Progestin intrauterine devices versus copper intrauterine devices for emergency contraception.

BACKGROUND: The copper intrauterine device (Cu-IUD) is a highly effective method of contraception that can also be used for emergency contraception (EC). It is the most effective form of EC, and is more effective than other existing oral regimens also used for EC. The Cu-IUD provides the unique benefit of providing ongoing contraception after it is inserted for EC; however, uptake of this intervention has been limited. Progestin IUDs are a popular method of long-acting, reversible contraception. If these devices were also found to be effective for EC, they would provide a critical additional option for women. These IUDs could not only provide EC and ongoing contraception, but additional non-contraceptive benefits, including a reduction in menstrual bleeding, cancer prevention, and pain management. OBJECTIVES: To examine the safety and effectiveness of progestin-containing IUDs for emergency contraception, compared with copper-containing IUDs, or compared with dedicated oral hormonal methods. SEARCH METHODS: We considered all randomized controlled trials and non-randomized studies of interventions that compared outcomes for individuals seeking a levonorgestrel IUD (LNG-IUD) for EC to a Cu-IUD or dedicated oral EC method. We considered full-text studies, conference abstracts, and unpublished data. We considered studies irrespective of their publication status and language of publication. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included studies comparing progestin IUDs with copper-containing IUDs, or oral EC methods for emergency contraception. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We systematically searched nine medical databases, two trials registries, and one gray literature site. We downloaded all titles and abstracts retrieved by electronic searching to a reference management database, and removed duplicates. Three review authors independently screened titles, abstracts, and full-text reports to determine studies eligible for inclusion. We followed standard Cochrane methodology to assess risk of bias, and analyze and interpret the data. We used GRADE methodology to assess the certainty of the evidence. MAIN RESULTS: We included only one relevant study (711 women); a randomized, controlled, non-inferiority trial comparing LNG-IUDs to Cu-IUDs for EC, with a one-month follow-up. With one study, the evidence was very uncertain for the difference in pregnancy rates, failed insertion rates, expulsion rates, removal rates and the difference in the acceptability of the IUDs. There was also uncertain evidence suggesting the Cu-IUD may slightly increase rates of cramping and the LNG-IUD may slightly increase bleeding and spotting days.  AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: This review is limited in its ability to provide definitive evidence regarding the LNG-IUD's equivalence, superiority, or inferiority to the Cu-IUD for EC. Only one study was identified in the review, which had possible risks of bias related to randomization and rare outcomes. Additional studies are needed to provide definitive evidence related to the effectiveness of the LNG-IUD for EC.

Double Dosing Levonorgestrel-Based Emergency Contraception for Individuals With Obesity: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether dose escalation (ie, doubling the dose) of emergency contraception that contains levonorgestrel (LNG) improves pharmacodynamic outcomes in individuals with obesity. METHODS: We enrolled healthy, reproductive-age individuals with regular menstrual cycles, body mass index (BMI) higher than 30, and weight at least 176 lbs in a randomized pharmacodynamic study. After confirming ovulation (luteal progesterone level greater than 3 ng/mL), we monitored participants with transvaginal ultrasonography and blood sampling for progesterone, luteinizing hormone, and estradiol every other day until a dominant follicle measuring 15 mm or greater was visualized. At that point, participants received either oral emergency contraception with LNG 1.5 mg or 3 mg (double dose) and returned for daily monitoring for up to 7 days. Our primary outcome was the difference in the proportion of participants with no follicle rupture 5 days postdosing (yes or no) between groups. The study had 80% power to detect a 30% difference in the proportion of cycles with at least a 5-day delay in follicle rupture (50% decrease). RESULTS: A total of 70 enrolled and completed study procedures. The two groups had similar baseline demographics (mean age 28 years, BMI 38). We found no difference between groups in the proportion of participants without follicle rupture more than 5 days post-LNG dosing (LNG 1.5 mg: 18/35 [51.4%]; LNG 3.0 mg: 24/35 [68.6%], P=.14). Among participants with follicle rupture before 5 days, the time to rupture did not differ between groups (day at 75% probability of no rupture is day 2 for both groups). CONCLUSION: Individuals with higher BMIs and weights experience a higher risk of failure of emergency contraception with LNG and exhibit an altered pharmacokinetic profile. However, the simple strategy of doubling the dose does not appear to be an effective intervention to improve outcomes. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, 02859337.

Effect of ulipristal acetate on gene expression profile in endometrial cells in culture and in vivo upon post-ovulatory administration in fertile women.

