Psicologia: Uma investigação metodológica. A pesquisa conceitual consiste na análise semântica dos principais conceitos de uma teoria com o intuito de elucidar seus sentidos ocultos ou confusos e desvendar possíveis contradições e ambiguidades no quadro teórico. Podemos observar que a arte é um fenômeno dialético tanto em sua criação como em seus efeitos. A influência da vida, isto é, da realidade sócio-histórica, na criação artística é indireta, pois ela é sempre mediada pelo psiquismo particular do artista. Já o efeito da arte sobre a vida possibilita que o ser humano se conscientize de sua realidade social e se engaje para mudá-la. A arte é, portanto, transformadora, pois reorganiza o psiquismo e possibilita uma mudança nas condições materiais dos seres humanos.(AU)

This study aims to analyze the relationship between art and life according to Vygotsky. Therefore, a conceptual analysis of chapters 1, 7, 9, 10, and 11 of Psychology of Art, chapter 13 of Educational Psychology and the text The Historical meaning of the Crisis of Psychology: A Methodological Investigation was carried out. Conceptual research consists of the semantic analysis of the main concepts of a theory to elucidate its hidden or confused meanings and to reveal possible contradictions and ambiguities in the theoretical framework. Results show that art is a dialectical phenomenon both in its creation and its effects. The influence of life, that is, of socio-historical reality, on artistic creation is indirect since it is always mediated by the artist's particular psyche. The effect of art on life, on the other hand, allows human beings to become aware of their social reality and engage to change it. Art is, therefore, transformative, as it reorganizes the psyche and enables a change in the material conditions of human beings.(AU)

Este proyecto tuve como objetivo analizar la relación entre el arte y la vida, según Vigotski. Para esto, fue realizado un análisis de los capítulos 1, 7, 9, 10 y 11 de Psicología del arte, del capítulo 13 de Psicología Pedagógica y del texto Él significado histórico de la crisis de la Psicología: una investigación metodológica. La pesquisa conceptual consiste en la analice semántica de los conceptos de una teoría, para aclarar sus significados ocultos o confusos y desvendar contradicciones y ambigüedades em el cuadro teórico. Pudimos observar que, el arte es un fenómeno dialéctico en su creación tanto como en sus efectos. La influencia de la vida, esto es, de la realidad socio-histórica, en la creación artística es indirecta, pues es mediada por el psiquismo particular de lo artista. Así, el efecto del arte sobre la vida habilita que lo ser humano adquiera conciencia de su realidad social y que se comprometa a cambiarla. El arte, consiguientemente, transformadora, pues reorganiza lo psiquismo y habilita un cambio en las condiciones materiales de los seres humanos.(AU)

Comentários sobre Além do princípio do prazer / Comments on Beyond the pleasure principle

Este trabalho é resultante de discussões havidas em um grupo cujo propósito é reestudar a obra de Freud. Decidimos por apresentar nossa releitura do Além do princípio do prazer (Freud, 1920) por ser esse um dos textos que mais tem provocado polêmicas entre os psicanalistas. Optamos por expor nossas observações sobre quatro temas que dominam a teorização de Freud. O primeiro desses temas refere-se à superposição entre um princípio econômico de quantidades de energias e outro de qualidades sensoriais como prazer e desprazer. A dificuldade teórica parece resultar da tentativa de equacionar prazer e descarga. Sugerimos realocar o princípio do prazer fora da teoria econômica, definindo seu espaço dentro da experiência estética (sensorial). Outra teorização desenvolvida no texto diz respeito às energias livres e ligadas. Questionamos a proposta freudiana que sugere ser a energia livre característica do processo primário, sendo energia ligada própria do processo secundário. O terceiro tema sobre a compulsão à repetição nos leva a reconhecer duas formas de ocorrência deste fenômeno: uma que seria impulsionada por Eros, na tentativa de viabilizar ligações, e outra que visaria apenas à descarga, no sentido de manter a inércia. Finalizando, buscamos construir uma abordagem crítica à tentativa de relacionar ódio e agressão com a pulsão de morte.

This article is the result of study group discussions, whose purpose is to rethink Freud’s work. We decided to present our interpretation of Beyond the pleasure principle (Freud, 1920) because it is one of the most controversial psychoanalytical texts. We chose to provide our ideas on four themes that dominate Freud’s theory. The first topic concerns the overlap between an economic principle of amounts of energies and another principle of sensorial aspects such as pleasure and displeasure. The theoretical difficulty seems to arise from the attempt to equate pleasure and discharge. We suggest removing the pleasure principle from the economic theory, relocating it within the aesthetic experience (sensorial experience). Another theory developed in Freud’s work is related to the unbound and bound energies. We question Freud’s proposal which suggests that the unbound energy is a characteristic of the primary process, whereas the bound energy is typical of the secondary process. The third topic relates to repetition-compulsion, which leads us to recognize two forms of occurrence of this phenomenon: one that would be driven by Eros in an attempt to facilitate the biding process, and another one that would only be aimed at discharge, in the sense of maintaining the inertia. Finally, we tried to build a critical approach towards the attempt to correlate hate and aggression to death instinct.

