Paraneptunicella aestuarii gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the family Alteromonadaceae isolated from seawater in East China Sea.

An aerobic Gram-stain-negative, curved rod-shaped and non-spore-forming bacterial strain (NBU2194T) was isolated from seawater collected in an intertidal zone in Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, PR China. It was motile though a single polar flagellum and grew at 20-42 °C (optimum, 30 °C), in 0-2.0 % NaCl (0 %, w/v) and at pH 5.0-9.0 (pH 6.0-7.0). The sole respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-8. The major cellular fatty acids were C16 : 0, C16 : 1 ω7c and/or C16 : 1 ω6c. The polar lipids contained diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, one unidentified phospholipid and two unidentified aminophosphoglycolipids. A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and 65 genomic core genes showed that strain NBU2194T formed a distinct lineage in the family Alteromonadaceae. The genome of strain NBU2194T was 4 913 533 bp with a DNA G+C content of 43.9 mol% and coded 3895 genes, 12 rRNA genes and 47 tRNA genes. The average nucleotide identity, amino acid identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain NBU2194T and related species of Alteromonadaceae were below the threshold limit for prokaryotic species delineation. NBU2194T could be distinguished from other genera in the family Alteromonadaceae based on phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genomic characteristics. On the basis of the polyphasic taxonomic evidence collected in this study, strain NBU2194T is considered to represent a novel genus and species in the family Alteromonadaceae, for which the name Paraneptunicella aestuarii is proposed. The type strain is NBU2194T (=KCTC 82442T=GDMCC 1.2217T).

Formation of cadmium sulfide nanoparticles mediates cadmium resistance and light utilization of the deep-sea bacterium Idiomarina sp. OT37-5b.

Heavy metal is one of the major factors threatening the survival of microorganisms. Here, a deep-sea bacterium designated Idiomarina sp. OT37-5b possessing strong cadmium (Cd) tolerance was isolated from a typical hydrothermal vent. Both the Cd-resistance and removal efficiency of Idiomarina sp. OT37-5b were significantly promoted by the supplement of cysteine and meanwhile large amount of CdS nanoparticles were observed. Production of H2 S from cysteine catalysed by methionine gamma-lyase was further demonstrated to contribute to the formation of CdS nanoparticles. Proteomic results showed the addition of cysteine effectively enhanced the efflux of Cd, improved the activities of reactive oxygen species scavenging enzymes, and thereby boosted the nitrogen reduction and energy production of Idiomarina sp. OT37-5b. Notably, the existence of CdS nanoparticles obviously promoted the growth of Idiomarina sp. OT37-5b when exposed to light, indicating this bacterium might grab light energy through CdS nanoparticles. Proteomic analysis revealed the expression levels of essential components for light utilization including electron transport, cytochrome complex and F-type ATPase were significantly up-regulated, which strongly suggested the formation of CdS nanoparticles promoted light utilization and energy production. Our results provide a good model to investigate the uncovered mechanisms of self-photosensitization of nonphotosynthetic bacteria for light-to-chemical production in the deep biosphere.

Paraglaciecola marina sp. nov., isolated from marine alga (Sargassum natans (L.) Gaillon).

A novel Gram-stain-negative, straight or curved rod-shaped, non-spore-forming, strictly aerobic, motile bacterium with a single polar flagellum, designated D3211T, was isolated from marine alga collected at the seashore of Yantai, PR China. The organism grew optimally at 24 °C, pH 7.0 and in the presence of 2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Strain D3211T contained ubiquinone 8 as the major respiratory quinone and C16 : 1 ω7c and/or C16 : 1 ω6c, C16 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 1 B and/or iso-C17 : 1 I as the major fatty acids. The predominant polar lipids of strain D3211T were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol. The DNA G+C content of strain D3211T was 39.4 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the novel strain was related most closely to Paraglaciecola arctica BSs20135T, Paraglaciecola aestuariivivens JDTF-33T, Paraglaciecola aquimarina KCTC 32108T, Paraglaciecola mesophila DSM 15026T, Paraglaciecola psychrophila JCM 13954T and Paraglaciecola polaris ARK 150T with 97.6, 97.6, 97.5, 97.4, 97.3 and 97.1 % sequence similarities, respectively. Calculated average nucleotide identity and DNA-DNAhybridization values between strain D3211T and its phylogenetically related Paraglaciecola species were in the range 70.2-73.4 % and 19.1-20.4 %, respectively. On the basis of polyphasic analyses, strain D3211T represents a novel species of the genus Paraglaciecola, for which the name Paraglaciecola marina sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is D3211T (=KCTC 72122T=MCCC 1K03603T).