PURPOSE: To analyse the effect of ulipristal acetate (UPA) as emergency contraception (EC) on the gene expression of human endometrial cell line (HEC-1A) and endometrium from fertile women treated with UPA after ovulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: HEC-1A cells were treated with UPA, and endometrial tissue from four healthy women was collected in cycles before, during and 2 months after post-ovulation pill intake. Ovulation and luteal phase were monitored, and endometrial biopsies were obtained at day LH + 7 in each cycle. In all cases, we analysed the expression profile of 192 genes associated to endometrial receptivity. RESULTS: We observed a significant change in total transcriptomic activity of UPA-treated HEC-1A cells compared to controls. In vivo, we also observed a trend to down-regulation of genes in the UPA-treated cycle that was partially restored in the post-treatment cycle. Altogether, our results supported a partially reversible effect of UPA in gene expression associated with uterine receptivity. CONCLUSIONS: When UPA was administered after ovulation, it seems to induce a down-regulation of the main genes involved in conditioning the endometrium for implantation. This effect is partially restored two months after pill intake. The action of UPA on the endometrium for users of EC should be further investigated.

Atendimento de urgência de mulheres grávidas em decorrência de violência sexual: características e tendências observadas em 20 anos / Emergency care for women due to sexual assault: characteristics and tendency observed for 20 years

Objetivo: O atendimento médico de urgência (AMU) é fundamental na prevenção e na redução de agravos da violência sexual (VS), como o uso de anticoncepção de emergência (AE). O objetivo deste estudo é analisar 20 anos de AMU após VS entre gestantes decorrente de estupro. Métodos: Estudo transversal com 2.816 mulheres entre 1999 e 2018. Considerou-se buscar ou não o AMU após a VS e dados sociodemográficos. Analisou-se por dispersão de dados e curva exponencial de tendência. Resultados: O AMU ocorreu em 188 casos (6,7%). Neste grupo, não se prescreveu AE em 31 (16,5%) mulheres. Não houve diferença significativa nos dados sociodemográficos. Os extremos de variação dos percentuais para quem buscou AMU foram de 16,1%, em 1999, e de 2%, em 2010, com queda da linha de tendência exponencial (R2 = 0,4667). Conclusão: Não houve associação com características sociodemográficas e a queda expressiva dos percentuais de gestações sugere, indiretamente, melhora da eficácia dos serviços de saúde em prover a AE.(AU)

Objective: Emergency medical care (EMC) is essential in the prevention and reduction of sexual assault (SA), including the use of emergency contraception (EC). The aim of this study is to analyze 20 years of EMC after SA in pregnant women due to rape. Methods: Cross-sectional study with 2,816 women between 1999 and 2018. It was considered to seek or not EMC after SA and sociodemographic data. Statistical analysis was performed by data dispersion and exponential trend curve. Results: EMC occurred in 188 cases (6.7%). In this group, EC was not prescribed in 31 (16.5%). There was no significant difference in sociodemographic data. The extremes of percentage variation for those seeking EMC were 16.1% in 1999, and 2% in 2010, with a drop in the exponential trend line (R2 = 0.4667). Conclusion: There was no association with sociodemographic characteristics and the significant drop in the percentage of pregnancies indirectly suggests an improvement in the effectiveness of health services in providing EC.(AU)

Dispositivos intrauterinos na contracepção de emergência: novas perspectivas para o uso do sistema intrauterino liberador de levonorgestrel / Intrauterine devices in emergency contraception: new perspectives for the use of the levonorgestrelreleasing intrauterine system

Pouco sabe-se a respeito do sistema intrauterino liberador de levonorgestrel (SIU-LNG) 52 mg em contracepção de emergência (CE). Foi realizada uma busca não sistemática em bases eletrônicas para avaliar o papel do SIU-LNG na CE e, até o momento, apenas um único trabalho que avaliou o uso isolado do SIU-LNG para uso em CE foi encontrado. Esse estudo demonstrou a não inferioridade do SIU-LNG em relação ao dispositivo intrauterino de cobre em CE. Análises secundárias desse trabalho evidenciaram baixas chances de gestação em pacientes que fizeram uso de SIU-LNG como CE, independentemente da frequência das relações sexuais desprotegidas ou do tempo em que ocorreram (até 14 dias prévios à inserção ou 7 dias após). Torna-se evidente que o SIU-LNG poderá ser uma opção viável para uso em contracepção emergencial, porém mais estudos devem ser realizados, possibilitando a validação desse método.(AU)

