Advancing oral health: Harnessing the potential of chitosan and polyphenols in innovative mouthwash formulation.

This paper explores the therapeutic perspectives of polyphenols and chitosan as potential anticancer agents in the mouthwash formulations. Taking into account the high incidence of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) among oral cancers, this discussion will concentrate on the potential advantages of these compounds in oral care, focusing on their impact on improving oral health and cancer prevention. According to the data, it appears that the mixture of BACs extract and chitosan may increase the efficiency of the apoptosis of cancer cells while reducing the undesired side effects. The cytotoxicity assays demonstrate a significant reduction in squamous carcinoma cell viability after incubation with BACs extract, with a marked decrease observed over 24-72 hours up to 76%. The anti-cancer properties of the BAC extract are related to luteolin, which is a predominant compound. The addition of 0.025% chitosan reduced the metabolic activity of cancer cells by 37.5%, suggesting a synergistic interaction between the compounds. This research highlights the potential of BACs and chitosan in modulating important molecular targets associated with cancer cell.

Virucidal activity of a plant-oil-based oral rinse against respiratory viruses.

BACKGROUND: Respiratory viruses have been reported to infect the salivary glands and the throat, which are potential reservoirs for virus replication and transmission. Therefore, strategies to reduce the amount of infective virus particles in the oral mucous membranes could lower the risk of transmission. METHODS: The viral inactivation capacity of a plant-oil-based oral rinse (Salviathymol®) was evaluated in comparison with chlorhexidine (Chlorhexamed® FORTE) using a quantitative suspension test according to EN 14476. FINDINGS: Salviathymol efficiently inactivated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and two influenza strains to undetectable levels. CONCLUSION: Salviathymol has potential as preventive measure to lower transmission of respiratory viruses.

Pomegranate extract in polyphosphate-fluoride mouthwash reduces enamel demineralization.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the anti-demineralizing effect of a mouthwash comprising pomegranate peel extract (PPE 3%), sodium trimetaphosphate (TMP 0.3%), and fluoride (F 225 ppm) in an in situ study, and to assess its irritation potential in an ex vivo study. METHODS: This double-blind crossover study was conducted in four phases with 7 days each. Twelve volunteers used palatal appliances containing enamel blocks, which were subjected to cariogenic challenges. The ETF formulation (PPE + TMP + F, pH 7.0), TF formulation (TMP + F, pH 7.0), deionized water (W, pH 7.0), and essential oil commercial mouthwash (CM, 220 ppm F, pH 4.3) were dropped onto the enamel twice daily. The percentage of surface hardness loss, integrated loss of subsurface hardness, calcium, phosphorus, and fluoride in enamel and biofilms were determined. In addition, alkali-soluble extracellular polysaccharide concentrations were analyzed in the biofilms. The irritation potential was evaluated using the hen's egg chorioallantoic membrane test through the vascular effect produced during 300-s of exposure. RESULTS: ETF was the most efficacious in preventing demineralization. It also showed the highest concentrations of calcium and phosphorus in the enamel and in the biofilm, as well as the lowest amount of extracellular polysaccharides in the biofilm. In the eggs, ETF produced light reddening, whereas CM led to hyperemia and hemorrhage. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of PPE to formulations containing TMP and F increased its anti-demineralizing property, and this formulation presented a lower irritation potential than the CM. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: ETF can be a promising alternative alcohol-free mouthwash in patients at high risk of caries.

Chemical Profile and Biological Activities Of Piper mikanianum (Kunth) Steud Essential Oil for Development and Improvement of Oral Rinse.

