Pharmacobotanical study of Manilkara zapota (L. ) P. Royen (Sapotaceae)

Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen, popularly known as sapoti or sapota (sapodilla), is a tree bearing an important fruit, in addition to different parts of the plant being widely used in folk medicine in the management of inflammation, pain, fevers, coughs, diarrhea, dysentery, among other ailments. This study aimed to conduct a pharmacobotany standardization study of M. zapota. Semi-permanent slides, containing transversal sections of stem, petiole, leaf blade and fruit; and paradermic sections of leaf blade were prepared, and analyzed by light microscopy. Histochemical tests were also performed in cross-sections of the leaf blade. Microscopic analysis allowed the identification of important elements in the diagnosis of the species; while the use of histochemical techniques on the leaf blade showed evidence of the presence of phenolic compounds, tannins, triterpenes and steroids, lipophilic compounds, starch, lignin and calcium oxalate crystals. The results presented contributed to characterization of the species.

Classification of the Aging Lips: A Foundation for an Integrated Approach to Perioral Rejuvenation.

BACKGROUND: Although perioral aging is highly individual with several distinct processes taking part simultaneously, there is scarce systematic information which helps to indicate the right rejuvenation approach among the multitude of proposed procedures. Existing data about perioral aging has not yet been transformed into a consistent therapeutic concept. The intention of this study was to provide a simple, yet reproducible classification and to offer appropriate rejuvenation approaches. METHODS: To identify reliable and constant landmarks of the ongoing process of perioral aging, 462 perioral photo documentations were morphometrically analyzed. Based upon the identified landmarks a two-dimensional classification was developed. The classification was validated by three plastic surgeons. Inter- and intra-rater reliability was calculated using Cohen's kappa coefficient. RESULTS: Perioral aging can be broken down into changes of the lip shape and changes of the lip surface. Both processes can be classified into three stages each: Lip shape according to the shape in profile view, the lip length in relation to the frontal incisors, and the degree of vermilion inversion. Lip surface according to the presence and degree of radial wrinkles and the visibility of the structural elements Cupid's bow, philtrum, and white roll. Inter-observer reliability was rated very good (kappa values between 0.819 and 0.963) and perfect for intra-observer reliability (1.0). CONCLUSION: A better understanding of perioral aging leads to a simple classification for the aging lips. Using the classification helps to tailor an appropriate treatment to the individual patient and aids to achieve a natural rejuvenation result.

Analysis of biliary anatomy according to different classification systems.

PURPOSE: Variations in biliary anatomy are common, and different classifications have been described. These classification systems have not been compared to each other in a single cohort. We report such variations in biliary anatomy on magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) using six different classification systems. METHODS: In 299 patients undergoing MRCP for various indications, biliary anatomy was classified as described by Couinaud (1957), Huang (1996), Karakas (2008), Choi (2003), Champetier (1994), and Ohkubo (2004). Correlation with direct cholangiography and vascular anatomy was done. Bile duct dimensions were measured. Cystic duct junction and pancreaticobiliary ductal junction (PBDJ) were classified. RESULTS: Normal biliary anatomy was noted in 57.8 %. The most common variants were Couinaud type D2, Choi type 3A, Huang type A1, Champetier type a, Ohkubo types D and J, and Karakas type 2a. The Ohkubo classification was the most appropriate; 3.1 % of right ducts and 6.3 % of left ducts with variant anatomy could not be classified using the Ohkubo classification. There was a good agreement between MRCP and direct cholangiography (ĸ = 0.9). Anomalous PBDJ was noted in 8.7 %. Variant biliary anatomy was not associated with gender (p = 0.194) or variant vascular anatomy (p = 0.24). CONCLUSION: Although each classification system has its merits and demerits, some anatomical variations cannot be classified using any of the previously described classifications. The Ohkubo classification system is the most applicable as it considers most clinically relevant variations pertinent to hepatobiliary surgery.