Little is known about the 52-mg levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG- -IUS) in emergency contraception (EC). A non-systematic search was carried out in electronic databases to assess the role of the LNG-IUS in EC and, to date, only a single study that evaluated the isolated use of the LNG-IUS for EC use was found. This study demonstrated the non-inferiority of the LNG-IUS in relation to the copper intrauterine device in EC. Secondary analyzes of this study showed low chances of pregnancy in patients who used LNG-IUS as EC, regardless of the frequency of unprotected sexual intercourse or the time it took place (up to 14 days prior to insertion or 7 days after). It is evident that the LNG-IUS may be a viable option for use in emergency contraception, however, more studies must be carried out, enabling the validation of this method.(AU)

Conocimiento de la anticoncepción de emergencia en mujeres adolescentes de enseñanza media de la comuna de Hualqui, Chile / Emergency contraception knowledge in female adolescent secondary education students from Hualqui commune, Chile

INTRODUCCIÓN Dado que el conocimiento sobre la anticoncepción de emergencia puede ser de gran utilidad en la promoción de la salud sexual y salud reproductiva, especialmente en los adolescentes, la deficiencia del mismo podría disminuir su prescripción y uso. OBJETIVO Describir el conocimiento sobre los métodos anticonceptivos de emergencia de un grupo de mujeres adolescentes estudiantes de enseñanza media de la comuna de Hualqui, Chile. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. Se encuestó a 115 mujeres adolescentes estudiantes de primer a cuarto año de enseñanza media del liceo San Juan Bautista de Hualqui, Octava Región de Chile. Se exploraron antecedentes generales de salud sexual y salud reproductiva, y conocimientos sobre la anticoncepción de emergencia, su uso y formas de adquisición. RESULTADOS La edad promedio fue de 16,1 años. El 39% de las estudiantes eran sexualmente activas, y en promedio iniciaron su vida sexual a los 15,3 años y tuvieron 2,1 parejas sexuales. El método anticonceptivo que más utilizaban fue el anticonceptivo hormonal inyectable (31,1%), seguido de la anticoncepción oral combinada (20,0%). Con respecto a la anticoncepción de emergencia, el 80,9% declaró saber de su entrega liberada, mientras que el 11,1% declaró haberlos usado alguna vez. El 91,3% de las encuestadas consideró necesario tener mayor información. CONCLUSIÓN Las adolescentes participantes del estudio mostraron algún grado de conocimiento respecto a la anticoncepción de emergencia, pese a no utilizarla habitualmente. No obstante, la mayoría expresó la necesidad de tener mayor acceso a información relacionada al tema.

BACKGROUND Given that knowledge about emergency contraception can be very useful in promoting sexual health and reproductive health, especially in adolescents, its deficiency could decrease its prescription and use. AIM To describe the knowledge about emergency contraceptive methods of a group of female adolescent secondary education students from the Hualqui commune, Chile. METHOD A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out. 115 adolescent women students from first to fourth year of high school at San Juan Bautista high school in Hualqui, Eighth Region of Chile, were surveyed. General sexual health and reproductive health backgrounds, and knowledge of emergency contraception, its use, and forms of acquisition were explored. RESULTS The average age was 16,1 years. 39% of the students were sexually active, and on average started their sex life at 15,3 years and had 2,1 sexual partners. The most widely used contraceptive method was injectable hormonal contraception (31,1%), followed by combined oral contraception (20,0%). Regarding the emergency contraception, 80,9% stated that they knew of their free delivery, while 11,1% stated that they had ever used them. 91,3% of respondents considered it necessary to have more information. CONCLUSIONS The adolescents participating in the study showed some degree of knowledge regarding emergency contraception, despite not using it regularly. However, the majority expressed the need for greater access to information related to the topic.

Dinâmica contraceptiva antes e após o uso da anticoncepção de emergência: descontinuidades contraceptivas e bridging / Contraceptive dynamics before and after the use of emergency contraception: contraceptive discontinuities and bridging / Dinámica anticonceptiva antes y después del uso de anticonceptivos de emergencia: discontinuidades anticonceptivas y bridging