INTRODUCTION: Studies prove that the use of medicinal plants is a custom carried out by man since ancient times, the evolution of the pharmaceutical industry makes more people consume more natural products. Currently, we can observe that mouthwashes containing natural compounds have shown a growth in demand in the markets and in the professional community. OBJECTIVE: The present study aims to carry out the chemical characterization and microbiological potential of Piper mikanianum (Kunth) Steud essential oil (EOPm), providing data that allows the development of a low-cost mouthwash formulation aimed at vulnerable communities. METHODS: The evaluation of the antibacterial activity and modulator of bacterial resistance was performed by the microdilution method to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The chemical components were characterized by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, identified 28 constituents, in which Safrole Phenylpropanoid is the major compound, representing 72.6 % of the total composition, followed by α-pinene (10.7 %), Limonene (2 %), ß-caryophyllene (2 %), E-nerolidol (1.9 %), spathulenol (1.3 %) and camphene (1.1 %). RESULTS: The EOPm showed a MIC minimum inhibitory concentration≥1024 µg/mL for all bacterial strains used in the tests. When the EOPm modulating activity combined with chlorhexidine, mouthwash, ampicillin, gentamicin and penicillin G was evaluated against bacterial resistance, the oil showed significant synergistic activity, reducing the MIC of the products tested in combination, in percentage between 20.6 % to 98 .4 %. CONCLUSIONS: We recommend the expansion of tests with greater variation of EOPm concentration combinations and the products used in this study, as well as toxicity evaluation and in vivo tests, seeking the development of a possible low-cost mouthwash formulation accessible to the most vulnerable population.

The Effects of Antimicrobial Mouthwashes on Systemic Disease: What Is the Evidence?

The potential association between antimicrobial mouthwash use and systemic health has gained attention in recent years with reports highlighting how some common systemic conditions are influenced by the use of different types of mouthwashes. In this context, links between mouthwash use and cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, oral cancer, Alzheimer's disease, and preeclampsia have been proposed, albeit with limited levels of evidence. Chlorhexidine mouthwash in particular has been the most widely studied agent while available data on other types of over-the-counter mouthwashes are generally scarce. Furthermore, there is currently no evidence-based recommendations on the appropriate use of mouthwashes during pregnancy. This article will present the current evidence on the association between mouthwash use and the aforementioned conditions with emphasis on the mechanisms that may underlie such an association.

Antibacterial, antibiofilm and anticaries effect of BioXtra® mouthrinse for head and neck cancer (HNC) patients under a microcosm biofilm model.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Considering the lack of studies investigating salivary substitutes to control post-radiation caries for patients with head and neck cancer (HNC), this study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial, antibiofilm, and anticaries effects of BioXtra® on the microcosm biofilm formed on different enamel types (non-irradiated and irradiated) and from distinct saliva sources (control and HNC patients). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Non-irradiated and irradiated enamel specimens were treated with BioXtra®, phosphate-buffered-saline (PBS; negative control), or 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX; positive control) for 1 min. Biofilm was produced from human saliva (healthy participants with normal salivary flow for the control group or irradiated HNC patients with hyposalivation for the HNC group), mixed with McBain saliva, under 0.2% sucrose exposure, daily submitted to the treatments (1 min), for 5 days. Bacterial metabolic activity, biofilm viability, CFU counting, and enamel demineralization were determined. RESULTS: BioXtra® significantly reduced the bacterial metabolic activity for both enamel types and the inoculum sources, being more effective for the irradiated enamel or for the saliva from the control group. Similarly, BioXtra® significantly reduced the biofilm viability, the CFU for total microorganisms, mutans streptococci, and lactobacilli, and was able to significantly reduce the mineral loss and the lesion depth compared to PBS. CHX was an effective treatment to significantly reduce all parameters, performing better than BioXtra® and reinforcing its reliable efficiency as a positive control. CONCLUSION: Regardless of the enamel type and the inoculum source, BioXtra® presented antibacterial, antibiofilm, and anticaries effects under this experimental model, which should be confirmed in further clinical studies.

Cetylpyridinium Chloride-Containing Mouthwashes Show Virucidal Activity against Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1.

The oral cavity is particularly susceptible to viral infections that are self-recovering in most cases. However, complications may appear in severe cases and/or immunocompromised subjects. Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC)-containing mouthwashes are able to decrease the infectivity of the SARS-CoV-2 virus by disrupting the integrity of the viral envelope. Here, we show that CPC, as the active ingredient contained in commercialized, exerts significant antiviral activity against enveloped viruses, such as HSV-1, but not against non-enveloped viruses, such as HPV. CPC-containing mouthwashes have been used as antiseptics for decades, and thus, they can represent a cost-effective measure to limit infection and spread of enveloped viruses infecting the oral cavity, aiding in reducing viral transmission.

