RESUMO
Starting in the fall of 2019, mortality, blight symptoms, and signs of white fungal mycelia were observed on external host tissues of non-native landscape trees as well as numerous native trees, understory shrubs, and vines throughout northern and central Florida, USA. We determined that the fungus is an undescribed species of Basidiomycota based on morphological characteristics and DNA sequence analysis. Phylogenetic analyses of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), large subunit (LSU), and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1) regions revealed that this novel plant pathogen is an undescribed taxon of the genus Parvodontia (Cystostereaceae, Agaricales). We propose the name Parvodontia relampaga sp. nov. which describes its unique morphological features and phylogenetic placement. We confirmed the pathogenicity of P. relampaga in greenhouse inoculations on host plants from which strains of this novel pathogen were isolated, including the non-native gymnosperm Afrocarpus falcatus, the non-native and commercially important Ligustrum japonicum, and the native tree Quercus hemisphaerica. P. relampaga was also detected on a total of 27 different species of woody host plants, including such economically and ecologically important hosts as Fraxinus, Ilex, Magnolia, Persea, Prunus, Salix, Vitis, and Vaccinium. For this new plant disease, we propose the name "relampago blight," which refers to the lightning-like rhizomorph growth (relámpago means 'lightning' in Spanish). This study presents a newly discovered fungal taxon with a wide host range on both angiosperms and gymnosperms that may be an emerging pathogen of concern in Florida and the Gulf Coast region.
Assuntos
DNA Fúngico , Filogenia , Doenças das Plantas , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Florida , DNA Fúngico/genética , Agaricales/genética , Agaricales/classificação , Agaricales/isolamento & purificação , Agaricales/fisiologia , Agaricales/patogenicidade , Análise de Sequência de DNA , DNA Espaçador Ribossômico/genética , DNA Espaçador Ribossômico/químicaRESUMO
OL-2 is a water-soluble ß-glucan produced by Omphalia lapidescens. This versatile glucan has potential applications in various industries, including food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. In addition, OL-2 is known for its promising applications as a biomaterial and drug, owing to its reported antitumor and antiseptic properties. Although the biological activities of ß-glucans vary depending on their primary structure, holistic clarification of OL-2 via solution NMR spectroscopy to ascertain its complete and unambiguous structure has not yet been achieved. In this study, a chain of solution NMR techniques, such as correlation spectroscopy, total correlation spectroscopy (TOCSY), nuclear Overhauser effect and exchange spectroscopy, 13C-edited heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC), HSQC-TOCSY, heteronuclear multiple bond correlation, and heteronuclear 2-bond correlation pulse sequences were used to unambiguously assign all 1H and 13C atoms in OL-2. Based on our investigation, OL-2 consists of a 1,3-ß-glucan backbone chain decorated with a single 6-branched ß-glucosyl side unit on every fourth residue.
Assuntos
Agaricales , beta-Glucanas , beta-Glucanas/química , Agaricales/química , Agaricales/classificação , Espectroscopia de Ressonância MagnéticaRESUMO
Calvatia is a genus of gasteroid fungi, comprising about 47 species worldwide. In this paper we report the second worldwide occurrence of two poorly known species of Calvatia, recorded in the Cerrado biome of Brazil: C. oblongispora and C. nodulata. Detailed morphological descriptions and illustrations, including scanning electron micrographs of hyphae and basidiospores are provided, as well a discussion on their taxonomy and geographic distribution.
Calvatia é um gênero de fungos gasteroides que compreende cerca de 47 espécies em todo o mundo. Neste artigo relatamos a segunda ocorrência de duas espécies pouco conhecidas de Calvatia, registradas no bioma Cerrado do Brasil: C. oblongispora e C. nodulata. Descrições morfológicas detalhadas e ilustrações são fornecidas, incluindo micrografias eletrônicas de varredura de hifas e basidiósporos, bem como uma discussão sobre sua taxonomia e distribuição geográfica.