Bulbimidazoles A-C, Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Alkanoyl Imidazoles from a Marine Gammaproteobacterium Microbulbifer Species.

Three new alkanoyl imidazoles, designated bulbimidazoles A-C (1-3), were found from the culture extract of the gammaproteobacterium Microbulbifer sp. DC3-6 isolated from a stony coral of the genus Tubastraea. The absolute configuration of the anteiso-methyl substitution in 1 was established to be a mixture of (R)- and (S)-configurations in a ratio of 9:91 by applying the Ohrui-Akasaka method. Compounds 1-3 displayed unique broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and -negative bacteria and fungi with MICs ranging from 0.78 to 12.5 µg/mL. They also exhibited cytotoxicity toward P388 murine leukemia cells with IC50 in the micromolar range.

Microbulbifer harenosus sp. nov., an alginate-degrading bacterium isolated from coastal sand.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacterium with peritrichous flagella, designated strain HB161719T, was isolated from coastal sand collected from Tanmen Port in Hainan, PR China. The isolate was found to grow with 2-11 % (w/v) NaCl, at 15-45 °C and pH 6.0-10.0, with an optima of 2-3 % NaCl, 37 °C and pH 7.0, respectively. Chemotaxonomic analysis showed that Q-8 was detected as the sole respiratory quinone and that iso-C15 : 0 and summed features 3, 8 and 9 were the major cellular fatty acids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 58.2 mol%. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of the strain showed an affiliation with the genus Microbulbifer, sharing 98.7, 98.4, 97.8 and 97.8 % sequence similarities to the closest relatives of Microbulbifer okinawensis ABABA23T, Microbulbifer pacificus SPO729T, Microbulbifer taiwanensis CC-LN1-12T and Microbulbifer gwangyangensis GY2T, respectively. Low DNA-DNA hybridization values showed that it formed a distinct genomic species. The combined phenotypic and molecular features supported that strain HB161719T represents a novel species of the genus Microbulbifer, for which the name Microbulbifer harenosus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is HB161719T (=CGMCC 1.13584T=JCM 32688T).

Saliniradius amylolyticus gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from solar saltern sediment.

A novel non-pigmented, Gram-stain-negative, motile by means of a polar flagellum, aerobic and rod-shaped bacterium, designated HMF8227T, was isolated from solar saltern sediment sampled at Shinan, Republic of Korea. The isolate was able to grow at 15-42 °C (optimum, 37 °C), at pH 6-8 (pH 7) and with 0.5-12 % NaCl (2-5 %). Strain HMF8227T was positive for hydrolysis of starch and dextrin. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain HMF8227T was affiliated with the family Alteromonadaceae, sharing the highest sequence similarities to the genera Salinimonas (93.0-94.4 %), Aestuariibacter (92.0-94.2 %), Alteromonas (92.0-93.6 %) and Lacimicrobium (93.6 %). In the phylogenetic trees, strain HMF8227T formed an independent clade with Lacimicrobium alkaliphilum X13M-12T. The major fatty acids were C16 : 0, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω7c and/or C16 : 1 ω6c) and summed feature 8 (C18 : 1 ω7c and/or C18 : 1 ω6c). The major respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-8 (Q-8). The major polar lipids are phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified aminolipid and two unidentified glycolipids. The DNA G+C content of the genomic DNA was 52.1 mol%. On the basis of the polyphasic characterizations, strain HMF8227T represents a novel species and genus within the family Alteromonadaceae, for which the name Saliniradius amylolyticus gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain being HMF8227T (=KCTC 62462T =NBRC 113230T).

