10% Lidocaine spray as a local anesthetic in blood gas sampling: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

AIM: Radial artery blood gas sampling is a very common procedure undertaken in the emergency department to evaluate respiratory and metabolic parameters. This intervention causes both anxiety and pain for the patient. Therefore, the current study aimed to examine the analgesic efficacy of lidocaine spray compared to a placebo during radial artery blood gas sampling. METHODS: This study was conducted in the emergency department of a tertiary hospital with a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design. A total of 144 patients were randomly divided into two groups: One group (n = 72) received 10% lidocaine spray and the other (n = 72) was the placebo group. The analgesic efficacy of the 10% lidocaine spray was compared with the placebo group using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS). RESULTS: In the evaluation of the analgesic efficacy of the 10% lidocaine spray, the VAS score was 1.5 [interquartile range (IQR): 2.0] for the lidocaine group and 5 (IQR: 2.0) for the placebo group. The role of lidocaine spray in reducing pain was statistically significant compared to the placebo (p = 0.000). CONCLUSION: In blood gas sampling, 10% lidocaine spray has analgesic efficacy. Therefore, we recommend the use of lidocaine spray while performing arterial blood gas sampling in emergency departments.

Periarticular Ketorolac Improves Outcomes for Patients With Joint Replacements.

BACKGROUND: Effective analgesia after joint replacement allows for earlier mobilization, decreased length of stay, and reduced opioid use. The injection of the surgical area with ketorolac (Toradol) prior to closure has changed pain management in joint replacement surgery. PURPOSE: This retrospective research study examined the difference between patients who received periarticular injections of ketorolac versus those who did not. Postoperative outcomes were measured in the two groups. METHODS: Between January 2012 and December 2014, a random sample of 161 patient charts was reviewed to compare length of stay, distance ambulated in the first physical therapy (PT) session, and amount of opioids consumed. RESULTS: Ketorolac injected into the tissue prior to closure significantly impacted outcomes. Patients who received the injection had statistically significant shorter stays, ambulated further distances with their first PT session, and used fewer opioids on postoperative day 1. CONCLUSION: Periarticular ketorolac injections reduce pain and improve outcomes, which reduces healthcare costs.

Ropivacaine/Fentanyl vs. Bupivacaine/Fentanyl for Pain Control in Children after Thoracic Surgery: A Randomized Study.

BACKGROUND: Although bupivacaine remains a standard local anesthetic for postoperative epidural infusions in pediatric patients, it is increasingly being replaced with ropivacaine by many anesthesiologists. Ropivacaine is associated with less risk for cardiac and central nervous system toxicity. AIMS: The purpose of this study was to compare analgesic efficacy and adverse events of postoperative epidural analgesia with ropivacaine/fentanyl versus bupivacaine/fentanyl in children after the Ravitch procedure and thoracotomy. DESIGN: This was a prospective randomized controlled study. SETTINGS: This study was conducted at the Department of Thoracic Surgery of the Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases in Rabka Zdroj, Poland. PARTICIPANTS/SUBJECTS: 94 patients undergoing elective thoracic surgery. METHODS: Patients aged 7-17 years were randomly allocated into a ropivacaine 0.2% (RF, n = 45) or bupivacaine 0.125% (BF, n = 45) group; 1 mL of each analgesic solution contained 5 µg fentanyl. All patients received acetaminophen and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Nurses assessed pain intensity and incidence of adverse events over 72 hours after surgery and modified analgesia if patient pain intensity was greater than 2 out of 10. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference in median pain scores and incidence of adverse events between the RF group and the BF group. The analgesia was excellent (median pain intensity scores at rest, during deep breathing, and when coughing was less than 1 out of 10 in all patients). Adverse events included incidents of desaturation (64/90), nausea (18/90), vomiting (31/90), pruritus (12/90), urinary retention (2/90), paresthesia (11/90), anisocoria (2/90), and Horner syndrome (2/90). CONCLUSIONS: Thoracic epidural analgesia using an RF and BF solution resulted in similar pain relief and adverse event profiles.