Cytotoxic effects of different mouthwash solutions on primary human articular chondrocytes and normal human articular cartilage - an in vitro study.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the cytotoxicity of octenidine dihydrochloride and chlorhexidine gluconate at different concentrations on primary human articular chondrocytes and cartilage. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Primary cultures of human normal adult articular chondrocytes were exposed to octenidine dihydrochloride (0.001562%, 0.003125%, 0.00625%, 0.0125%, 0.025%, 0.05%, and 0.1%), chlorhexidine gluconate (0.003125%, 0.00625%, 0.0125%, 0.025%, 0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.2%), and control (Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium or phosphate-buffered saline) for 30 s. Normal human articular cartilage explants were exposed to octenidine dihydrochloride (0.1% versus control) and chlorhexidine gluconate (0.1% versus control) for 30 s. The viability of human articular chondrocytes was measured by Trypan blue staining, Cell Proliferation Reagent WST-1, and Live/Dead staining. The proliferation of human chondrocytes was measured using the Cell Proliferation Reagent WST-1. The viability of human articular cartilage explants was measured by using Live/Dead staining. RESULTS: Octenidine dihydrochloride and chlorhexidine gluconate exposure decreased cell viability and proliferation in a dose-dependent manner in primary human articular chondrocytes. Octenidine dihydrochloride and chlorhexidine gluconate exposure decreased cell viability in human articular cartilage explant cultures. CONCLUSION: The degree of toxicity varied between octenidine dihydrochloride and chlorhexidine gluconate, with chlorhexidine gluconate being less toxic than octenidine dihydrochloride at the same concentration. Additionally, both octenidine dihydrochloride and chlorhexidine gluconate evaluation had cytotoxic effects on human articular cartilage. Therefore, dosing for the antimicrobial mouthwash ingredients administration would ideally be determined to remain below IC50. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These data support the in vitro safety of antimicrobial mouthwashes on primary adult human articular chondrocytes.

Synthesis of Novel Antimicrobial CHX-CaCl2 Coatings on Maxillofacial Fixatures for Infection Prevention.

Maxillofacial surgery placement of fixatures (Leonard Buttons, LB) at close proximity to surgical incisions provides a potential reservoir as a secondary local factor to advanced periodontal disease, with bacterial formation around failed fixatures implicating plaque. To address infection rates, we aimed to surface coat LB and Titanium (Ti) discs using a novel form of chlorhexidine (CHX), CHX-CaCl2 and 0.2% CHX digluconate mouthwash as a comparison. CHX-CaCl2 coated, double-coated and mouthwash coated LB and Ti discs were transferred to 1 mL artificial saliva (AS) at specified time points, and UV-Visible spectroscopy (254 nm) was used to measure CHX release. The zone of inhibition (ZOI) was measured using collected aliquots against bacterial strains. Specimens were characterized using Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). SEM displayed copious dendritic crystals on LB/ Ti disc surfaces. Drug release from double-coated CHX-CaCl2 was 14 days (Ti discs) and 6 days (LB) above MIC, compared to the comparison group (20 min). The ZOI for the CHX-CaCl2 coated groups was significantly different within groups (p < 0.05). CHX-CaCl2 surface crystallization is a new drug technology for controlled and sustained CHX release; its antibacterial effectiveness makes this drug an ideal adjunct following clinical and surgical procedures to maintain oral hygiene and prevent surgical site infections.

Dynamic killing effectiveness of mouthrinses and a d-enantiomeric peptide on oral multispecies biofilms grown on dental restorative material surfaces.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the dynamics of killing of oral multispecies biofilms grown on dental restorative materials by commercially available mouthrinses and a d-enantiomeric peptide. METHODS: Four composite resins (3 M Supreme, 3 M Supreme flow, Kerr Sonicfill, and Shofu Beautifil II) and one glass ionomer (GC Fuji II) were used as restorative materials. Plaque biofilms were grown on the surfaces of restorative material discs for 1 week. The surface roughness and biofilm attachment were assessed by atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. One-week-old biofilms grown anaerobically at 37 °C were exposed to each of five solutions for one minute (twice daily for seven days): Listerine Total care and Paroex Gum mouthrinses, 0.12% chlorhexidine, 0.001% d-enantiomeric peptide DJK-5, and sterile water. The dynamic variation of the biovolume of the biofilms and the percentage of dead bacteria were monitored and analyzed using confocal laser scanning microscopy. RESULTS: All restorative materials had similar surface roughness with intact biofilm attachment. The percentage of dead bacteria and biovolume of biofilms treated by each oral rinse solution remained constant between days 1 and 7, with no statistically significant difference. DJK-5 showed the highest percentage of dead bacteria (up to 75.7%; cf. ∼20-40% for other mouthrinses) of all solutions tested within 7 days. CONCLUSIONS: DJK-5 outperformed conventional mouthrinses in killing bacteria in oral multispecies biofilms grown on dental restorative materials. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The antimicrobial peptide DJK-5 is effective against oral biofilms and serves as a promising candidate for the development of future mouthrinses to improve long-term oral hygiene.