Assuntos
Animais , Agaricales/classificação , Agaricales/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
Nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer region ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS barcode) sequence data from eight type specimens of previously described Squamanita species were obtained. Phylogenetic analysis of ITS and partial nuc 28S rDNA data revealed Squamanita as paraphyletic splitting into two monophyletic groups, which we recognize as the genera Squamanita and Dissoderma. We accept 14 Squamanita and nine Dissoderma species, provide the first sequences of 13 of these, and describe six new species of Squamanita and three new species of Dissoderma. We transfer three species of Squamanita into Dissoderma, one into Cystoderma, and treat S. basii and S. umbilicata as synonyms of D. paradoxum. Squamanita can be distinguished from Dissoderma by the generally larger fleshier basidiomata with a tricholomatoid or amanitoid stature and yellowish to tawny brown pileus and often similarly colored stipe. Most species have cheilo- and pleurocystidia. Species of Dissoderma are small, collybioid or mycenoid, lack cystidia, and the pileus and often upper stipe are purplish gray. Both genera parasitize basidiomata of other agarics.
Assuntos
Agaricales , Agaricales/classificação , Agaricales/genética , DNA Fúngico/genética , DNA Ribossômico/genética , DNA Espaçador Ribossômico/genética , Filogenia , RNA Ribossômico 28S/genética , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
Medicinal mushrooms are increasingly being recognized as an important therapeutic modality in complementary oncology. Until now, more than 800 mushroom species have been known to possess significant pharmacological properties, of which antitumor and immunomodulatory properties have been the most researched. Besides a number of medicinal mushroom preparations being used as dietary supplements and nutraceuticals, several isolates from mushrooms have been used as official antitumor drugs in clinical settings for several decades. Various proteomic approaches allow for the identification of a large number of differentially regulated proteins serendipitously, thereby providing an important platform for a discovery of new potential therapeutic targets and approaches as well as biomarkers of malignant disease. This review is focused on the current state of proteomic research into antitumor mechanisms of some of the most researched medicinal mushroom species, including Phellinus linteus, Ganoderma lucidum, Auricularia auricula, Agrocybe aegerita, Grifola frondosa, and Lentinus edodes, as whole body extracts or various isolates, as well as of complex extract mixtures.
Assuntos
Agaricales/química , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Produtos Biológicos/farmacologia , Proteínas Fúngicas/farmacologia , Proteoma , Proteômica , Agaricales/classificação , Agaricales/metabolismo , Antineoplásicos/química , Produtos Biológicos/química , Misturas Complexas/química , Misturas Complexas/farmacologia , Polissacarídeos Fúngicos/química , Proteínas Fúngicas/química , Fatores Imunológicos/química , Fatores Imunológicos/farmacologia , Proteoglicanas/química , Proteômica/métodos , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Mushrooms provide a reliable source of bioactive compounds and have numerous nutritional values, which is one of the reasons why they are widely used for culinary purposes. They may also be a remedy for several medical conditions, including cancer diseases. Given the constantly increasing number of cancer incidents, the great anticancer potential of mushrooms has unsurprisingly become an object of interest to researchers. Therefore, this review aimed to collect and summarize all the available scientific data on the anti-cancer activity of mushroom extracts. Our research showed that mushroom extracts from 92 species, prepared using 12 different solvents, could reduce the viability of 38 various cancers. Additionally, we evaluated different experimental models: in vitro (cell model), in vivo (mice and rat model, case studies and randomized controlled trials), and in silico. Breast cancer proved to be sensitive to the highest number of mushroom extracts. The curative mechanisms of the studied mushrooms consisted in: inhibition of cancer cell proliferation, unregulated proportion of cells in cell cycle phases, induction of autophagy and phagocytosis, improved response of the immune system, and induction of apoptotic death of cells via upregulation of pro-apoptotic factors and downregulation of anti-apoptotic genes. The processes mainly involved the expression of caspases -3, -8, -9, AKT, p27, p53, BAX, and BCL2. The quoted results could lead to the classification of mushrooms as nutraceuticals used to prevent a variety of disorders or to support treatment of cancer diseases.