Os objetivos do estudo foram estimar a ocorrência de bridging, ou seja, o quanto as mulheres que não usavam métodos contraceptivos, começaram a utilizá-los no mês subsequente ao uso da anticoncepção de emergência; e estimar as taxas de descontinuidade contraceptiva antes e após o uso da anticoncepção de emergência. A coleta dos dados ocorreu por meio de um histórico retrospectivo diário sobre o uso de métodos nos 30 dias antes e após o uso da anticoncepção de emergência, com 2.051 usuárias de unidades básicas de saúde de São Paulo, Aracaju (Sergipe) e Cuiabá (Mato Grosso), Brasil. Resultados do estudo revelaram que, em média, as mulheres iniciaram o uso do método 7,6 dias (DP = 2,4) após o uso da anticoncepção de emergência e a descontinuidade ocorreu 17,1 dias (DP = 7,0) após o uso da mesma. A maioria das mulheres utilizou um método de forma contínua 30 dias antes (44,4%) e 30 dias após (65,7%) a anticoncepção de emergência. Foi identificado que apenas 8,1% das mulheres que não utilizavam método antes da anticoncepção de emergência, usaram após o seu uso (bridging). Ter 35 ou mais anos de idade (OR = 1,8; IC95%: 1,4-2,6) associou-se com o uso de métodos contraceptivos após a utilização da anticoncepção de emergência, entre mulheres que não usavam métodos. Residir em Aracaju (OR = 0,7; IC95%: 0,4-0,9), associou-se negativamente. Concluiu-se que uma ínfima parte das mulheres que não utilizava método anticoncepcional algum antes da anticoncepção de emergência, iniciaram o uso após o uso desta (bridging).

The study's objectives were to estimate the occurrence of bridging, that is, the degree to which women that had not been using contraceptive methods began to use them in the month following the use of emergency contraception, and to estimate the rates of contraceptive discontinuity before and after the use of emergency contraception. Data collection occurred through a retrospective daily history on the use of methods in the 30 days before and after the use of emergency contraception, with 2,051 users of primary health care units in São Paulo, Aracaju (Sergipe), and Cuiabá (Mato Grosso), Brazil. The study's results showed that on average, women began their use of the method 7.6 days (SD = 2.4) after the use of emergency contraception, and that discontinuity occurred 17.1 days (SD = 7.0) after its use. Most of the women used the method continuously 30 days before (44.4%) and 30 days after (65.7%) emergency contraception. Only 8.1% of the women who had not been using the method before emergency contraception used it afterwards (bridging). Age 35 years or older (OR = 1.8; 95%CI: 1.4-2.6) was associated with the use of contraceptive methods after the use of emergency contraception among women who had not been using methods before. Residence in Aracaju (OR = 0.7; 95%CI: 0.4-0.9) showed an inverse association. In conclusion, a negligible portion of women who had not been using contraceptive methods before emergency contraception began using them afterwards (bridging).

Los objetivos del estudio fueron estimar la ocurrencia de bridging, es decir, durante cuánto tiempo las mujeres, que no usaban métodos contraceptivos, comenzaron a utilizarlos en el mes subsiguiente al uso de la anticoncepción de emergencia; así como estimar las tasas de discontinuidad anticonceptiva antes y después del uso de métodos anticonceptivos de emergencia. La recogida de datos se produjo mediante un historial retrospectivo diario sobre el uso de métodos durante 30 días antes y después del uso de anticonceptivos de emergencia, con 2.051 pacientes de unidades básicas de salud de São Paulo, Aracaju (Sergipe) y Cuiabá (Mato Grosso), Brasil. Los resultados del estudio revelaron que, de media, las mujeres comenzaron el uso del método 7,6 días (DE = 2,4) tras el uso de la anticoncepción de emergencia, y la discontinuidad se produjo 17,1 días (DE = 7,0) tras la utilización de la misma. La mayoría de las mujeres utilizaron un método de forma continua 30 días antes (44,4%) y 30 días después (65,7%) de la anticoncepción de emergencia. Se identificó que solamente un 8,1% de las mujeres que no utilizaban un método antes de la anticoncepción de emergencia, tras su uso, comenzaron con el (bridging). Tener 35 o más años de edad (OR = 1,8; IC95%: 1,4-2,6) se asoció con el uso de métodos anticonceptivos, tras la utilización de la anticoncepción de emergencia, entre mujeres que no usaban métodos. Residir en Aracaju (OR = 0,7; IC95%: 0,4-0,9) se asoció negativamente. Se concluyó que una ínfima parte de las mujeres que no utilizaban método antes de la anticoncepción de emergencia comenzaron con su uso tras la misma (bridging).