Semiología en otorrinolaringología / Semiology in otolaryngology

La patología otorrinolaringológica (ORL) es una de las principales causas de consulta en pediatría y su exploración semiológica exige una serie de habilidades en la técnica, además de paciencia por parte del explorador, con el fin que ésta no sea una experiencia negativa para el paciente. Se debe realizar la valoración de ORLcon el niño en brazos de la madre, recordando cada uno de los pasos en semiología. En la presente revisión, se evaluarán aspectos de la anamnesis en ORL, anatomía básica así como de la exploración física de la oreja, los oídos, la nariz, los senos paranasales, la boca, la faringe y el cuello.

Otolaryngology pathology (OTL) is one of the main causes of pediatric and semiologic exploration requires a range of skills in the art, as well as patience from the browser, so it is not a negative experience for the patient . PtÑ assessment should be conducted with the child in mother's arms, remembering every one of the steps in semiology. In the present review, we evaluated aspects of OTL history.

A taxonomic and morphological redescription of Potamotrygon falkneri Castex & Maciel, 1963 (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes: Potamotrygonidae)

Uma revisão taxonômica de duas espécies nominais de raias de água doce do gênero Potamotrygon previamente consideradas válidas, Potamotrygon falkneri Castex & Maciel, 1963 e Potamotrygon castexi Castello & Yagolkowski, 1969, foi realizada baseada numa análise detalhada abrangendo aspectos da morfologia externa e interna, incluindo um estudo morfométrico e merístico de espécimes provenientes da distribuição registrada dessas espécies. Além dessas espécies, o status taxonômico da espécie nominal Potamotrygon menchacai Achenbach, 1967, tratada por autores prévios como sinônimo júnior de Potamotrygon falkneri, foi avaliado. As espécies nominais que constituem o que foi chamado de complexo falkneri-castexi representam exemplos da variação cromática encontrados em uma única espécie, uma vez que ocorrem padrões intermediários de coloração e os caracteres restantes não são consistentes para separação em nível específico. Sendo assim, a espécie nominal P. falkneri é considerada válida e as espécies nominais P. castexi e P. menchacai sinônimos juniores desta. Adicionalmente, uma possível espécie nova é apresentada do río Madre de Dios no Peru, sendo esta portadora de alguns caracteres destoantes de P. falkneri. Essa espécie, conhecida de poucos indivíduos, é tratada aqui provisoriamente como Potamotrygon sp.

A taxonomic revision of two nominal species of freshwater stingrays of the genus Potamotrygon previously considered valid, Potamotrygon falkneri Castex & Maciel, 1963 and Potamotrygon castexi Castello & Yagolkowski, 1969, was conducted based on a detailed analysis of external and internal morphology, including a morphometric and meristic study of specimens from the recorded range of both species. The taxonomic status of the nominal species P. menchacai Achenbach, 1967, treated by previous authors as a junior synonym of P. falkneri, was also evaluated. These nominal species, which constitute what has been called the falkneri-castexi complex, were found to represent examples of chromatic variation present in a single species, given that intermediate patterns of coloration are common and the remaining characters analyzed are not consistent enough for separation at the specific level. Consequently, Potamotrygon falkneri is considered valid, whereas the nominal species Potamotrygon castexi and Potamotrygon menchacai are concluded to be junior synonyms of P. falkneri. Additionally, a putative new species is identified from the río Madre de Díos in Peru, which has some characters that do not correspond to P. falkneri. This species, known from few individuals, is here provisionally treated as Potamotrygon sp.

A new species of Philosepedon Eaton, 1904 (Diptera, Psychodidae) from Brazil / Uma espécie nova de Philosepedon Eaton (Diptera, Psychodidae) do Brasil

Philosepedon vieirai Chagas, Bravo & Rafael, n. sp. from Brazil is described and illustrated.

Neste trabalho é descrita a espécie Philosepedon vieirai Chagas, Bravo & Rafael, sp. nov. do Brasil.