Marisediminitalea mangrovi gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from marine mangrove sediment, and reclassification of Aestuariibacter aggregatus as Marisediminitalea aggregata comb. nov.

Strain GS-14T was isolated from a mangrove sediment sample collected at Beilun Estuary National Nature Reserve, Guangxi Province, PR China. Cells were Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic and rod-shaped with a polar flagellum. Optimal growth occurred in the presence of 3-6 % (w/v) NaCl, at pH 6-8 and at a temperature of 37 °C. The predominant polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. Ubiquinone 8 (Q-8) was the sole respiratory quinone. The major fatty acids (>10 % of the total fatty acids) were summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c) and C16 : 0. The DNA G+C content was 47.6 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain GS-14T had the highest sequence similarity to Aestuariibacter aggregatus WH169T (96.63 %), Aliiglaciecola coringensis AK49T (96.56 %) and Alteromonas lipolytica JW12T (96.22 %). In addition, the OrthoANIu value and dDDH values calculated from the genomes of strain GS-14T and A. aggregatus WH169T were 79.5 and 21.9 %, respectively. Based on the polyphasic taxonomic results, strain GS-14T is considered to represent a novel species in a new genus, for which the name Marisediminitalea mangrovi gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Marisediminitalea mangrovi is GS-14T (=KCTC 72401T=MCCC 1K03622T). Because Aestuariibacter aggregatus WH169T clustered with strain GS-14T in the phylogenetic trees and was clearly separated from the two species within the genus Aestuariibacter, it is reclassified as a member of the genus Marisediminitalea as Marisediminitalea aggregata comb. nov. (type strain WH169T=CGMCC 1.8995T=LMG 25283T). The type species of the genus Marisediminitalea is Marisediminitalea aggregata gen. nov., comb. nov.

Pseudidiomarina gelatinasegens sp. nov., isolated from surface sediment of the Terra Nova Bay, Antarctica.

Polyphasic taxonomic analysis was performed to characterize a novel bacterium, which was isolated from surface sediment of the Terra Nova Bay, Antarctica, and designated as R04H25T. The cells of the isolate were Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile, slightly curved rods. Growth occurred at 4-42 °C, pH 7.0-9.5, and in 1-15 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain R04H25T formed an independent lineage within the genus Pseudidiomarina and its nearest neighbours were Pseudidiomarina donghaiensis 908033T (98.2 %), Pseudidiomarina marina PIM1T (98.1 %), Pseudidiomarina woesei W11T (97.8 %), Pseudidiomarina maritima 908087T (97.1 %) and Pseudidiomarina tainanensis PIN1T (97.0 %). The average nucleotide identities between strain R04H25T and the nearest neighbours were 76.2-77.7 %. The major fatty acids were iso-C17 : 0, summed feature 9, iso-C15 : 0, C16 : 0 and iso-C11 : 0 3-OH. The polar lipids comprised phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified aminophospholipid, three unidentified glycolipids and two unidentified lipids. The predominant respiratory quinone was ubiquinone 8. The genomic DNA G+C content was 48.2 mol%. On the basis of the phylogenetic, physiological and chemotaxonomic results, we propose a novel species named as Pseudidiomarina gelatinasegens sp. nov. in the genus Pseudidiomarina, with the type strain R04H25T (=GDMCC 1.1503T=KCTC 62911T).

Pseudidiomarina maritima Wu et al. 2009 is a later heterotypic synonym of Pseudidiomarina tainanensis Jean et al. 2009 and emended description of the species.