Emergency contraception in university students: prevalence of use and knowledge gaps / Anticoncepção de emergência em universitárias: prevalência de uso e falhas no conhecimento

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE Investigate prevalence of use and knowledge about emergency contraception (EC) among female university students from two higher education institutions. METHODS Cross-sectional study with 1,740 undergraduates in the city of Santa Maria (RS), from May to October 2017. Information was collected in a semi-structured and self-administered 24-question questionnaire. The investigated variables were grouped into sociodemographic characteristics, sexual behavior, and knowledge of EC. Logistic regression was used for univariate and multivariate analysis, considering variables that presented p < 0.05. The model was adjusted using the Hosmer-Lemeshow test. RESULTS The prevalence of EC use among undergraduates was 52.9%. However, only 11.9% of respondents received guidance on EC, especially on how to use it. Only 0.2% of the participants marked 120 hours as the maximum time of use, and 25.7% considered the EC to be abortive. EC use was associated with the age of first sexual intercourse. CONCLUSION EC use had a high prevalence among female university students, however, several gaps in method knowledge still exists and it demonstrates the importance of discussing this issue earlier and planning actions of an informative nature.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Investigar a prevalência de uso e o conhecimento sobre anticoncepção de emergência (AE) de mulheres universitárias de duas instituições de ensino superior. MÉTODOS Estudo transversal com 1.740 graduandas na cidade de Santa Maria (RS), no período de maio a outubro de 2017. As informações foram coletadas por meio de questionário semiestruturado e autoaplicável de 24 questões. As variáveis investigadas foram agrupadas em características sociodemográficas, comportamento sexual e conhecimento da AE. Utilizou-se regressão logística para a análise univariada e multivariada, considerando variáveis que apresentaram p < 0,05. O modelo foi ajustado pelo teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow. RESULTADOS A prevalência de uso da AE entre as graduandas foi de 52,9%. Contudo, apenas 11,9% das entrevistadas receberam orientação sobre a AE, principalmente no que se refere ao modo de uso. Apenas 0,2% das participantes marcou 120 horas como tempo máximo de uso, e 25,7% consideraram a AE abortiva. Houve associação entre uso da AE e idade da primeira relação sexual. CONCLUSÃO Constatou-se alta prevalência de uso da AE entre mulheres universitárias, no entanto, ainda existem diversas lacunas no conhecimento sobre o método, o que demonstra a importância de se discutir esse assunto mais precocemente e planejar ações de caráter informativo.

Uso da anticoncepção de emergência entre mulheres usuárias de Unidades Básicas de Saúde em três capitais brasileiras / Emergency contraceptive use among women attending Primary Health Care services in three Brazilian capital cities

Pouco se sabe sobre o uso da anticoncepção de emergência entre mulheres de diferentes regiões do país. Este estudo analisou o uso da anticoncepção de emergência e os aspectos associados, bem como o uso de métodos contraceptivos antes e após. Trata-se de estudo transversal, conduzido com 2.051 mulheres de 18-49 anos, usuárias de 76 Unidades Básicas de Saúde de São Paulo-SP, Aracaju-SE e Cuiabá-MT. Os aspectos associados ao uso da anticoncepção de emergência foram analisados por meio de regressão logística múltipla. Mais da metade das mulheres relatou já ter usado a anticoncepção de emergência (56,7%). Ter alta escolaridade, ser de grupo socioeconômico mais favorecido, ter trabalho remunerado e ter tido quatro ou mais parceiros sexuais associou-se com uso de anticoncepção de emergência. Ter 35 anos de idade ou mais e estar em união estável associou-se negativamente. Da última vez que usaram a anticoncepção de emergência, 53,2% usavam outro método, sendo preservativo masculino e pílula oral os mais frequentes. Das que não usavam método, metade adotou método regular após o uso (51,7%). Conclui-se que a anticoncepção de emergência é amplamente utilizada e parece não contribuir para interrupção do método contraceptivo de uso regular

Emergency hormonal contraception in adolescence.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the degree of knowledge of Brazilian adolescents regarding emergency contraception (EC) such as correct administration, frequency of use, efficacy, mechanism of action, adverse effects, and complications. METHODS: Cross-sectional study. Adolescents aged 11-19 years answered a questionnaire containing questions about sexuality, knowledge, and use of EC. RESULTS: Out of 148 adolescents who were interviewed 8% did not know about the EC. Among the sexually active, 56.7% used EC at least once. The chance of obtaining EC information with friends triples between 15-19 years old [p=0.04; OR=3.18 (1.08-10.53)]. Most used single-dose EC. They said that EC prevents 80% of pregnancy and should be used within 72 hours after unprotected sex. Only 41.2% between 10-14 years old and 82.4% between 15-19 years old know that it prevents fertilization. As reasons for using they cited: rape and unprotected sex in 58.3% of those aged 10-14 years old and 79.6% between 15-19 years old. About side effects, 58.8% of 10-14 years old and 17.6% of those aged ≥15 years old could not answer, but 60.5% between 15-19 years old mentioned nausea and vomiting. A significant portion (17.6-41.2%) believes that EC causes abortion, cancer, infertility, and fetal malformations. Over 80% of the girls agree that it can cause menstrual irregularity. CONCLUSION: Knowledge regarding EC is not satisfactory, especially regarding its risks, regardless of the age and education of the groups evaluated. Improved knowledge may lead to greater adherence to EC and lead to a reduction in unplanned pregnancies.