Morfologia oral interna de larvas dos gêneros Eupemphix, Physalaemus e Leptodactylus (Amphibia: Anura) / Internal buccal morphology of the tadpoles of the genera Eupemphix, Physalaemus and Leptodactylus

A morfologia bucal interna das larvas de Eupemphix nattereri, Physalaemus albonotatus, P. centralis, P. cuvieri, Leptodactylus furnarius, L. fuscus, L. petersii e L. podicipinus são descritas e comparadas utilizando microscopia eletrônica de varredura. A larva de E. nattereri apresenta muitas diferenças quando comparada à larvas de anuros do gênero Physalaemus. As larvas de P. albonotatus, P. centralis e P. cuvieri apresentam semelhanças em sua morfologia bucal interna, tais como o número de papilas infralabiais e papilas laterais à crista mediana. P. centralis difere na quantidade de papilas pós-nasais e papilas da arena do teto bucal. Entre as larvas de Leptodactylus é possível perceber um padrão na distribuição e quantidade das estruturas bucais internas (papilas infralabiais e linguais, papilas das arenas do assoalho e teto bucal, crista mediana, papilas laterais da crista e papilas pós-nasais) nos grupos de espécies. Os caracteres da morfologia bucal larvária podem ser úteis quando utilizados conjuntamente com outros dados auxiliando na compreensão das relações sistemáticas da ordem Anura.

The internal buccal morphology of the tadpoles of Eupemphix nattereri, Physalaemus albonotatus, P. centralis, P. cuvieri, Leptodactylus furnarius, L. fuscus, L. petersii and L. podicipinus are described and compared using scanning electron microscopy. The tadpole of E. nattereri has major differences when compared to other tadpoles of the Physalaemus genus. The tadpoles of P. albonotatus, P. centralis and P. cuvieri present similarities in internal buccal morphology, such as the number of the infralabial and lateral ridge papillae, but P. centralis differ in the number of the post-narial and buccal roof arena papillae. Among the tadpoles of the Leptodactylus species is possible to observe patterns, in distribution and quantity of the internal buccal structures (infralabial and lingual papillae, buccal floor and roof arena papillae, median ridge, lateral ridge papillae and postnarial papillae) in the species groups. The characteristics of the internal buccal morphology may be useful when used together with other data helping in comprehension of the systematic of the order Anura.

Estrutura populacional de Macrobrachium potiuna (Crustacea, Palaemonidae) no Rio do Moinho, Mangaratiba, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil / Population structure of Macrobrachium potiuna (Crustacea, Palaemonidae) in the Moinho's River, Mangaratiba, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Samples of Macrobrachium potiuna (Müller, 1880) were collected in the Moinhos' River from July 2001 to June 2002. The aim of this study was providing some information about the population structure of this species. In the laboratory, the shrimps were sexed, measured and classified according to developmental stages: mature, immature and sexually undifferentiated. A total of 1162 shrimps was collected, being 52% immature, 46% matures and 2.6% sexually undifferentiated. The immature individuals showed a positive correlation with the water temperature, occurring with greater frequency until 21 ºC. The total length varied from 9.5 to 49.1 mm, with males being the largest ones of the population. The size frequency distribution was characterized by two modes. The sex ratio of 1:1 was observed. A larger number of males was recorded in the spring and ovigerous females in the spring and summer. The juvenile recruitment took place in the autumn, by registering a time lag of four months between the peak of ovigerous females and the entrance of recruits.

Exemplares de Macrobrachium potiuna (Müller, 1880) foram coletados mensalmente no Rio do Moinho, no período de julho/2001 a junho/2002, com o objetivo de fornecer informações sobre a estrutura populacional dessa espécie. No laboratório os camarões foram separados por sexo, mensurados e classificados de acordo com o estágio de desenvolvimento: maturos, imaturos e sexualmente indiferenciados. Foi capturado um total de 1162 indivíduos, sendo 52% imaturos, 46% maduros e 2,6% sexualmente indiferenciados. Os indivíduos imaturos mostraram correlação positiva com a temperatura da água, ocorrendo com maiores freqüências até 21 ºC. O comprimento total variou de 9,5 a 49,1 mm, sendo os machos os maiores indivíduos da população. A distribuição de freqüência de tamanho foi caracterizada por duas modas. A razão sexual observada foi de 1:1. Um maior número de machos foi registrado na primavera e de fêmeas ovígeras na primavera e verão. O recrutamento dos juvenis ocorreu durante o outono, registrando-se um atraso de quatro meses entre o pico de fêmeas ovígeras e a entrada dos recrutas.