Nurse Practitioner-Administered Chloroprocaine in Children with Postoperative Pain.

BACKGROUND: Pain is a complex physical and emotional experience. Therefore, assessment of acute pain requires self-report when possible, observations of emotional and behavioral responses and changes in vital signs. Peripheral nerve and epidural catheters often provide postoperative analgesia in children. Administration of chloroprocaine (a short acting local anesthetic) via a peripheral nerve or epidural catheter allows for a comparison of pain scores, observations of emotional and behavioral responses and changes in vital signs to determine catheter function. AIMS: The aims of this study are to describe the use chloroprocaine injections for testing catheters; patient response; and how changes to pain management are guided by the patient response. METHODS: This study describes the use of chloroprocaine injections to manage pain and assess the function of peripheral nerve or epidural catheters in a pediatric population. We examined 128 surgical patients, (0-25 years old), who received chloroprocaine injections for testing peripheral nerve or epidural catheters. Patient outcomes included: blood pressure, respiratory rate, heart rate and pain intensity scores. RESULTS: There were no significant adverse events. The injection guided intervention by determining the function of regional analgesia in the majority (98.5%) of patients. DISCUSSION: Chloroprocaine injections appear to be useful to evaluate functionality of peripheral nerve and epidural catheters after surgery in a pediatric population.

[New short-acting local anaesthetics for spinal anaesthesia - Well-tried substances for ambulatory surgery]. / Neue kurzwirksame Lokalanästhetika in der Spinalanästhesie - Altbewährte Substanzen für ambulante Eingriffe.

More and more operative procedures are performed in an ambulatory setting. Many patients are denied spinal anaesthesia, although it provides several advantages. Innovative pharmaceutical formulations of well-tried local anaesthetics have created "new" substances that are ideal for ambulatory surgery due to their fast onset, short duration of action, and very low incidence of complications such as transient neurological symptoms (TNS). Both hyperbaric prilocaine 2% and preservative-free chloroprocaine 1% were recently approved for spinal application in Germany. Additional perioperative measures, such as the use of atraumatic, thin spinal needles (25 or 27G), restrictive volume management, and early patient mobilisation, lead to a further reduction of complications. The new S1 guideline of the German Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine encourages us anaesthetists to use spinal anaesthesia more frequently in an ambulatory setting.

Levobupivacaine vs. bupivacaine for third molar surgery: quality of anaesthesia, postoperative analgesia and local vascular effects.

OBJECTIVES: The main purpose of this prospective, double-blind, randomized study was to evaluate anaesthetic parameters, postoperative analgesia and vasoactive properties of levobupivacaine and bupivacaine for lower third molar surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty patients (ASA I) were scheduled for lower third molar surgery under inferior alveolar nerve block, lingual nerve block and buccal nerve block (mandibular nerve blocks) obtained with 3 ml of 0.5 % levobupivacaine and 3 ml of 0.5 % bupivacaine. Success rate, onset and duration of three nerve bocks were evaluated by electrical pulp testing, pinprick testing and signs of soft tissue anaesthesia (patient-reported numbness). Intensity of intraoperative anaesthesia and postoperative analgesia were measured with visual analogue scale (VAS) and numeric rating scale (NRS). The time of first postoperative pain reported and analgesic consumption were also recorded. The laser Doppler flowmetry was used for the measurement of the first premolar pulpal blood flow. RESULTS: There were no differences between levobupivacaine and bupivacaine regarding the success rate, onset and duration of mandibular nerve blocks as well as intensity of postoperative analgesia and analgesic consumption. Intensity of intraoperative anaesthesia and duration of postoperative analgesia were significantly higher in the levobupivacaine than in the bupivacaine group. Both anaesthetics showed similar biphasic vasoactive effect. CONCLUSIONS: Levobupivacaine 0.5 % achieved superiority over bupivacaine 0.5 % in the intensity of intraoperative anaesthesia and duration of postoperative analgesia for lower third molar surgery under the mandibular nerve blocks. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: It seems that the plain levobupivacaine (0.5 %) could be an effective alternative to plain bupivacaine (0.5 %) in those dental procedures which require profound bone and soft tissue anaesthesia.