Este trabajo resulta de discusiones ocurridas en grupo cuyo propósito es reestudiar la obra de Freud. Decidimos por presentar nuestra relectura de Más allá del principio del placer (Freud, 1920) porque ese es uno de los textos que más viene provocando polémicas entre los psicoanalistas. Optamos por exponer nuestras observaciones sobre cuatro temas que dominan la teorización de Freud. El primer de esos temas se refiere a la superposición entre un principio económico de cantidades de energías y otro de cualidades sensoriales como placer y desplacer. La dificultad teórica parece resultar del intento de ecuacionar placer y descarga. Sugerimos reasignar el principio del placer fuera de la teoría económica, definiendo su espacio dentro de la experiencia estética (sensorial). Otra teorización desarrollada en el texto se refiere a las energías libres y conectadas. Cuestionamos la propuesta freudiana que sugiere que la energía libre es característica del proceso primarios, siendo la energía conectada propia del proceso secundario. El tercer tema sobre la compulsión a la repetición nos lleva a reconocer dos formas de ocurrencia de este fenómeno: una que sería impulsada por Eros, en el intento de viabilizar conexiones, y otra que visaría solamente a la descarga, en el sentido de mantener la inercia. Finalizando, buscamos construir un acercamiento crítico al intento de relacionar odio y agresión con la pulsión de muerte.

Energía psíquica y código genético subyacente / Psychic energy and underlying genetic code

A medida que el niño crece recibe impactos positivos o negativos, impresos a manera de códigos en sus engramas mentales, que algunas veces devienen en traumas psíquicos, a juzgar por sus actitudes y comportamientos dentro del núcleo familiar o en su entorno. Existen serias correlaciones entre las energías psíquicas que se activan cotidianamente en la vida personal y social del individuo, cuya esencialidad positiva o negativa lo etiquetan como adaptado o desadaptado. Depende de los padres la hechura caracterial de sus hijos y la fortaleza de su ego, para que éstos canalicen la energía instinto impulsivo o netamente frustrante, en energía pulsión, reconversionando la intencionalidad para retomar el equilibrio homeostásico a través de saludables mecanismos de ajuste.

As the child grows he/she receives positive or negative impacts, printed as codes on their mental engrams, which sometimes turn into trauma, judging by their attitudes and behaviors within the family or in their environment. There are significant correlations between the psychic energies that are activated daily in the individual’s personal and social life, whose positive or negative essentiality label him/her as adaptive or maladaptive. The characterial make and the strength of ego of children depends on parents, as well as how they channel the energy impulsive or purely frustrating instinct into energy drive, converting the intention to resume the homeostatic balance through healthy adjustment mechanisms.

Codificación psicogenética pulsional de desórdenes conductuales / Psychogenetic pulsional (drive) coding of behavioral disorders

Toda persona que busca consulta psicológica constituye una unidad poseedora de una gama de recuerdos, entre saludables y atormentadores que lo marcan dentro de entidades psicopatológicas de diversa etiología: neurótica, psicopatológica o esquizoide. Existen a su luz, manifestaciones relacionadas con aspectos sanos, y otras, con desordenes y trastornos de conducta, cuyas improntas están genéticamente codificadas a nivel del aparato psíquico. Descubrir, decodificar, recodificar e interpretar, cada uno de los factores subjetivos, constituye la base de partida para toda intervención psicoterapéutica.

Any person who seeks psychological counseling constitutes a unit possessing a range of memories, including healthy and tormenting, that categorize him/her within psychopathological entities of diverse etiology: neurotic, psychopathological, or schizoid. In this respect, there are manifestations related to healthy aspects, and others to disorders and behavioral problems whose traits are genetically encoded at the psychic apparatus level. Discovering, decoding, recoding and interpreting, each of the subjective factors constitutes the starting point for any psychotherapeutic intervention

La concepción de la curación Chamánica entre los indígenas Embera de Colombia: un proceso de comunicación socio-cultural y fisiológico / The cure among the Embera indigenous population: a social, cultural and physiological communication process

Este trabajo etnográfico centra su atención en un ritual terapéutico. El artículo describe en detalle un acto de curación realizado por un chamán Embera, de Colombia, a una mujer indígena que se encontraba hospitalizada en estado grave y no estaba respondiendo al tratamiento médico occidental. Se analizan los pasos del ritual en relación con la cultura Embera y se inicia el abordaje de la comprensión de la terapéutica utilizada por el chamánen la cual se observan claramente los momentos de Abreacción. El texto muestra que en la terapéutica indígena la dicotomía cuerpo-alma, individuo-sociedad-cosmos, no se presenta. El proceso curativo indígena, a diferencia del occidental, es de comunicación socio-cultural y fisiológico; es un acto que trasciende fronteras, en la medida que admite tanto la medicina tradicional como la occidental.A lo largo del artículo queda implícito que la medicina tradicional, a pesar del desprestigio y persecución de la cual fue objeto desde hace medio milenio, aún esta activa en el grupo Embera.