Antiseptic efficacy of two mouth rinses in the oral cavity to identify a suitable rinsing solution in radiation- or chemotherapy induced mucositis.

OBJECTIVES: Oral mucositis caused by intensive cancer chemotherapy or radiotherapy frequently results in pronounced damage of the oral mucosa leading to painful oral hygiene. To support oral care, antimicrobial effective mouth rinses may be used. Thus, the efficacy of a hypochlorite-based mouth rinse (Granudacyn®), assumed to be highly biocompatible because of the compounds being part of the natural pathogen defense, as possible antiseptic agent in case of oral mucositis was compared to that of an octenidine based antiseptic mouth rinse (Octenidol® md). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted as monocentric, controlled, randomized, blind cross over comparative study on 20 volunteers. As a proof of principle, we performed the study on orally healthy subjects and not cancer patients. The efficacy was determined as reduction of colony forming units (cfu) on buccal mucosa as well as in saliva. After mouth rinsing for 30 s, samples were taken after 1 min, 15 min, 30 and 60 min. The lg-reduction was calculated as difference between lg-values of cfu pre- and post-treatment. RESULTS: Both antiseptic mouth rinses induced a significant reduction of cfu on buccal mucosa and in saliva 1 min after mouth rinsing. The effect persisted up to 60 min. The octenidine based rinse was significantly superior to the hypochlorite-based rinse up to the last sample 60 min after rinsing. However, the known cytotoxicity of octenidine argues against its application. CONCLUSION: Within the limits of this study, due to its antiseptic efficacy, the hypochlorite-based rinse Granudacyn® can be regarded appropriate to support the oral hygiene in patients with a sensitive oral mucosa during an aggressive cancer chemotherapy and radiation treatment in case of oral mucositis.

Carbohydrate mouth rinse is no more effective than placebo on running endurance of dehydrated and heat acclimated athletes.

PURPOSE: To determine whether carbohydrate mouth rinsing would improve endurance running performance of tropical natives in a warm-humid (30 °C and 70% relative humidity) environment. METHOD: Twelve endurance male runners [age 25 ± 3 years; peak aerobic capacity ([Formula: see text]O2peak) 57.6 ± 3.6 mL.kg-1.min-1] completed three time-to-exhaustion (TTE) trials at ~ 70% [Formula: see text]O2peak while swilling 25 ml of a 6% carbohydrate (CHO) or taste-matched placebo (PLA) as well as no mouth rinse performed in the control (CON) trial. RESULTS: TTE performance was significantly longer in both CHO and PLA trials when compared with the CON trial (54.7 ± 5.4 and 53.6 ± 5.1 vs. 48.4 ± 3.6 min, respectively; p < 0.001 and p = 0.012, respectively), but was not significantly different between CHO and PLA trials (p = 1.000). The rating of perceived exertion was not different between the CHO and PLA trials, however, was significantly affected when compared to the CON trial (p < 0.001). A similar effect was observed for perceived arousal level between the CHO and PLA trials to the CON trial. Core temperature, mean skin temperature and skin blood flow were not significantly different between the three trials (all p > 0.05). Similarly, plasma lactate and glucose as well as exercise heart rate were not influenced by the trials. CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrates that mouth rinsing, whether carbohydrate or placebo, provides an ergogenic benefit to running endurance when compared to CON in a heat stress environment. Nevertheless, the results do not support the notion that rinsing a carbohydrate solution provides a greater advantage as previously described among non-heat acclimated individuals within a temperate condition.

Effects of fixed orthodontic treatment with and without chlorhexidine mouthwash on vitality of oral mucosal cells reflected by cell nuclear indexes: A preliminary 3-phase before-after clinical trial.