Eficácia analgésica pós-operatória de diferentes volumes e massas de ropivacaína no bloqueio de plexo braquial pela via posterior / Postoperative analgesic efficacy of different volumes and masses of ropivacaine in posterior brachial plexus block

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O bloqueio do plexo braquial pela via posterior tem sua eficácia para cirurgias de ombro demonstrada por diferentes autores. Entretanto, não há um consenso sobre a massa e o volume ideal de anestésico local a ser empregado. O objetivo deste estudo é comparar diferentes volumes e massas de ropivacaína no bloqueio do plexo braquial pela via posterior em cirurgias artroscópicas de ombro. MÉTODO: Sessenta pacientes com idade > 18 anos, estado físico ASA I e II, escalados para cirurgias artroscópicas de ombro unilateral foram alocados aleatoriamente em três grupos: A (10 mL a 0,5 por cento), B (20 mL a 0,5 por cento), C (5 mL a 1 por cento). O bloqueio foi realizado com agulha 22G de 100 mm conectada ao neuroestimulador, em um ponto 3 cm lateral ao ponto médio do interespaço de C6 e C7, sendo injetada a solução correspondente a cada grupo. A dor pós-operatória foi avaliada na SRPA e nas primeiras 24 horas do pós-operatório. Os grupos foram comparados quanto ao tempo para primeira queixa de dor, à pontuação na ENV e ao consumo de morfina nas primeiras 24 horas. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os três grupos em relação a idade, peso e altura. Não houve diferença no tempo até a primeira queixa de dor, ENV superior a três e consumo de morfina no pós-operatório entre os grupos. CONCLUSÕES: O presente estudo concluiu que 5 mL de ropivacaína 1 por cento promoveu eficácia analgésica similar a 10 mL ou 20 mL de ropivacaína 0,5 por cento no bloqueio do plexo braquial pela via posterior com o uso do neuroestimulador.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The efficacy of posterior brachial plexus block for shoulder surgeries is demonstrated by different authors. However, there is no consensus on the ideal mass and volume of local anesthetic to be employed. The objetive of this study was to compare different volumes and masses of ropivacaine in posterior brachial plexus block in arthroscopic surgeries of the shoulder. METHOD: Sixty patients > 18 years, physical status ASA I and II, scheduled for unilateral arthroscopic surgeries of the shoulder were randomly placed in three groups: A (10 mL to 0.5 percent), B (20 mL to 0.5 percent), C (5 mL to 1 percent). The block was performed with a 22G needle of 100 mm connected to neurostimulator, in a point 3 cm lateral to the midpoint of C6 and C7 interspace, being injected the solution corresponding to each group. The postoperative pain was evaluated at the recovery room and within the first 24 hours of the postoperative period. The groups were compared on length of time until the first complaint of pain, visual numeric scale (VNS) score and morphine consumption within the first 24 hours. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference between the three groups related to age, weight and height. There was no difference in length of time until the first complaint of pain, VNS scores over three and morphine consumption in the postoperative period between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: This study concluded that 5 mL of 1 percent ropivacaine promoted analgesic efficacy similar to 10 mL or 20 mL of 0.5 percent ropivacaine in the posterior brachial plexus block using neurostimulator.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: El bloqueo del plexo braquial por la vía posterior ya posee su eficacia bien demostrada por diferentes autores para las cirugías de hombro. Sin embargo, no existe un consenso sobre la masa y el volumen ideal de anestésico local a ser usado. El objetivo de este estudio, es comparar los diferentes volúmenes y masas de ropivacaína en el bloqueo del plexo braquial por la vía posterior en cirugías artroscópicas de hombro. MÉTODO: Sesenta pacientes con una edad superior a los 18 años, estado físico ASA 1 y 2, programados para cirugías artroscópicas de hombro unilateral, fueron ubicados aleatoriamente en tres grupos: A (10 mL a 0,5 por ciento), B (20 mL a 0,5 por ciento), C (5 mL a 1 por ciento). El bloqueo fue realizado con una aguja 22G de 100 mm conectada al neuroestimulador, en un punto 3 cm lateral al punto medio del interespacio de C6 y C7, siendo inyectada la solución correspondiente a cada grupo. El dolor postoperatorio fue evaluado en la SRPA y en las primeras 24 horas del postoperatorio. Los grupos se compararon en cuanto al tiempo al sentir el primer quejido de dolor, en cuanto a la puntuación en la ENV, y al consumo de morfina en las primeras 24 horas. RESULTADOS: No hubo una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los tres grupos con relación a la edad, al peso y a la altura. No hubo una diferencia en el tiempo hasta que el paciente sintió el primer quejido de dolor, ENV superior a tres y consumo de morfina en el postoperatorio entre los grupos. CONCLUSIONES: El presente estudio concluye que 5 mL de ropivacaína al 1 por ciento promueve la eficacia analgésica similar a 10 mL o 20 mL de ropivacaína al 0,5 por ciento en el bloqueo del plexo braquial por la vía posterior con el uso del neuroestimulador.