Conhecimentos, práticas e atitudes frente à anticoncepção de emergência: revisão sistemática / Knowledge, practices and attitudes towards emergency contraception: systematic review / Conocimientos, prácticas y actitudes frente a la anticoncepción de emergencia: revisión sistemática

O objetivo deste estudo é realizar uma revisão sistemática das publicações científicas entre 2007 e 2016 sobre os conhecimentos, as práticas e as atitudes dos participantes frente à anticoncepção de emergência (AE). Efetuou-se uma busca em três bases de dados: Lilacs, BVS-Psi e Scielo, no período de 2007 a 2016. Foram encontrados 260 artigos, sendo incluídos 25 estudos após a avaliação de três juízes independentes. Sobre os conhecimentos acerca da AE, percebeu-se que saber da existência do método não significa ter conhecimento efetivo. Já os determinantes do uso, em geral, são a falha ou o esquecimento de um contraceptivo de rotina. Finalmente, as atitudes frente à AE são mais embasadas num posicionamento pessoal subjetivo que em conhecimento efetivo.

The aim of this study is to conduct a systematic review of the scientific publica-tions between 2007 and 2016 centered on the participants' knowledge, practices and attitudes towards emergency contraception (EC). A survey was done on three databases: Lilacs, BVS-Psi and Scielo, from 2007 to 2016. We found 260 articles, including 25 studies after the evaluation of three independent judges. Regarding the knowledge about AE, it was established that awareness of the method does not equate to effective knowledge about it. Usage is based on failure or forgetting a routine contraceptive. Finally, attitudes toward AE are more grounded in a subjective personal positioning than in effective knowledge.

El objetivo de este estudio es realizar una revisión sistemática de las publi-caciones científicas entre 2007 y 2016 sobre los conocimientos, las prácticas y las actitudes de los participantes frente a la anticoncepción de emergencia (AE). Se efectuó una búsqueda en tres bases de datos: Lilacs, BVS-Psi y Scielo, en el período de 2007 a 2016. Se encontraron 260 artículos, siendo incluidos 25 estudios después de la evaluación de tres jueces independientes. Sobre los conocimientos sobre la AE, se percibió que saber de la existencia del método no significa tener conocimiento efectivo. Los determinantes del uso, en general, son la falla o el olvido del anticonceptivo de rutina. Finalmente, las actitudes frente a la AE son más basadas en un posicionamiento personal subjetivo que en conocimiento efectivo.

Selective Progesterone Receptor Modulators-Mechanisms and Therapeutic Utility.

Selective progesterone receptor modulators (SPRMs) are a new class of compounds developed to target the progesterone receptor (PR) with a mix of agonist and antagonist properties. These compounds have been introduced for the treatment of several gynecological conditions based on the critical role of progesterone in reproduction and reproductive tissues. In patients with uterine fibroids, mifepristone and ulipristal acetate have consistently demonstrated efficacy, and vilaprisan is currently under investigation, while studies of asoprisnil and telapristone were halted for safety concerns. Mifepristone demonstrated utility for the management of endometriosis, while data are limited regarding the efficacy of asoprisnil, ulipristal acetate, telapristone, and vilaprisan for this condition. Currently, none of the SPRMs have shown therapeutic success in treating endometrial cancer. Multiple SPRMs have been assessed for efficacy in treating PR-positive recurrent breast cancer, with in vivo studies suggesting a benefit of mifepristone, and multiple in vitro models suggesting the efficacy of ulipristal acetate and telapristone. Mifepristone, ulipristal acetate, vilaprisan, and asoprisnil effectively treated heavy menstrual bleeding (HBM) in patients with uterine fibroids, but limited data exist regarding the efficacy of SPRMs for HMB outside this context. A notable class effect of SPRMs are benign, PR modulator-associated endometrial changes (PAECs) due to the actions of the compounds on the endometrium. Both mifepristone and ulipristal acetate are effective for emergency contraception, and mifepristone was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2012 for the treatment of Cushing's syndrome due to its additional antiglucocorticoid effect. Based on current evidence, SPRMs show considerable promise for treatment of several gynecologic conditions.