Assuntos
Agaricales , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Agaricales/química , Agaricales/classificação , Animais , Antineoplásicos/isolamento & purificação , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas Reguladoras de Apoptose/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismo , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Neoplasias/patologia , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
Fungi in the Nidulariaceae, otherwise known as 'bird's nest fungi', are among the least studied groups of Agaricomycetes (Basidiomycota). Bird's nest fungi are globally distributed and typically grow on woody debris or animal dung as saprotrophs. This group of fungi is morphologically diverse with ca. 200 described species. Phylogenetic relationships of bird's nest fungi were investigated with four commonly used loci (ITS, LSU, tef, and rpb2). The family was resolved as a monophyletic group with Squamanitaceae as a potential sister taxon. Cyathus and Crucibulum each formed its own independent and well-supported clade. Nidula and Nidularia formed a clade together, but each genus is polyphyletic. Two Mycocalia species included in our analyses were on their own separate branches, indicating that this genus is also polyphyletic. Misidentifications were detected in most genera, suggesting that species concepts need to be revisited and refined throughout Nidulariaceae. Several bird's nest fungi species have global geographical distributions whereas others may have more limited ranges. Basic morphological characters of bird's nest fungi have likely been lost or gained multiple times. The phylogenetic placement of Crucibulum is unclear and the sister lineage of bird's nest fungi is not conclusive. Further studies with data from rare species and additional informative genes are needed to fully resolve the topology of Nidulariaceae and identify its sister group with more certainty.
Assuntos
Agaricales , Cyathus , Filogenia , Agaricales/classificação , Agaricales/genética , Animais , Aves , DNA Fúngico/genética , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
India showcases an array of fascinating and rare mushrooms that grow exclusively in the wilderness of West Bengal. Thus, the state has always been our prime choice to document myco-diversity and associated indigenous knowledge. Fortuitously, a recent expedition gifted us a violet-coloured Russuloid macrofungus, called "Jam Patra", that plays an integral part in the food security of local ethnic groups. However, the species has not received the much-needed attention among city dwellers and remains abandoned, motivating us to carry a thorough investigation. To our surprise, extensive analyses on morphological features and nrITS based phylogenetic estimation pointed the novelty of the taxon, as justified herein. Extending this research, a water-soluble polysaccharide-rich fraction was isolated to determine therapeutic prospects. Chemical characterization revealed that the backbone of the polymers, organized in triple-helical form, predominantly consisted of ß-glucan accompanied by a lower extent of galactose, mannose and xylose. Subsequently, the effective antioxidant activity was noted in terms of radical scavenging, reducing power and chelating ability with EC50 of 305-2726 µg ml-1. Further, the macromolecules triggered murine macrophages to proliferate, phagocytose, release NO, produce intracellular ROS and change morphodynamics. A significant alleviation in the expression of TLR-2, TLR-4, NF-κB, COX-2, TNF-α, Iκ-Bα, IFN-γ, IL-10 and iNOS was also observed explaining the definite immune-stimulatory activity and supporting traditional consumption of "Jam Patra" as a health-promoting food. Altogether, the study introduces a species in the world's myco-diversity and tribal food list opening doors of various opportunities in functional food and nature-based drug development arenas, which are currently in trend.