Comprehensive evidence-based guidelines for interventional techniques in the management of chronic spinal pain.

BACKGROUND: Comprehensive, evidence-based guidelines for interventional techniques in the management of chronic spinal pain are described here to provide recommendations for clinicians. OBJECTIVE: To develop evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for interventional techniques in the diagnosis and treatment of chronic spinal pain. DESIGN: Systematic assessment of the literature. METHODS: Strength of evidence was assessed by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) criteria utilizing 5 levels of evidence ranging from Level I to III with 3 subcategories in Level II. OUTCOMES: Short-term pain relief was defined as relief lasting at least 6 months and long-term relief was defined as longer than 6 months, except for intradiscal therapies, mechanical disc decompression, spinal cord stimulation and intrathecal infusion systems, wherein up to one year relief was considered as short-term. RESULTS: The indicated evidence for accuracy of diagnostic facet joint nerve blocks is Level I or II-1 in the diagnosis of lumbar, thoracic, and cervical facet joint pain. The evidence for lumbar and cervical provocation discography and sacroiliac joint injections is Level II-2, whereas it is Level II-3 for thoracic provocation discography. The indicated evidence for therapeutic interventions is Level I for caudal epidural steroid injections in managing disc herniation or radiculitis, and discogenic pain without disc herniation or radiculitis. The evidence is Level I or II-1 for percutaneous adhesiolysis in management of pain secondary to post-lumbar surgery syndrome. The evidence is Level II-1 or II-2 for therapeutic cervical, thoracic, and lumbar facet joint nerve blocks; for caudal epidural injections in managing pain of post-lumbar surgery syndrome, and lumbar spinal stenosis, for cervical interlaminar epidural injections in managing cervical pain (Level II-1); for lumbar transforaminal epidural injections; and spinal cord stimulation for post-lumbar surgery syndrome. The indicated evidence for intradiscal electrothermal therapy (IDET), mechanical disc decompression with automated percutaneous lumbar discectomy (APLD), and percutaneous lumbar laser discectomy (PLDD) is Level II-2. LIMITATIONS: The limitations of these guidelines include a continued paucity of the literature, lack of updates, and conflicts in preparation of systematic reviews and guidelines by various organizations. CONCLUSION: The indicated evidence for diagnostic and therapeutic interventions is variable from Level I to III. These guidelines include the evaluation of evidence for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in managing chronic spinal pain and recommendations for managing spinal pain. However, these guidelines do not constitute inflexible treatment recommendations. Further, these guidelines also do not represent "standard of care."