INTRODUCTION: Effects of mouthwashes on the vitality of oral mucosal cells have not been determined in orthodontic patients. We aimed to assess, for the first time, the effects of fixed orthodontic treatment with and without chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash on the oral mucosal cell vitality. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All patients meeting the eligibility criteria were consecutively included until the desired sample size was reached. Oral buccal mucosal cell samples were taken immediately before orthodontic treatment. For each patient, 20 metal brackets and 4 bands were installed on the teeth. Cell samples were recollected after one month of treatment. Then, the patients used an ethanol-free 0.12% CHX mouthwash two times a week for one month. Sampling was repeated at the end of the second month. Papanicolaou staining was used for micronucleus screening of the indexes: micronucleus (MIC), karyorrhexis (KR), karyolysis (KL), and broken eggs (BE). The repair index (RI) was calculated as RI=KR+KL/BE+MIC. Comparisons of nuclear changes over 3 intervals were done using the Friedman and Dunn-Bonferroni tests (α=0.05, ß<0.05). RESULTS: This prospective before-after clinical trial was performed on 408 observations of 34 patients (14 males, 20 females, mean age: 16.68±3.75 years) at 3 intervals (×4 parameters each). The means of MIC, KR, KL, BE, and RI were respectively 1.312±1.219, 0.241±0.564, 0.426±0.657, 0.115±0.224, and 0.476±0.360 before treatment. They were 1.348±1.171, 0.215±0.236, 0.406±0.369, 0.124±0.187, and 0.511±0.310 at the first interval and 1.909±1.263, 0.368±0.174, 0.615±0.269, 0.253±0.150, and 0.529±0.195 at the second interval. Friedman showed significant time-dependent changes for all variables (P<0.0005) except RI. Dunn-Bonferroni showed that except MIC (P=0.017), KR/KL/BE changed insignificantly after orthodontic treatment (P≥0.974). MIC/KR/KL/BE increased significantly after the addition of CHX (P<0.0005). CONCLUSION: CHX mouthwash, together with orthodontic treatment, has a strong deteriorating effect on nuclear indexes associated with the vitality of buccal mucosal cells. Nuclear changes caused by orthodontic treatment alone might be negligible.

Effect of lemon essential oil on halitosis.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of lemon essential oil (LEO) on salivary bacteria and volatile sulfur compound (VSC) production of patients with halitosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Saliva of five patients with halitosis was collected, after adding different concentrations (0.563-9 mg/ml) of LEO, detecting the growth of salivary bacteria, the formation of biofilm, and VSC production, and compare the difference of different concentrations of LEO on bacterial growth and VSC production. 48 volunteers were randomly divided into 4 groups. After gargling with LEO, cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), chlorhexidine (CHX), and hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) separately measure changes of VSC production and pH values at 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min and then compare the differences at different time points within group. RESULTS: Compared with the negative control group, under subinhibitory concentrations of LEO (0.563-2.25 mg/ml), the biofilm formation and VSC production of salivary bacteria in LEO group were significantly inhibited (p < 0.05). Compared with the baseline, the VSC production of subjects decreased after rinsing with the LEO in 60 min (p < 0.05). After gargling with LEO, the pH value rose significantly in 30 min and reverted to the baseline level at 120 min (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Lemon essential oil can inhibit the growth of salivary bacteria and reduce VSC production of patients with halitosis.

Randomized Control Study of the Effects of Turmeric Mouthwash on Oral Health Status, Treatment-Induced Mucositis, and Associated Oral Dysfunctions Among Patients With Head and Neck Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Oral mucositis is the most severe and debilitating adverse effect of cancer treatment, resulting in inadequate nutritional intake, treatment disruptions, and dose alteration, leading to increased hospital costs and decreased tumor control. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of turmeric mouthwash on oral health status and onset and severity of treatment-induced oral mucositis and associated oral dysfunctions among head and neck cancer patients. METHODS: A randomized controlled design was adopted (CTRI/2018/06/014367). Turmeric mouthwash was administered to the experimental group (n = 46) and benzydamine mouthwash was given to the control group (n = 46). Oral health status and mucositis were graded using the Oral Health Assessment Tool and the World Health Organization oral toxicity criteria, respectively. Oral dysfunctions were measured by a patient-reported oral mucositis symptom scale and xerostomia short-form inventory. All outcome variables were measured weekly during the entire course of radiation therapy. RESULTS: Both groups were comparable with regard to their demographic and outcome variables ( P > .05). The incidence of intolerable mucositis in the control group was 100% compared with 17.8% in the experimental group. Repeated-measures analysis of variance demonstrated significant differences in the onset and severity of oral mucositis ( P = .001), oral health status ( P = .001), and oral dysfunctions ( P = .001) between the experimental and control groups. CONCLUSION: Turmeric mouthwash was effective in reducing the severity of oral mucositis and associated oral dysfunctions as compared with benzydamine mouthwash. IMPLICATIONS: Use of turmeric, a nontoxic and cost-effective intervention, can be an alternative to the traditional management of oral mucositis.