Emergency contraceptive pill use among women in Denmark, Norway and Sweden: Population-based survey.

INTRODUCTION: Emergency contraceptive pill (ECP) use is reported to have increased in several countries over time. In this multi-country population-based questionnaire study, we aimed to describe the patterns of ECP use and identify factors associated with its use. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In 2011-2012, women aged 18-45 years were randomly selected from national registers in Denmark, Norway and Sweden and invited to respond to questions related to lifestyle and contraceptive use. We used generalized logistic models to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) comparing women who had used ECP with women who had never used ECP. RESULTS: Of the 45 445 women, 33.9% (Denmark = 32.3%, Norway = 35.1%, Sweden = 34.6%) had used ECP at least once in their lifetime. Among ECP users, 15.8% had used ECP within the last year and 50.0% had used ECP more than once in their life. After adjusting for country, age at response and response type, ECP use was associated with higher education (OR 2.09, 95% CI 1.54-2.84) and being single, divorced or widowed (OR 3.17, 95% CI 2.87-3.49). Binge drinking and smoking increased the odds of ECP use. Furthermore, early age at first intercourse (OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.08-1.55), having a new partner in the last 6 months (≥3 partners: OR 6.44, 95% CI 5.46-7.60) and lack of condom use with a recent new partner (OR 1.42, 95% CI 1.22-1.66) were found to be associated with ECP use. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that ECP use is common among Scandinavian women. Higher education and being single were associated with increased odds of ECP use. Risk behaviors such as smoking and early age at first sex were also associated with increased odds of ECP use. Since ECP use is not protective against sexually transmitted infections, our findings highlight the need to encourage awareness and regular use of condoms to prevent sexually transmitted diseases in women.

Ulipristal acetate and pregnancy outcome-an observational study.

STUDY QUESTION: Is the failure of the selective progesterone receptor modulator ulipristal acetate (UPA) as emergency contraception (EC; 30 mg, single) or inadvertent exposure for myoma treatment (5 mg/d) in pregnancy associated with a higher risk of birth defects, spontaneous abortion (SAB) or elective termination of pregnancy (ETOP)? SUMMARY ANSWER: We did not find an increased risk for birth defects, SABs or ETOPs after UPA exposure during implantation and early embryogenesis. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Pregnancy outcome data after exposure to UPA are very limited. In cases of EC failure or unplanned pregnancy during myoma treatment, women need well-grounded risk assessment to minimize anxiety and prevent unjustified termination of pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: Observational study of prospectively ascertained pregnancies from the German Embryotox institute with UPA exposure (EC, n = 95; myoma, n = 7). Four retrospectively reported pregnancy outcomes were evaluated separately. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: A total of 226 requests on ulipristal were directed to the German Embryotox institute during the study period 2010-2018. Outcomes of pregnancies exposed-(i) precycle, (ii) preconceptional or (iii) first trimester-were ascertained using standardized questionnaires. Descriptive statistics were applied. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: Failed EC with UPA resulted in 95 prospectively ascertained pregnancies, of which 56 had completed follow-up: 37 live births, 7 SABs and 12 ETOPs. There was no major birth defect. Just 34% of women had taken UPA during the fertile window. Seven prospectively enrolled pregnancies were treated for myoma and had known pregnancy outcomes: five healthy live births and two SABs. Among the four retrospectively reported pregnancies after EC, there was one child diagnosed with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: Our limited sample size does not allow concluding safety of UPA use in pregnancy. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: We provide a preliminary basis for reassuring women who wish to carry their pregnancy to term after EC or myoma treatment with UPA. However, because of the report of a BWS after UPA exposure, a possible epigenetic effect could not be excluded and requires further evaluation. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S): This work was performed with financial support from the German Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM). All authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: Registered with the German Clinical Trial Register (DRKS00015155).