Assuntos
Agaricales/química , Agaricales/classificação , Filogenia , Agaricales/genética , Animais , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Carpóforos/química , Expressão Gênica , Índia , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos , Fagocitose/efeitos dos fármacos , Polissacarídeos/química , Polissacarídeos/farmacologia , Alinhamento de Sequência , beta-Glucanas/farmacologiaRESUMO
Phlebopus roseus is described as new based on collections from southwest China. Phylogenetic analyses of nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer region ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS) and portions of nuclear 28S rDNA (28S), translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1), and the largest and second largest subunits of RNA polymerase II (rpb1, rpb2) support P. roseus as a novel species in the genus Phlebopus (Boletinellaceae, Boletales). The new species resembles P. portentosus but differs from it in that mature basidiomata have a bright rose-red-colored stipe and a radiate tubular hymenophore with nested pores. Despite extensive searching, P. roseus has only been found at four sites within a 24-hectare orchard dominated by Eriobotrya japonica, which is agriculturally important given its fruit production (loquats). Therefore, this species appears to be endemic and geographically restricted. The ecology of this bolete is also unique. In line with the trophic behavior of other species in the Boletinellaceae, our observations indicate that P. roseus forms a symbiotic association with the scale insect Coccus hesperidum, identified through sequence analysis of its mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) region, to form fungus-insect galls that develop on roots of E. japonica trees. Phlebopus roseus is an edible mushroom species and is collected from the type location by farmers and sold commercially in limited quantities at local markets alongside P. portentosus and other fungi.
Assuntos
Basidiomycota , Agaricales/classificação , Agaricales/genética , Agaricales/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Basidiomycota/classificação , Basidiomycota/genética , Basidiomycota/isolamento & purificação , China , Classificação , DNA Fúngico/genética , Eriobotrya/microbiologia , Hemípteros , Fator 1 de Elongação de Peptídeos/genética , Raízes de Plantas/microbiologia , Tumores de Planta/microbiologia , RNA Polimerase II/genética , RNA Ribossômico 28S/genética , SimbioseRESUMO
Laccases or benzenediol oxygen oxidoreductases (EC 1.10.3.2) are polyphenol multicopper oxidases that are known for their structural and functional diversity in various life forms. In the present study, the molecular and physico-chemical properties (redox-potential and secondary structures) of fungal laccase isozymes (FLIs) isolated from a medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum were analyzed and compared with those of the recombinant bacterial laccases (rLac) obtained from different Yersinia enterocolitica strains. It was revealed that the FLIs contained His-Cys-His as the most conserved residue in its domain I Cu site, while the fourth and fifth residues were variable (Ile, Leu, or Phe). Evidently, the cyclic voltammetric measurements of Glac L2 at Type 1 Cu site revealed greater E° for ABTS/ABTS+ (0.312 V) and ABTS+/ABTS2+ (0.773 V) compared to the E° of rLac. Furthermore, circular dichroism-based conformational analysis revealed structural stability of the FLIs at acidic pH (3.0) and low temperature (<30 °C), while the isozymes were destabilized at neutral pH (7.0) and high-temperature conditions (>70 °C). The zymographic studies further confirmed the functional inactivation of FLIs at high temperatures (≥70 °C), predominantly due to domain unfolding. These findings provide novel insight into the evolution of the catalytic efficiency and redox properties of the FLIs, contributing to the existing knowledge regarding stress responses, metabolite production, and the biotechnological utilization of metabolites.