A new species of Notalina Mosely, 1936 (Trichoptera: Leptoceridae) from Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park, Goiás state, Brazil / Uma nova espécie de Notalina Mosely, 1936 (Trichoptera: Leptoceridae) proveniente do Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Veadeiros, Goiás, Brasil

The endemic Neotropical long-horned caddisfly subgenus Notalina (Neonotalina) Holzenthal contains nine described species in two species groups, the brasiliana and roraima groups, from the Brazilian Southeastern and Amazonian regions, respectively. In this paper, a new species of Notalina in the brasiliana species group, from Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park, Goiás state, Brazil, is described and illustrated. The new species is easily recognized by the following character set: presence of two pairs of processes on abdominal segment X; presence of well-developed basoventral protuberances, mesally directed in ventral view; presence of triangle-shaped, acuminated mesoventral process on the inferior appendages; and phallic apparatus with flanges slightly curved in dorsal view, not laterally directed.

O subgênero neotropical Notalina (Neonotalina) Holzenthal contém nove espécies descritas em dois grupos de espécies, brasiliana e roraima, provenientes do Sudeste brasileiro e da região Amazônica, respectivamente. Neste artigo, uma nova espécie de Notalina é descrita e ilustrada a partir de espécimes colecionados no Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Veadeiros, Goiás, Brasil. A nova espécie é facilmente diagnosticada pelo seguinte conjunto de caracteres: presença de dois pares de processos no segmento abdominal X; presença de protuberâncias basoventrais bem desenvolvidas, mesalmente direcionadas em vista ventral; presença de processo mesoventral acuminado, com formato triangular no apêndice inferior, e aparato fálico com extensões laterais levemente curvadas em vista dorsal, não direcionadas lateralmente.

A new species of viviparous moth fly (Diptera, Psychodidae, Psychodinae) from the Brazilian Amazon / Espécie nova de psicodídeo vivíparo (Diptera, Psychodidae, Psychodinae) da Amazônia brasileira

A new species of Psychoda Latreille from Brazil is described and illustrated, and represents the first record of viviparous species in the genus Psychoda.

Uma nova espécie de Psychoda Latreille do Brasil é descrita. Este trabalho apresenta o primeiro registro de uma espécie vivípara no gênero Psychoda.

Espécies novas de Chromatonotus Hebard, 1920 da região da Amazônia (Blattellidae, Blattellinae) / New species of Chromatonotus Hebard, 1920 from the Amazon region (Blattellidae, Blattellinae)

Duas espécies novas de Chromatonotus Hebard, 1920 do estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil, são descritas: Chromatonotus chirostylatus sp. nov e Chromatonotus sinopensis sp. nov. Ilustrações sobre a forma e coloração, modificação tergal no abdome, placas genitais e peças da genitália do macho são apresentadas.

Two new species of Chromatonotus Hebard, 1920 from Mato Grosso State, Brazil, are described: Chromatonotus chirostylatus sp. nov and Chromatonotus sinopensis sp. nov. Illustrations of the shape and coloration, tergal modification in the abdome, genital plates and the male genitalia are presented.

A new species of Telmatoscopus Eaton (Diptera, Psychodidae) from Brazil / Espécie nova de Telmatoscopus Eaton (Diptera, Psychodidae) do Brasil

A new Brazilian species of Telmatoscopus Eaton (Diptera, Psychodidae) is described and illustrated. A key to males of Neotropical species of Telmatoscopus is provided.

Neste trabalho é descrita e ilustrada uma espécie nova de Telmatoscopus Eaton (Diptera, Psychodidae) do Brasil. É fornecida uma chave para os machos das espécies Neotropicais de Telmatoscopus.

Primeiro registro de Kroeberia fuliginosa Lindner, 1930 (Diptera: Ropalomeridae) para o Estado do Pará, Brasil / First record of Kroeberia fuliginosa Lindner, 1930 (Diptera: Ropalomeridae) from Pará State, Brazil

Kroeberia fuliginosa Lindner, 1930, was collected in the Pará state, Brazil, for the first time, extending the geographical distribution of this species.

Kroeberia fuliginosa Lindner, 1930 foi coletada no estado do Pará pela primeira vez, ampliando assim a distribuição geográfica dessa espécie.