The safety and efficacy of regional anesthesia in an office-based setting.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the safety and efficacy of regional anesthesia techniques when administered in the office-based setting. DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. SETTING: Free-standing orthopedic office with an operating room suite. MEASUREMENTS: A total of 238 patients underwent 242 anesthetics. Types of anesthetics delivered were quantified. Regional anesthetics were further divided into specific nerve blocks. Times from anesthetic start to surgical start and from surgical end to anesthetic end were calculated. Adverse outcomes were ascertained and followed. MAIN RESULTS: Of the 242 anesthetics administered, 123 were peripheral nerve blocks, two were neuraxial blocks, 140 were monitored anesthesia care cases, and 17 were general anesthetics (14 Laryngeal Mask Airway cases, two mask ventilation cases, and one endotracheal intubation). The average times from anesthesia start to surgery start were as follows: monitored anesthesia cases, 19+/-7 min (median, 20 min); regional anesthesia cases, 29+/-11 min (median, 30 min); and general anesthesia cases, 31+/-11 min (median, 30 min). The average time from surgery end to anesthesia end for monitored anesthesia cases was 9+/-3 min (median, 10 min); regional anesthesia, 9+/-3 min (median, 10 min); and general anesthesia, 12+/-4 min (median, 20 min). Two transient nerve injuries occurred, both of which resolved. CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of our experience, we believe that regional anesthesia can be delivered efficiently and safely for orthopedic procedures in the office-based environment, and we encourage its wider use.

Estudo comparativo da eficácia analgésica pós-operatória de 20, 30 ou 40 mL de ropivacaína no bloqueio de plexo braquial pela via posterior / A comparative study on the postoperative analgesic efficacy of 20, 30, or 40 mL of ropivacaine in posterior brachial plexus block

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: As intervenções cirúrgicas por via artroscópica no ombro estão relacionadas com a dor pós-operatória de grande intensidade. Dentre as técnicas de analgesia, o bloqueio do plexo braquial é a que oferece os melhores resultados. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar qual volume de anestésico local no bloqueio de plexo braquial pela via posterior propicia analgesia pós-operatória para essas operações de maneira mais eficiente. MÉTODO: Noventa pacientes submetidos a bloqueio do plexo braquial pela via posterior foram divididos aleatoriamente em três grupos de 30. Grupo 1 - volume de 20 mL; Grupo 2 - volume de 30 mL; e Grupo 3 - volume de 40 mL. Em todos os grupos, o anestésico usado foi a ropivacaína a 0,375 por cento. O bloqueio foi avaliado por meio da pesquisa de sensibilidade térmica utilizando-se algodão embebido em álcool e a dor pós-operatória foi avaliada seguindo-se uma escala numérica verbal (ENV) nas primeiras 24 horas. RESULTADOS: Nos três grupos a analgesia pós-operatória foi similar segundo os parâmetros avaliados; ENV de dor média, tempo até a primeira queixa de dor e consumo de opióides no pós-operatório. No grupo de 20 mL houve um maior consumo de analgésicos não-opióides após a 12ª hora de pós-operatório. Nos grupos de 30 e 40 mL a extensão do bloqueio foi muito maior. CONCLUSÕES: Este estudo mostrou que o bloqueio do plexo braquial pela via posterior é uma técnica que promove analgesia eficaz para intervenções cirúrgicas no ombro. Os três diferentes volumes estudados promoveram analgesia similar. A maior extensão do bloqueio com volumes maiores não se traduziu em melhor analgesia.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Arthroscopic surgeries of the shoulder are accompanied by severe postoperative pain. Among the analgesic techniques, brachial plexus block offers the best results. The objective of this study was to determine which volume of local anesthetic in the posterior brachial plexus block offers more adequate analgesia for those procedures. METHODS: Ninety patients undergoing posterior brachial plexus block were randomly divided in three groups of 30 patients: Group 1 - volume of 20 mL; Groups 2 - volume of 30 mL; Group 3 - volume of 40 mL. In all groups 0.375 percent ropivacaine was the anesthetic used. The blockade was evaluated by testing thermal sensitivity using a cotton ball embedded in alcohol, while postoperative pain was evaluated according to a verbal numeric scale (VNS) in the first 24 hours. RESULTS: Postoperative analgesia was similar in all three groups according to the parameters evaluated: VNS of moderate pain, length of time until the first complaint of pain, and consumption of opioids. Consumption of non-opioid analgesics was greater in the 20 mL group after the 12th postoperative hour. In the 30 and 40 mL groups, the extension of the blockade was significantly greater. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that posterior brachial block promotes effective analgesia for surgeries of the shoulder. The three different volumes studied promoted similar analgesia. The greater extension of the blockade with larger doses did not translate into better analgesia.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: Las intervenciones quirúrgicas por vía artroscópica en hombro están relacionadas al dolor postoperatorio de gran intensidad. Entre las técnicas de analgesia, el bloqueo del plexo braquial es el que ofrece los mejores resultados. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar cuál volumen de anestésico local en el bloqueo de plexo braquial por la vía posterior propicia analgesia postoperatoria para esas operaciones de manera más eficiente. MÉTODO: Noventa pacientes sometidos al bloqueo del plexo braquial por vía posterior fueron divididos aleatoriamente en tres grupos de 30. Grupo 1 - volumen de 20 mL; Grupo 2 - volumen de 30 mL; Grupo 3 - volumen de 40 mL. En todos los grupos, el anestésico usado fue la ropivacaína a 0,375 por ciento. El bloqueo se evaluó a través de la investigación de sensibilidad térmica utilizando algodón con alcohol y el dolor postoperatorio se evaluó secundando una escala numérica verbal (ENV) en las primeras 24 horas. RESULTADOS: En los tres grupos la analgesia postoperatoria fue similar según los parámetros evaluados; ENV de dolor promedio,tiempo hasta el primer quejido de dolor y consumo de opioides en el postoperatorio. En el grupo de 20 mL hubo un mayor consumo de analgésicos no opioides después de la 12ª hora de postoperatorio. En los grupos de 30 y 40 mL la extensión del bloqueo fue significativamente mayor. CONCLUSIONES: Este estudio mostró que el bloqueo del plexo braquial por la vía posterior es una técnica que promueve analgesia eficaz para intervenciones quirúrgicas en el hombro. Los tres diferentes volúmenes estudiados promovieron analgesia similar. La mayor extensión del bloqueo con volúmenes mayores no se tradujo en una mejor analgesia.