Assuntos
Agaricales/enzimologia , Lacase/química , Oxirredução , Reishi/enzimologia , Yersinia enterocolitica/enzimologia , Agaricales/classificação , Agaricales/genética , Proteínas de Bactérias/química , Proteínas de Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Estabilidade Enzimática , Proteínas Fúngicas/química , Proteínas Fúngicas/isolamento & purificação , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Isoenzimas , Lacase/genética , Lacase/isolamento & purificação , Ligantes , Modelos Moleculares , Filogenia , Conformação Proteica , Reishi/classificação , Reishi/genética , Análise Espectral , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , TranscriptomaRESUMO
In the wide field of nutraceuticals, the effects of mushrooms on immunity, cancer and including autoimmunity have been proposed for centuries but in recent years a growing interest has led scientists to elucidate which specific compounds have bioactive properties and through which mechanisms. Glucans and specific proteins are responsible for most of the biological effects of mushrooms, particularly in terms of immunomodulatory and anti-tumor results. Proteins with bioactive effects include lectins, fungal immunomodulatory proteins (FIPs), ribosome inactivating proteins (RIPs), ribonucleases, laccases, among others. At the present status of knowledge, numerous studies have been performed on cell lines and murine models while only a few clinical trials have been conducted. As in most cases of dietary components, the multitude of variables implicated in the final effect and an inadequate standardization are expected to affect the observed differences, thus making the available evidence insufficient to justify the treatment of human diseases with mushrooms extracts. We will herein provide a comprehensive review and critically discussion the biochemical changes induced by different mushroom compounds as observed in in vitro studies, particularly on macrophages, dendritic cells, T cells, and NK cells, compared to in vivo and human studies. Additional effects are represented by lipids which constitute a minor part of mushrooms but may have a role in reducing serum cholesterol levels or phenols acting as antioxidant and reducing agents. Human studies provide a minority of available data, as well illustrated by a placebo-controlled study of athletes treated with ß-glucan from Pleurotus ostreatus. Variables influencing study outcomes include different mushrooms strains, growing conditions, developmental stage, part of mushroom used, extraction method, and storage conditions. We foresee that future rigorous research will be needed to determine the potential of mushroom compounds for human health to reproduce the effects of some compounds such as lentinan which a metaanalysis demonstrated to increase the efficacy of chemotherapy in the treatment of lung cancer and in the improvement of the patients quality of life.
Assuntos
Agaricales , Produtos Biológicos , Imunidade , Agaricales/química , Agaricales/classificação , Agaricales/metabolismo , Animais , Antineoplásicos/química , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Autoimunidade/efeitos dos fármacos , Produtos Biológicos/química , Produtos Biológicos/farmacologia , Proteínas Alimentares/metabolismo , Suplementos Nutricionais , Avaliação do Impacto na Saúde , Humanos , Imunidade/efeitos dos fármacos , Imunidade Inata/efeitos dos fármacos , Imunomodulação , Leucócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Leucócitos/imunologia , Leucócitos/metabolismo , Ativação Linfocitária/efeitos dos fármacos , Ativação Linfocitária/imunologia , beta-Glucanas/metabolismoRESUMO
This study aimed to examine the antibacterial activity of extracts of Amazonian Agaricomycetes macrofungi. The sample comprised 168 specimen collected at the Zoobotanical Park of the Federal University of Acre (Brazil), of which 32 (19%) were isolated. Extracts of the 32 isolates and 28 Agaricomycetes basidiomata were prepared and tested for activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria, using the disc diffusion method. Of the 32 metabolite extracts of the isolated Basidiomycetes, 11 (34.4%) exhibited antibacterial activity especially against Gram-negative E. coli and K. pneumoniae bacteria, while of the 28 basidiomata extracts, 6 (21.4%) exhibited antibacterial activity mainly against the Gram-positive S. aureus bacteria. This study is the first to report the antibacterial activity of the Agaricomycetes species Coriolopsis caperata, Cyclomyces iodinus, Cymatoderma sp., Favolus tenuiculus, and Tyromyces cf. polyporoides, and contributes as the first investigation about the antibacterial potential of Basidiomycetes grown in Southwest Amazonia.
Assuntos
Agaricales/química , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Basidiomycota/química , Bactérias Gram-Negativas/efeitos dos fármacos , Bactérias Gram-Positivas/efeitos dos fármacos , Polyporales/química , Agaricales/classificação , Antibacterianos/isolamento & purificação , Basidiomycota/classificação , Brasil , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Klebsiella pneumoniae/efeitos dos fármacos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Polyporaceae/química , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacos , Streptococcus pneumoniae/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
The pretreatment of biomass remains a critical requirement for bio-renewable fuel production from lignocellulose. Although current processes primarily involve chemical and physical approaches, the biological breakdown of lignin using enzymes and microorganisms is quickly becoming an interesting eco-friendly alternative to classical processes. As a result, bioprospection of wild fungi from naturally occurring lignin-rich sources remains a suitable method to uncover and isolate new species exhibiting ligninolytic activity. In this study, wild species of white rot fungi were collected from Colombian forests based on their natural wood decay ability and high capacity to secrete oxidoreductases with high affinity for phenolic polymers such as lignin. Based on high activity obtained from solid-state fermentation using a lignocellulose source from oil palm as matrix, we describe the isolation and whole-genome sequencing of Dictyopanus pusillus, a wild basidiomycete fungus exhibiting ABTS oxidation as an indication of laccase activity. Functional characterization of a crude enzymatic extract identified laccase activity as the main enzymatic contributor to fungal extracts, an observation supported by the identification of 13 putative genes encoding for homologous laccases in the genome. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the first report of an enzymatic extract exhibiting laccase activity in the Dictyopanus genera, offering means to exploit this species and its enzymes for the delignification process of lignocellulosic by-products from oil palm.