A comparative analysis of the two type strains of Pseudidiomarina maritima 908087T and Pseudidiomarina tainanensis PIN1T was performed to examine their taxonomic relationship. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of P. maritima 908087T shared a high similarity (99.8 %) with that of P. tainanensis PIN1T. The phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the two strains formed a tight cluster within the genus Pseudidiomarina. Whole genomic comparison between the two strains revealed a digital DNA-DNA hybridization estimate of 75.8 % and an average nucleotide identity value of 97.3 %, strongly indicating that they represented a single species. In addition, the strains did not display any striking differences in their metabolic, physiological or chemotaxonomic features. Therefore, we propose that Pseudidiomarina maritima is a later heterotypic synonym of Pseudidiomarina tainanensis.

Colwellia ponticola sp. nov., isolated from seawater.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, motile and rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated OISW-25T, was isolated from seawater in Republic of Korea. Strain OISW-25T grew optimally at 25 °C and in the presence of 2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. The phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain OISW-25T fell within the clade comprising the type strains of Colwellia species. Strain OISW-25T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 97.5, 97.2 and 97.1 % to the type strains of C. piezophila, C. maris and C. psychrerythraea, respectively, and of 93.6-96.6 % to the type strains of the other Colwellia species. The average nucleotide identity values between strain OISW-25T and C. piezophila ATCC BAA-637T and two non-type strains of C. psychrerythraea were 78.16-79.35 % and DNA-DNA relatedness value of strain OISW-25T with the type strain of C. maris was 17 %. The DNA G+C content of strain OISW-25T was 39.2 mol% (HPLC) or 38.7 mol% (genome data). Strain OISW-25T contained Q-8 as the predominant ubiquinone and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω7c and/or C16 : 1 ω6c) and C16 : 0 as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids of strain OISW-25T were phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. Distinguished phenotypic properties, along with the phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain OISW-25T is distinct from Colwellia species. On the basis of the data presented, strain OISW-25T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Colwellia, for which the name Colwellia ponticola sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is OISW-25T (=KCTC 62426T=NBRC 113187T).

Agaribacter flavus sp. nov., isolated from red algae.

A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, aerobic, curved-rod bacterium, designated as strain 2p52T, was isolated from the marine algae Gracilaria blodgettii collected off the coast of Lingshui county, in Hainan province, China. Strain 2p52T grew at 15-42 °C (optimally at 30-33 °C), at pH 6.0-10.0 (7.5-8.0) and in the presence of 1.0-8.0 % (w/v) NaCl (2.0-3.0 %). The most closely related species was Agaribacter marinus (96.5 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity). Phylogenetic analysis based on the sequence of the 16S rRNA gene revealed that strain 2p52T belonged to the genus Agaribacter. The novel strain contained phophatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol as the major polar lipids. The predominant isoprenoid quinine was Q-8, and the DNA G+C content was 43.2 mol%. The major cellular fatty acids were C16 : 1ω7c and/or iso-C15 : 0 2-OH, C16 : 0, and C18 : 1ω7c. The phenotypic and systematic comparative analyses indicated that the isolate is representative of a novel species of the genus Agaribacter, and the name Agaribacter flavus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 2p52T (=KCTC 52473T=MCCC 1H00151T).

Neptunicella marina gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from surface seawater.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, short rod-shaped bacterium with a single polar flagellum, designated strain S27-2T, was isolated from surface seawater from the Indian Ocean. Growth was observed in 0-12.0 % (w/v) NaCl with an optimum of 0.5-2.0 % (w/v) NaCl, pH 6.0-9.0 with an optimum of pH 7.0, and growth temperature of 10-41 °C with an optimum of 25-37 °C. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain S27-2T belonged to the family Alteromonadaceae and formed a distinct lineage with the type strain of Pseudobowmanella zhangzhouensis. Levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between strain S27-2T and members of related genera included in the trees ranged from 86.7 to 93.8 %. Strain S27-2T contained Q-8 as the predominant ubiquinone. The principal fatty acids (>10 %) were C16 : 0 (22.1 %), C16 : 1ω7c/ω6c (22.7 %) and C18 : 1ω7c/ω6c (20.1 %). The polar lipids consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, one unidentified phospholipid and two unknown lipids. The G+C content of strain S27-2T was 43.7 mol%. On the basis of the polyphasic taxonomic evidence presented in this study, strain S27-2T should be classified as a novel species in a new genus within the family Alteromonadaceae, for which the name Neptunicella marina gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain S27-2T (= KCTC52335T=MCCC 1A02149T).