Consideraciones odontológicas en la miastenia grave: reporte de un caso / Dental considerations in severe myasthenia: report of a case

La miastenia grave es una efermedad que afecta los impulsos de los nervios que son transmitidos a los músculos en las coyunturas neuromusculares. Es una enfermedad de origen autoinmune en la que el cuerpo genera un ataque contra su propio sistema muscular. Aunque las expectativas para personas con miastenia grave son generalmente buenas cuando son tratadas apropiadamente, la miastenia grave (MG) puede ser hasta mortal. No es hereditaria, exceptuando el síndrome miasténico congénito, ni afecta primordialmente a los músculos faciales y masticatorios. De allí su enorme importancia en el campo odontológico, ya que la debilidad muscular puede producirse por un medicamento colocado durante el tratamiento. Se reporta el caso de un paciente de sexo femenino de 65 años de edad con miastenia grave, a quien se le realizó tres exodoncias simples en diferentes oportunidades. El objetivo es conocer el protocolo adecuado para tratar a estos pacientes desde el punto de vista odontológico, de tal forma de poder realizar el tratamiento evitando situaciones de emergencia que pongan en riesgo la vida del paciente.

Farmacoterapia en mujeres gestantes y durante la lactancia / Drug therapy in pregnant women and during breastfeeding

El embarazo representa un proceso de organogénesis, maduración y crecimiento de un embrión, desde el momento de la fecundación hasta que éste nace. El proceso dura cerca de 280 días contados a partir del final de la última menstruación. Durante este período, debemos de tener en cuenta que se establece una comunicación íntima entre la vida de la madre y la del hijo, lo cual comprende además una donación de nutrientes a partir de la madre. Si bien es cierto, la comunicación sanguínea que se establece no estotalmente íntima, es porque existe una membrana o barrera que separa tanto a la circulación materna como a la embrionario o fetal: la barrera placentaria o placenta. Cualquier sustancia que ingrese al organismo de la gestante, pasará en mayor o menor medida a través de la placenta, ocasionanado probablemente daño embrionario o fetal, dependiendo de la naturaleza de la sustancia