Assuntos
Agaricales/genética , Genoma Fúngico , Lignina/metabolismo , Óleo de Palmeira/metabolismo , Agaricales/classificação , Agaricales/enzimologia , Biomassa , Proteínas Fúngicas/genética , Proteínas Fúngicas/metabolismo , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Lacase/genética , Lacase/metabolismo , Oxirredução , Filogenia , Temperatura , Sequenciamento Completo do GenomaRESUMO
The coprinoid mushrooms or coprini are species of former genus Coprinus Pers. (Coprinaceae, Agaricomycetes) currently divided into four new genera: Coprinus, Coprinopsis, Coprinellus, and Parasola. The presented review addresses literature data and findings from our recent observations on bioactive compounds (sesquiterpenes, proteins, lectins, phenolics, polysaccharides, fatty acids, etc.) and enzymes (proteases) of 21 coprinoid species distributed in Armenia possessing medicinal properties (antitumor, antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, mitogenic, antiprotozoal, hypoglycemic, and others) with potential biotechnological interest.
Assuntos
Agaricales/química , Agaricales/classificação , Animais , Antibacterianos/isolamento & purificação , Anti-Infecciosos/isolamento & purificação , Antifúngicos/isolamento & purificação , Armênia , Ácidos Graxos/análise , Humanos , Camundongos , Fenóis/análise , Polissacarídeos/análiseRESUMO
Mushrooms have a long history of uses for their medicinal and nutritional properties. They have been consumed by people for thousands of years. Edible mushrooms are collected in the wild or cultivated worldwide. Recently, mushroom extracts and their secondary metabolites have acquired considerable attention due to their biological effects, which include antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, and immunomodulatory activities. Thus, in addition to phytochemists, nutritionists and consumers are now deeply interested in the phytochemical constituents of mushrooms, which provide beneficial effects to humans in terms of health promotion and reduction of disease-related risks. In recent years, scientific reports on the nutritional, phytochemical and pharmacological properties of mushroom have been overwhelming. However, the bioactive compounds and biological properties of wild edible mushrooms growing in Southeast Asian countries have been rarely described. In this review, the bioactive compounds isolated from 25 selected wild edible mushrooms growing in Southeast Asia have been reviewed, together with their biological activities. Phytoconstituents with antioxidant and antimicrobial activities have been highlighted. Several evidences indicate that mushrooms are good sources for natural antioxidants and antimicrobial agents.
Assuntos
Agaricales/química , Produtos Biológicos/química , Compostos Fitoquímicos/química , Agaricales/classificação , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Sudeste Asiático , Produtos Biológicos/farmacologia , Humanos , Estrutura Molecular , Fenótipo , Compostos Fitoquímicos/farmacologiaRESUMO
This article reviews mushrooms with anti-breast cancer activity. The mushrooms covered which are better known include the following: button mushroom Agaricus bisporus, Brazilian mushroom Agaricus blazei, Amauroderma rugosum, stout camphor fungus Antrodia camphorata, Jew's ear (black) fungus or black wood ear fungus Auricularia auricula-judae, reishi mushroom or Lingzhi Ganoderma lucidum, Ganoderma sinense, maitake mushroom or sheep's head mushroom Grifola frondosa, lion's mane mushroom or monkey head mushroom Hericium erinaceum, brown beech mushroom Hypsizigus marmoreus, sulfur polypore mushroom Laetiporus sulphureus, Lentinula edodes (shiitake mushroom), Phellinus linteus (Japanese "meshimakobu," Chinese "song gen," Korean "sanghwang," American "black hoof mushroom"), abalone mushroom Pleurotus abalonus, king oyster mushroom Pleurotus eryngii, oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus, tuckahoe or Fu Ling Poria cocos, and split gill mushroom Schizophyllum commune. Antineoplastic effectiveness in human clinical trials and mechanism of anticancer action have been reported for Antrodia camphorata, Cordyceps sinensis, Coriolus versicolor, Ganoderma lucidum, Grifola frondosa, and Lentinula edodes.