Colwellia beringensis sp. nov., a psychrophilic bacterium isolated from the Bering Sea.

A Gram stain-negative, motile and rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated NB097-1T, was isolated from a marine sediment sample collected from the Bering Sea, and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. Strain NB097-1T grew at 0-25 °C, with an optimum growth temperature of 10-13 °C. Phylogenetic trees reconstructed based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain NB097-1T belonged to the genus Colwellia. Strain NB097-1T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of 98.6, 98.5, 98.0, 97.2 and 96.8 % with the type strains of Colwellia mytili, C. sediminilitoris, C. aestuarii, C. polaris and C. chukchiensis, respectively. Strain NB097-1T had Q-8 as the major respiratory quinone and contained summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c) and C16 : 0 as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids detected in strain NB097-1T were phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain NB097-1T was 38.5 mol%, and its average nucleotide identity values with the type strains of C. mytili, C. sediminilitoris, C. aestuarii, C. polaris and C. chukchiensis were 77.30, 78.99, 78.82, 80.66 and 75.77 %, respectively. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic properties, together with average nucleotide identity value data, strain NB097-1T represents a novel species of the genus Colwellia, for which the name Colwellia beringensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NB097-1T (=MCCC 1A11668T=KCTC 52554T).

Paraglaciecola aestuariivivens sp. nov., isolated from a tidal flat.

A Gram-stain-negative, singly flagellated, aerobic and coccoid, ovoid or rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain JDTF-33T, was isolated from a tidal flat in Jindo, an island of South Korea. Strain JDTF-33T grew optimally at 30 °C, at pH 7.0-8.0 and in the presence of 2.0-3.0 % (w/v) NaCl. A neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree, based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, demonstrated that strain JDTF-33T belonged to the genus Paraglaciecola, joining the type strain of the species Paraglaciecola aquimarinawith 97.9 % sequence similarity. Strain JDTF-33T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of 97.1 and 97.0 % to the type strains of Paraglaciecola arctica and Paraglaciecola psychrophila, respectively, and of 96.1-96.6 % to the type strains of the other species of the genus Paraglaciecola. Strain JDTF-33T showed DNA-DNA relatedness values of 11-24 % to the type strains of the species P. aquimarina, P. arctica and Paraglaciecola psychrophila. Strain JDTF-33T contained Q-8 as the predominant ubiquinone and summed feature 3 (C16 : ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c) and C16 : 0 as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids detected in strain JDTF-33T were phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. The DNA G+C content of strain JDTF-33T was 41.7 mol%. Differential phenotypic properties, together with phylogenetic and genetic data, demonstrate that strain JDTF-33T is separate from species of the genus Paraglaciecolawith validly published names. On the basis of the data presented, strain JDTF-33T represents a novel species of the genus Paraglaciecola, for which the name Paraglaciecola aestuariivivens sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is JDTF-33T (=KCTC 52838T=NBRC 112782T).

Catenovulum sediminis sp. nov., isolated from coastal sediment.