Emergency hormonal contraception in adolescence

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE To analyze the degree of knowledge of Brazilian adolescents regarding emergency contraception (EC) such as correct administration, frequency of use, efficacy, mechanism of action, adverse effects, and complications. METHODS Cross-sectional study. Adolescents aged 11-19 years answered a questionnaire containing questions about sexuality, knowledge, and use of EC. RESULTS Out of 148 adolescents who were interviewed 8% did not know about the EC. Among the sexually active, 56.7% used EC at least once. The chance of obtaining EC information with friends triples between 15-19 years old [p=0.04; OR=3.18 (1.08-10.53)]. Most used single-dose EC. They said that EC prevents 80% of pregnancy and should be used within 72 hours after unprotected sex. Only 41.2% between 10-14 years old and 82.4% between 15-19 years old know that it prevents fertilization. As reasons for using they cited: rape and unprotected sex in 58.3% of those aged 10-14 years old and 79.6% between 15-19 years old. About side effects, 58.8% of 10-14 years old and 17.6% of those aged ≥15 years old could not answer, but 60.5% between 15-19 years old mentioned nausea and vomiting. A significant portion (17.6-41.2%) believes that EC causes abortion, cancer, infertility, and fetal malformations. Over 80% of the girls agree that it can cause menstrual irregularity. CONCLUSION Knowledge regarding EC is not satisfactory, especially regarding its risks, regardless of the age and education of the groups evaluated. Improved knowledge may lead to greater adherence to EC and lead to a reduction in unplanned pregnancies.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Analisar o grau de conhecimento das adolescentes brasileiras em relação à contracepção de emergência (CE) como administração correta, frequência de uso, eficácia, mecanismo de ação, efeitos adversos e complicações. MÉTODO Estudo transversal. Adolescentes de 11 a 19 anos responderam questionário contendo questões sobre sexualidade, conhecimento e uso de CE. RESULTADOS Das 148 adolescentes entrevistadas, 8% desconheciam a CE. Entre as sexualmente ativas, 56,7% utilizaram a CE pelo menos uma vez. A chance de obter informação sobre CE com amigos triplica entre 15-19 anos [p=0,04; OR=3,18(1,08-10,53)]. A maioria usou a CE em dose única, afirmou que evita gravidez em 80% e que deve ser usada até 72 horas após relação sexual desprotegida. Somente 41,2% entre 10-14 anos e 82,4% entre 15-19 anos sabem que evita a fecundação. Uso em casos de estupro e relação sexual desprotegida foi citado por 58,3% nas com 10-14 anos e 79,6% entre 15-19 anos. Quanto aos efeitos colaterais, 58,8% de 10-14 e 17,6% das com ≥15 anos não souberam responder, mas 60,5% entre 15-19 anos citaram náuseas e vômitos. Importante parcela (17,6-41,2%) acredita que a CE causa aborto, câncer, infertilidade e malformações fetais. Mais de 80% concorda que pode causar irregularidade menstrual. CONCLUSÃO O conhecimento em relação à CE não é satisfatório, principalmente quanto aos seus riscos, independente da idade e escolaridade dos grupos avaliados. A melhora do conhecimento pode proporcionar maior adesão à CE e acarretar redução da gravidez não planejada.

Intervention for the comprehension of menstrual cycle, body function and pregnancy in adolescents from rural context / Intervención para comprender el ciclo menstrual, funcionamiento del cuerpo y embarazo en adolescentes de contexto rural

Abstract: Objective: To measure the impact of an intervention on adolescents' knowledge of the phase of the menstrual cycle with more likelihood of pregnancy and identify its associated factors. Materials and methods: A quasi-experimental study in two rural communities. Difference-in-differences analyses was performed. Results: There was a 22.1% average reduction in wrong answers on the phase of the menstrual cycle with more likelihood of pregnancy in the intervention group versus the control group (p<0.001). We founded six factors associated with this knowledge: marry and have children, right to receive education and information on sexual and reproductive health; gender equity; use of the condom; condom self-efficacy; emergency and contraceptive pills. Conclusion: There is a prevailing need to improve -among sexuality topics- basic knowledge of reproductive biology, while at the same time insisting on the benefits of using birth control methods provided for practicing responsible sexuality.

Resumen: Objetivo: Medir el efecto de una intervención en el conocimiento de los adolescentes sobre la fase del ciclo menstrual de mayor posibilidad de embarazo e identificar sus factores asociados. Material y métodos: Estudio cuasiexperimental en comunidades rurales. Se realizó un análisis de diferencias en diferencias. Resultados: Hubo una reducción promedio de 22.1% de respuestas incorrectas sobre la fase del ciclo menstrual de mayor posibilidad de embarazo en el grupo intervención vs. control (p<0.001). Se encontraron seis factores asociados con este conocimiento: casarse y tener hijos; derecho a recibir educación e información sobre salud sexual y reproductiva; equidad de género; uso correcto del condón; autoeficacia del uso del condón y pastillas anticonceptivas y de emergencia. Conclusión: Entre las diferentes temáticas de sexualidad, prevalece la necesidad de mejorar los conocimientos básicos sobre biología de la reproducción, insistiendo a la vez sobre los beneficios que conlleva el uso de métodos anticonceptivos para ejercer una sexualidad responsable.