Evaluation of Chemical, Biochemical and Anti-Microbial Effects of Salvadora persica and Moringa oleifera Extract to Produce Organic Disinfectant Products.

Oral hygiene is one of the most influential and important issues in people's health. People have been using herbal components to maintain their oral hygiene for centuries. Oral cancer develops in the oral cavity, and its origin always lies in the growth of malignant epithelial tissue cells. Due to the spread of this cancer in Iran, we intend to measure the antibacterial effects of the combination of Salvadora persica and Moringa oleifera extracts. Cariogenic bacteria are one leading cause of oral cancer. We used this extract in mouthwash, toothpaste, and chewing gum, and we expect that it would reduce cell proliferation and be used in prevention and treatment. The new organic mouthwash, chewing gum, and toothpaste were designed and prepared using M. oleifera oil, S. persica, M. oleifera extract, the powder of S. persica wood, and M. oleifera leaves. With the use of herbal compounds in the preparation of these products, the quantity of essential chemical ingredients in the prepared samples was decreased. We examined the quality and stability of mouthwash, toothpaste, and chewing gum that indicated the standard level of each substance. Furthermore, we evaluated the antibacterial effects of our products, which indicated that our products can significantly reduce the total bacterial count. For the first time, a combination of S. persica and M. oleifera extract replaced chemicals in mouthwash, toothpaste, and chewing gum. Natural herbal ingredients with antimicrobial activity are effective in maintaining low bacterial counts in the mouth, and as a result, improving oral hygiene and health.

Biological Characterization, Properties, and Clinical Use of a Novel Homeopathic Antiseptic Oral Recovery Kit: A Narrative Review.

Most available antiseptic solutions have strong antibacterial effects, but many also possess major cytotoxic effects on gingival fibroblasts, osteoblasts, osteoprogenitor cells, and/or epithelial cells. A novel VEGA Oral Care Recovery Kit (StellaLife) consisting of 16 active ingredients that are monographed in the Homeopathic Pharmacopeia of the United States (HPUS) has gained tremendous momentum as a replacement for more cytotoxic oral rinses such as chlorhexidine. While accumulating evidence has thus far supported its use, little of the gathered data have fully described the properties of the oral formulation. Therefore, the aim of the present review article was 3-fold. First, a biological characterization regarding the active ingredients found in StellaLife Recovery Kit including their biological properties was assessed in 4 predominant categories; 1) antimicrobial resistance, 2) accelerated wound healing, 3) pain management control, and 4) anti-cancer properties. The second aim of this review article was to assess both fundamental and clinical research to date comparing VEGA oral rinse (StellaLife) to the more commonly utilized CHX for differences regarding their effect on decreasing bacterial loads as well as cell viability, survival, proliferation, and expression of both regenerative cytokines and inflammatory markers. Lastly, clinical case examples are presented describing the use of StellaLife remedies in a variety of clinical situations. These include but are not limited to wisdom-tooth extraction, extraction site management, dental implants and ridge augmentation, soft-tissue grafting procedures, frenectomies, and also temporary relief of dry sockets, dry mouth, aphthous ulcers, mucositis, lichen planus, among others. In summary, findings from the present review article provide evidence from basic laboratory experiments that validate clinical studies supporting the use of the StellaLife oral rinse regarding its superior biocompatibility and wound healing properties when compared to common antiseptic solutions such as CHX.

Chemical Profile and Biological Activities of Essential Oil from Piper arboreum for Development and Improvement of Mouthwash.