A novel Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, rod-shaped and agar-hydrolysing bacterium, designated D2T, was isolated from a marine sediment sample collected from the coast of Weihai, China (37° 31' 59″ N 122° 03' 47″ E). The cells were motile by a lateral flagellum. Growth was observed at 10-42 °C, at pH 6.0-9.0 and with 0.5-8 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that strain D2T belonged to the genus Catenovulum, appearing closely related to Catenovulum agarivorans YM01T (96.3 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity) and Catenovulum maritimumQ1T (93.9 %). The dominant fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or iso-C15 : 0 2-OH), C16 : 0 and C10 : 0 3-OH. The polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, two phosphoaminolipids, two unknown lipids and three phospholipids. Ubiquinone 8 (Q-8) was found to be the major respiratory quinone. The DNA G+C content was 40.4 mol%. On the basis of genotypic, phenotypic and phylogenetic evidence, strain D2T is presented as a representative of a novel species of the genus Catenovulum, for which the name Catenovulum sediminis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is D2T (=KCTC 42869T=MCCC 1H00129T). An emended description of the genus Catenovulum is also provided.

Paraglaciecola hydrolytica sp. nov., a bacterium with hydrolytic activity against multiple seaweed-derived polysaccharides.

A novel bacterial strain, S66T, was isolated from eelgrass collected on the coastline of Zealand, Denmark. Polyphasic analyses involving phenotypic, phylogenetic and genomic methods were used to characterize strain S66T. The strain was Gram-reaction-negative, rod-shaped, aerobic, and displayed growth at 10-25 °C (optimum 20-25 °C) and at pH 7-9 (optimum pH 7.5). Furthermore, strain S66T grew on seaweed polysaccharides agar, agarose, porphyran, κ-carrageenan, alginate and laminarin as sole carbon sources. Major fatty acids were C16 : 0, C16 : 1ω7c and C18 : 1ω7c. The respiratory quinone was determined to be Q-8, and major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. The DNA G+C content was determined to be 42.2 mol%. Phylogenetic analyses based on the 16S rRNA gene and GyrB sequence comparisons showed that the bacterium was affiliated with the genus Paraglaciecola within the family Alteromonadaceae of the class Gammaproteobacteria. The percentage similarity between the 16S rRNA gene and GyrB sequences of strain S66T and other members of the genus Paraglaciecola were 94-95 % and 84-85 %, respectively. Based on the genome sequence of S66T, the average nucleotide identity (ANI) between strain S66T and other members of the genus Paraglaciecola was 77-80 %, and DNA-DNA hybridization prediction showed values of less than 24 % relatedness, respectively, between S66T and other species of the genus Paraglaciecola. The phenotypic, phylogenetic and genomic analyses support the hypothesis that strain S66T represents a novel species of the genus Paraglaciecola, for which the name Paraglaciecola hydrolytica sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is S66T (=LMG 29457T=NCIMB 15060T=DSM 102834T).

Planctobacterium marinum gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the family Alteromonadaceae isolated from seawater.

A bacterial strain designated K7T was isolated from the South China Sea and characterized using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Cells of strain K7T were Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, poly-ß-hydroxybutyrate-accumulating, motile by means of a monopolar flagellum, non-spore forming rods surrounded by a thick capsule and forming yellow colonies. Growth occurred at 4-35 °C (optimum, 25-30 °C), at pH 5.0-9.0 (optimum, pH 7.0) and with 0.5-10 % (w/v) NaCl [optimum, 1-4 % (w/v)]. The predominant fatty acids were summed feature 3 (comprising C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c), C16 : 0 and C18 : 1ω7c. The major isoprenoid quinone was Q-8 and the DNA G+C content was 46.5 mol%. The polar lipid profile consisted of a mixture of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, one uncharacterized phospholipid, two uncharacterized aminophospholipids and five uncharacterized lipids. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain K7T formed a distinct lineage with respect to closely related genera in the family Alteromonadaceae. Strain K7T was most closely related to Aestuariibacter, Aliiglaciecola, Paraglaciecola and Glaciecola, and the levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with respect to the type species of related genera were less than 95 %. On the basis of the genotypic and phenotypic data, strain K7T represents a novel species of a new genus of the family Alteromonadaceae, for which the name Planctobacterium marinum gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Planctobacterium marinum is K7T (=BCRC 80901T=LMG 28835T=KCTC 42657T).