Assuntos
Agaricales/química , Agaricales/classificação , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias da Mama/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Misturas Complexas/química , Misturas Complexas/farmacologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Humanos , Camundongos , RatosRESUMO
Lignosus rhinocerotis (tiger milk mushroom) is widely used by the indigenous people of Malaysia as a traditional remedy. The present study was carried out in order to evaluate the antioxidant, cytotoxic and anti-neuroinflammatory activities of L. rhinocerotis extract on brain microglial cells (BV2). The antioxidant activity was evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPHâ¢), 2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTSâ¢+) scavenging assays, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The FRAP, DPPH and ABTSâ¢+ scavenging capacities of the TE3 fraction were 420.77 mg FE/g, 58.01%, and 7%, respectively. The cytotoxic activity was determined by MTS assay. The in vitro model of anti-neuroinflammatory property was evaluated by measuring the production of nitric oxide (NO) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced BV2 cells. The TE3 fraction showed a significant NO reduction at 1 to 100 µg/mL. The TE3 fraction down-regulated inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) genes while it upregulated heme oxygenase (HO-1) and NADPH quinone acceptor oxidoreductase-1 (NQO-1) genes. The nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) transcription was also activated. The chemical component of the active fraction (TE3) was identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS). Overall, the BV2 in vitro model anti-neuroinflammatory activity of L. rhinocerotis may be caused by the lipid constituents identified in the fraction
Assuntos
Técnicas In Vitro/métodos , Células/classificação , Agaricales/classificação , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Lipídeos/efeitos adversos , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas/instrumentação , Antioxidantes/farmacologiaRESUMO
Research supports the theory that the microbiome of plants and mushrooms produce potent activators of pathogen recognition receptors which are principal contributors to the stimulation of macrophages. We have previously reported that the in vitro macrophage stimulatory activity of water-soluble extracts from 13 different types of edible mushrooms is predominantly due to bacterial components originating from the naturally occurring bacterial communities within these materials. The purpose of the current study was to further investigate the bacterial-dependent activity of the water-soluble extracts and assess whether these 13 types of mushrooms contain water-insoluble beta glucans that activate the dectin-1b signaling pathway. Activity of the water-soluble extracts was predominantly due to Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 agonists. For dectin-1b-dependent activity (indicative of water-insoluble beta glucans), culinary mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus varieties) were essentially inactive, whereas most of the medicinal mushrooms (Lentinula edodes, Grifola frondosa, Hypsizygus marmoreus varieties, Flammulina velutipes) exhibited potent activation. A. bisporus samples with no detectable dectin-1b-dependent activity had yeast colony forming units that were 687 times lower than L. edodes exhibiting high activity, indicating that the active insoluble beta glucans are derived from colonizing yeast. In addition, co-stimulation of macrophages with the TLR agonists and insoluble beta glucan was found to result in a synergistic enhancement of in vitro cytokine production. Taken together, these findings indicate that the in vitro macrophage activating potential of edible mushrooms is due to the collaborative interaction of water-soluble TLR agonists (derived from colonizing bacteria) and water-insoluble beta glucans (derived from colonizing yeast).