Dispersal of radioisotope labelled solution following deep dermal injection in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) is the commonest inherited disorder of connective tissue, affecting around 10 000 patients in the UK. Patients with EDS have reported that local anaesthetic is often ineffective. Patients with less severe skin laxity often have the most problems. We have postulated that this resistance to local anaesthetics is not due to the lax connective tissues as is often assumed. This study used radioactively labelled solution ((99m)Tc-pertechnetate) administered as a deep dermal injection in the forearm. The rate of dispersal of isotope was measured over 60 min and found to be identical between six patients with EDS and three controls. The effects of local anaesthetics are complex and depend on the individual chemical properties of the agent and a number of tissue factors. This study would suggest that the lack of effectiveness of local anaesthetic solutions is not due to rapid dispersal of solution. It is unlikely therefore that its lack of effect can be compensated for by simply increasing the amount used. The diagnosis of EDS should be considered in any patient who complains unexpectedly of pain during their procedure, particularly when the surgeon knows that an adequate volume of local anaesthetic has been used.

Programas de atención clínica para niños y adolescentes con riesgo médico incrementado / Clinical care program for children and adolescents with increased medical risk

Este trabajo se incluye en una serie de comunicaciones destinadas a proponer los protocolos adecuados para los pacientes niños portadores de patologías generales, teniendo en cuenta el perfil de problemas bucales asociados frecuentemente con ellas. Los problemas y/o tratamientos médicos con impacto sobre la salud bucal se seleccionaron aplicando como criterios de inclusión: la gravedad del problema médico, su frecuencia de aparición y la desviación que determina sobre los criterios habituales aplicados en los planes de tratamiento odontológico en niños y adolescentes, es decir los cuidados especiales a tener en cuenta. En base a ello se priorizan los siguientes problemas médicos: pacientes oncológicos sometidos a tratamiento quimioterapéutico. Pacientes oncológicos sometidos a radiación. Pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica o bajo tratamiento con diálisis. Pacientes trasplantados. Estos pacientes con riesgo médico incrementado ofrecen características específicas en su estado de salud bucal y requieren los tratamientos odontológicos pertinentes, cuyos protocolos se desarrollan siguiendo los siguientes ítems: 1. interconsulta médica, 2 evaluación sistémica, 3. Evaluación estomatológica, 4. Examen dentario y periodontal, 5. Determinación del programa de atención clínica recomendado en términos de actividades y cronograma conveniente en cada caso. 6. Monitoreo específico básico para cada situación

Manejo farmacológico de la paciente embarazada en la práctica odontológica / Pharmacological management of the pregnant patient in dental practice

En este artículo se revisan conceptos relacionados con la administración de fármacos en el embarazo, señalando los medicamentos que de acuerdo a los parámetros de la FDA (Food and Drug Administration) y de la Comunidad Europea (Committee of Propietary Medicinal Products), pudieran ser empleados en la paciente embarazada que acude al consultorio dental

Complicaciones cardiovasculares de los anestésicos locales en odontología

La primera descripción del uso de un elemento para aliviar el dolor, está descrita en la Biblia: Genesis II: 12 " Y Dios hizo que un sueño profundo cayera sobre Adán y el se durmió , y tomó una de sus costillas y cerró la carne en su lugar". Esculapio (1200 adc) usaba una porción de una hierba llamada NEPE para producir insensibilidad en sus pacientes que debía intervenir quirúrgicamente. Hipócrates (450 adc) producia narcosis perfecta con inalación del vapor del BANGUE. Scribonius (47 adc), recomendaba el siguiente procedimiento ".....Cuando hay que extraer un diente que está flojo o dolorido debe fratarse la naríz del paciente con azúcar pardo, hiedra y aceite verde, se le advierte que contenga la respiración, se coloca entonces una piedra entre los dientes y se le hace cerrar la boca. El líquido entonces se ve fluir por la boca en tal cantidad como para llenar tres ollas. La reacción adversa más frecuente es el SINCOPE y continuará siendo un problema frecuente hasta que todas las anestesias locales