Colwellia mytili sp. nov., isolated from mussel Mytilus edulis.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, motile and rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated RA2-7T, was isolated from a mussel (Mytilus edulis) collected from the South Sea, South Korea, and subjected to a taxonomic study using a polyphasic approach. Strain RA2-7T grew optimally at 20 °C, at pH 7.0-8.0 and in the presence of 2.0-3.0 % (w/v) NaCl. The phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain RA2-7T belonged to the genus Colwellia. Strain RA2-7T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 98.3, 98.0 and 97.5 % to the type strains of Colwellia sediminilitoris, Colwellia aestuarii and Colwellia polaris, respectively, and of 94.5-96.5 % to the type strains of the other species of the genus Colwellia. Strain RA2-7T contained Q-8 as the predominant ubiquinone and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c) and C16 : 0 as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids detected in strain RA2-7T were phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. The DNA G+C content of strain RA2-7T was 39.0±0.04 mol% and its DNA-DNA relatedness values with the type strains of C. sediminilitoris, C. aestuarii and C. polaris were 14-19 %. Differential phenotypic properties, together with its phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain RA2-7T is separated from recognized species of the genus Colwellia. On the basis of the data presented, strain RA2-7T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Colwellia, for which the name Colwellia mytili sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is RA2-7T (=KCTC 52417T=NBRC 112381T).

Idiomarina tyrosinivorans sp. nov., isolated from estuarine surface water.

A tyrosine-metabolizing, Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, non-spore-forming, curved-rod-shaped, motile (due to monopolar flagellum) marine bacterium, designated strain CC-PW-9T, was isolated from estuarine water off Pingtung, Taiwan. Strain CC-PW-9T not only shared highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities with Idiomarina representatives (96.4-93.4 %, n=26), but also formed a distinct phyletic lineage and coherent phylogenetic cluster associated with those species. Cells of strain CC-PW-9T grew with 6-12 % (w/v) NaCl, at 20-40 °C and at pH 6-9. It produced predominant amounts of phosphatidylethanolamine, plus diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylserine, two unidentified phospholipids, an unidentified phosphoglycolipid, two unidentified lipids and an unidentified aminolipid in moderate to trace amounts. Fatty acids such as iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 and iso-C17 : 1ω9c and/or C16 : 010-methyl (summed feature 9) were found in major amounts. The DNA G+C content was 51.1 mol%. Ubiquinone-8 (Q-8) was the sole respiratory quinone. Based on evidence from this polyphasic taxonomic study, strain CC-PW-9T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Idiomarina, affiliated to the family Idiomarinaceae, for which the name Idiomarina tyrosinivorans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CC-PW-9T (=JCM 19757T=BCRC 80745T).

Thalassotalea montiporae sp. nov., isolated from the encrusting pore coral Montipora aequituberculata.

A bacterial strain, designated CL-22T, was isolated from an encrusting pore coral, Montipora aequituberculata, collected off the coast of Southern Taiwan. Its taxonomic position was investigated using a polyphasic approach. Cells of strain CL-22T were Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, motile by means of a single polar flagellum, rod-shaped and formed yellow colonies. Optimal growth occurred at 30 °C, pH 6.5-7 and in 2 % (w/v) NaCl. A neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree, based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, showed that strain CL-22T fell into the clade comprising the type strains of species of the genus Thalassotalea. Strain CL-22T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 94.7-97.1 % to the type strains of species of the genus Thalassotalea. The major fatty acids (>10 %) of strain CL-22T were summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c) and C16 : 0. The predominant isoprenoid quinone was Q-8. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain CL-22T was 41.2 mol%. The differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic inference, demonstrate that strain CL-22T should be classified as a novel species of the genus Thalassotalea; the name Thalassotalea montiporae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CL-22T (=LMG 24827T=BCRC 17940T).