Psychotherapy and case management for multiple personality disorder. Synthesis for continuity of care.

Patients with MPD are often difficult to manage in the community. These patients have a chaotic lifestyle with acting out behaviors and traumatic relationships. They have difficulty in managing time, maintaining good function, and being safe. The prognosis is good, however, with intensive psychotherapy. Still, containment of the treatment, which is often stormy, is a difficult task. Clinical case management is a treatment modality that strives to bring order out of chaos, stabilize the patient in the community, and encourage the highest level of function during treatment. It is useful to conceptualize case management as a framework for MPD psychotherapy, both to contain the therapy and to be drawn on for strength and resources. The stages of MPD therapy can be intertwined with the core case management functions of assessing, planning, linking to resources, monitoring, and advocacy to facilitate continuity of care for the patient. The synthesis of psychotherapy and case management can decrease chaos for both the patient and therapist, facilitate the patient's function on a daily basis, and increase connectedness for the patient and needed services. There is an art and a subtlety to the synthesis that grows with awareness and experience of the therapist/case manager. It is a synthesis worthy of development and implementation.

Through a glass darkly: the psychoanalytic use of hypnosis with post-traumatic stress disorder.

A severe case of post-traumatic stress disorder stemming from consciousness (with auditory and pain perception) during surgery was treated with 8 sessions of hypnosis. Abreaction and revivification used alone initially retraumatized the patient, and her symptoms worsened. Ego-mastery techniques were then added; emphasis was placed on the role of the therapist as a new object presence to be internalized in restructuring the traumatic memory; memory consolidation and working-through techniques were instituted. The patient's symptoms abated and her condition remitted. The similarities between hypnotic and analytic work are highlighted. In addition, the case material provides a clinical example of the existence and potential traumatic effects of conscious awareness during surgery. It is like through glass, and you see movement and color and stuff--like you see thick glass--and now the glass is real thick and I can see a mass of colors that are not moving or nothing, like a wall. I can't remember anything past that [The Patient]. In the great majority of cases it is not possible to establish the point of origin by a simple interrogation of the patient, however thoroughly it may be carried out. This is in part because what is in question is often some experience which the patient dislikes discussing; but principally because he is genuinely unable to recollect it and often has no suspicion of the causal connection between the precipitating event and the pathological phenomenon. As a rule it is necessary to hypnotize the patient and to arouse his memories under hypnosis of the time at which the symptom made its first appearance; when this has been done, it becomes possible to demonstrate the connection in the clearest and most convincing fashion [Breuer & Freud, 1893/1955, p. 3].

Multiple personality disorder in childhood.

Multiple Personality Disorder (M.P.D.) has been diagnosed in adults and adolescents at an almost exponential rate over the last 10 years in contrast to the previous 100 years. Childhood M.P.D., a more recently recognized entity, has been identified both by retrospective patient reports and actual child case reports, of which we were able to note 12 in total, 4 of which may be more accurately described as "incipient M.P.D." Given the apparently rapid response to treatment compared to adults and the high morbidity caused by the adult form of the disorder, the authors recommend a "high index of suspicion" and the use of screening questionnaires to detect cases of M.P.D. in high risk populations of children. Although the natural history of M.P.D. is not known, early identification and treatment could lower the number of cases of childhood M.P.D. that become established as adult cases and decrease the associated morbidity of the disorder in both children and adults. More research is needed to establish prevalence, etiology and effective treatment methods.

An empirical study on the "cathartic effect" of attempted suicide.

A cathartic effect of attempted suicide has been suggested, but few data are available to validate the concept. In this study we report on the relation between presuicidal and postsuicidal mood conditions in a group of 25 hospitalized suicide attempters and 50 control patients who were depressed but not suicidal. A significant decrease in depression was demonstrated to occur in the suicidal patients within a few days of hospitalization. This was not the case in depressed patients without prior suicide attempts. The drop in depression ratings can, therefore, be attributed to the suicide attempt. Possible explanatory factors are discussed. These findings indicate that the diagnosis of a suicide attempt in the absence of depression can only be reliably made on the basis of data pertaining to the presuicidal mood condition.