Assuntos
Agaricales/química , Bactérias/química , Lectinas Tipo C/imunologia , Ativação de Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Macrófagos/imunologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Receptores Toll-Like/imunologia , Verduras/microbiologia , Leveduras/química , beta-Glucanas/farmacologia , Agaricales/classificação , Animais , Bactérias/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Bactérias/metabolismo , Lectinas Tipo C/genética , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos , Extratos Vegetais/química , Células RAW 264.7 , Receptores Toll-Like/agonistas , Receptores Toll-Like/genética , Verduras/química , Verduras/classificação , Leveduras/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Leveduras/metabolismo , beta-Glucanas/metabolismoRESUMO
RATIONALE: Approximately 5000 species of wild mushroom are reported worldwide, of which 100 are documented as poisonous and <10 are fatal. The clinical picture of patients with wild mushroom intoxication depends mostly on the type of ingested mushroom, ranging from mild gastrointestinal symptoms to organ failure and death. PATIENT CONCERNS: We report 2 children, sister and brother admitted in our clinic for gastrointestinal symptoms: abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea after wild mushroom ingestion. DIAGNOSIS: The laboratory tests revealed hepatic cytolysis syndrome, hyperbilirubinemia, impaired coagulation status, hypoalbuminemia, hypoglycemia, and electrolytic unbalances in both cases. Abdominal ultrasound showed hepatomegaly and ascites. INTERVENTION: After admission, both cases received penicillin by vein, activated charcoal, liver protectors, glucose, and electrolytes perfusions. Nevertheless, their status worsened and required the transfer to the pediatric intensive care unit for appropriate supportive measure. Therefore, therapeutic plasma exchange was initiated along with N-acetyl cysteine and hemostatic drugs. OUTCOMES: Despite all these therapeutic interventions, both cases developed hepatorenal syndrome and died after a couple of days from ingestion. LESSONS: Mushroom poisoning remains a public health problem in developing countries. Preventable strategies and education regarding the consumption of wild type mushrooms are essential for decreasing the morbidity and mortality rates in these areas.
Assuntos
Síndrome Hepatorrenal/etiologia , Intoxicação Alimentar por Cogumelos/complicações , Intoxicação Alimentar por Cogumelos/diagnóstico , Dor Abdominal/diagnóstico , Dor Abdominal/etiologia , Agaricales/classificação , Ascite/diagnóstico por imagem , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Diarreia/diagnóstico , Diarreia/etiologia , Ingestão de Alimentos , Evolução Fatal , Feminino , Hepatomegalia/diagnóstico por imagem , Humanos , Masculino , Intoxicação Alimentar por Cogumelos/patologia , Intoxicação Alimentar por Cogumelos/terapia , Troca Plasmática/métodos , Romênia/epidemiologia , Ultrassonografia , Vômito/diagnóstico , Vômito/etiologiaRESUMO
El género Boletus cuenta con alrededor de 300 especies, las cuales se encuentran ampliamente distribuidas en el mundo, formando micorrizas con diversos árboles. En Chile se han documentado seis especies: Boletus loyo, B. loyita, B. chilensis, B. putidus, B. bresinskyanus y B. araucariae, asociadas exclusivamente a Nothofagus spp., siendo Boletus loyo actualmente clasificada en el género Butyriboletus. En esta revisión, se describen los caracteres macro y microscópicos junto con la distribución climática de las seis especies nativas presentes en nuestro país de acuerdo a la literatura. Además, se presenta una clave dicotómica basada en bibliografía relevante para ayudar a su determinación.(AU)
The genus Boletus has around 300 species, which are distributed throughout the world, forming mycorrhizae with different trees. In Chile six species have been documented: Boletus loyo, B. loyita, B. chilensis, B. putidus, B. bresinskyanus and B. araucariae, which belong to Nothofagus spp., being Boletus loyo currently classified in the genus Butyriboletus. In this review, the macro and microscopic characters and climatic distribution of the six native species present in our country are described according to the literature. In addition, a dichotomous key based on relevant literature is presented to aid in its determination.(AU)