Studies show that more consumers are using natural health products in the modern world. We have noticed a growing demand in markets and the professional community for mouthwashes that contain natural compounds. The objective of this study was to assess the chemical characterization and microbiological potential of the essential oil Piper arboreum (EOPa) to provide data to enable the development of a low-cost mouthwash. The evaluation of the antibacterial and bacterial resistance modulating activity was performed by the microdilution method to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration. The chemical components were characterized by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, which identified 20 chemical constituents, with caryophyllene oxide being one of the major compounds. The EOPa showed an MIC ≥ 1024 µg/mL for all bacterial strains used in the tests. When evaluating the modulating activity of EOPa combined with chlorhexidine, mouthwash and antibiotics against the bacterial resistance, the oil limited synergistic activity between the MIC of the products tested in combination (37% to 87.5%). Therefore, we recommend expanding the tests with greater variation in the EOPa concentration and the products used, as well as toxicity assessments and in vivo testing, with the purpose of the development of a possible low-cost mouthwash base that is accessible to the most vulnerable populations.

Daily Exposure to a Cranberry Polyphenol Oral Rinse Alters the Oral Microbiome but Not Taste Perception in PROP Taster Status Classified Individuals.

Diet and salivary proteins influence the composition of the oral microbiome, and recent data suggest that TAS2R38 bitter taste genetics may also play a role. We investigated the effects of daily exposure to a cranberry polyphenol oral rinse on taste perception, salivary proteins, and oral microbiota. 6-n-Propylthiouracil (PROP) super-tasters (ST, n = 10) and non-tasters (NT, n = 10) rinsed with 30 mL of 0.75 g/L cranberry polyphenol extract (CPE) in spring water, twice daily for 11 days while consuming their habitual diets. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that the NT oral microbiome composition was different than that of STs at baseline (p = 0.012) but not after the intervention (p = 0.525). Principal coordinates analysis using unweighted UniFrac distance showed that CPE modified microbiome composition in NTs (p = 0.023) but not in STs (p = 0.096). The intervention also altered specific salivary protein levels (α-amylase, MUC-5B, and selected S-type Cystatins) with no changes in sensory perception. Correlation networks between oral microbiota, salivary proteins, and sensory ratings showed that the ST microbiome had a more complex relationship with salivary proteins, particularly proline-rich proteins, than that in NTs. These findings show that CPE modulated the oral microbiome of NTs to be similar to that of STs, which could have implications for oral health.

Comparison of antimicrobial and wound-healing effects of silver nanoparticle and chlorhexidine mouthwashes: an in vivo study in rabbits.

The objective is to formulate a silver nanoparticle mouthwash and then evaluate its antimicrobial and wound-healing effects in rabbit animal models. Microbial samples were collected from the oral cavity of 60 rabbits. Thereafter, standardized wounds were created in the lateral border of the tongue on the right side for all rabbits. After surgery, digital photographs were obtained from the wounds with standardized settings. To characterize the silver nanoparticles used in the synthetic mouthwash, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and digital light scattering analysis were used. The animal models were then randomly divided into 4 groups: group 1 received 9.80 wt% silver nanoparticle mouthwash; group 2 received all the ingredients of the formulated mouthwash except for silver nanoparticles; group 3 received chlorhexidine 2.0% mouthwash; and the negative control group did not receive any postoperative mouthwash. Microbial samples were collected from oral cavity of the rabbits each day for four postoperative days. Colony-forming unit (CFU) counts were compared post-operatively with the pre-operative counts. In addition, standardized digital photographs were taken each day from the wounds and the area of the wounds was compared in postoperative and pre-operative images. Data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA and repeated measures variance analysis (α = 0.05). TEM revealed spherical morphology of silver nanoparticles and digital light scattering showed an average size of 5 nm and optimal distribution of the nanoparticles. CFU count significantly decreased in groups 1 and 3 (P < 0.001), while it significantly increased in groups 2 and 4 (P < 0.001). Moreover, a significant difference was observed between the experimental groups (P < 0.001). In addition, wound area decreased significantly in all groups (P < 0.001). However, the difference between wound areas in the groups was not significant, except for the 4th postoperative day (P < 0.001). However, the antibacterial effects and the wound-healing characteristics of the synthetic silver nanoparticle and chlorhexidine mouthwashes were not significantly different (P > 0.05). Silver nanoparticle mouthwash possesses favorable antibacterial and wound-healing effects. The formulated 9.80 wt% silver nanoparticle mouthwash with a particle size of 5 nm can be a promising alternative for application after oral surgical procedures.