How Informal Carers Support Video Consulting in Physiotherapy, Heart Failure, and Cancer: Qualitative Study Using Linguistic Ethnography.

BACKGROUND: Informal carers play an important role in the everyday care of patients and the delivery of health care services. They aid patients in transportation to and from appointments, and they provide assistance during the appointments (eg, answering questions on the patient's behalf). Video consultations are often seen as a way of providing patients with easier access to care. However, few studies have considered how this affects the role of informal carers and how they are needed to make video consultations safe and feasible. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to identify how informal carers, usually friends or family who provide unpaid assistance, support patients and clinicians during video consultations. METHODS: We conducted an in-depth analysis of the communication in a sample of video consultations drawn from 7 clinical settings across 4 National Health Service Trusts in the United Kingdom. The data set consisted of 52 video consultation recordings (of patients with diabetes, gestational diabetes, cancer, heart failure, orthopedic problems, long-term pain, and neuromuscular rehabilitation) and interviews with all participants involved in these consultations. Using Linguistic Ethnography, which embeds detailed analysis of verbal and nonverbal communication in the context of the interaction, we examined the interactional, technological, and clinical work carers did to facilitate video consultations and help patients and clinicians overcome challenges of the remote and video-mediated context. RESULTS: Most patients (40/52, 77%) participated in the video consultation without support from an informal carer. Only 23% (12/52) of the consultations involved an informal carer. In addition to facilitating the clinical interaction (eg, answering questions on behalf of the patient), we identified 3 types of work that informal carers did: facilitating the use of technology; addressing problems when the patient could not hear or understand the clinician; and assisting with physical examinations, acting as the eyes, ears, and hands of the clinician. Carers often stayed in the background, monitoring the consultation to identify situations where they might be needed. In doing so, copresent carers reassured patients and helped them conduct the activities that make up a consultation. However, carers did not necessarily help patients solve all the challenges of a video consultation (eg, aiming the camera while laying hands on the patient during an examination). We compared cases where an informal carer was copresent with cases where the patient was alone, which showed that carers provided an important safety net, particularly for patients who were frail and experienced mobility difficulties. CONCLUSIONS: Informal carers play a critical role in making video consultations safe and feasible, particularly for patients with limited technological experience or complex needs. Guidance and research on video consulting need to consider the availability and work done by informal carers and how they can be supported in providing patients access to digital health care services.

Dominant Worldviews, Institutional, and Contextual Factors Affecting Cancer Care: Evidence From an Institutional Ethnonursing Study in Nigeria.

INTRODUCTION: Cancer remains a significant health burden in Nigeria and requires the efforts of all stakeholders to address it. Little is known about how the worldviews of Nigerian patients with cancer and other institutional factors affect cancer management in Nigeria. This paper draws evidence from an ethnonursing study conducted in a Nigerian cancer care setting. METHOD: This study adopted a qualitative design using an ethnonursing approach. The study was conducted in one of the primary cancer treatment centers owned by the federal government of Nigeria. Data collection was conducted using participant observation, interviews, and field notes. Data collected were analyzed using NVivo 12 and presented as categories and sub-categories. RESULTS: Analysis yielded two themes and seven sub-themes. The major themes included (1) dominant worldview and (2) institutional/contextual factors. Participants attributed life, living, and death as being controlled by a supreme being. Cancer care was constrained by unfavorable institutional factors such as lack of equipment, staffing, and intensified workload. DISCUSSION: Cancer institutions should provide more cancer care infrastructure that will facilitate the work of nurses and other health care workers. There should be an enabling environment that would attract and retain nurses in the cancer wards. The hospital environment should be made conducive for the cancer care providers, patients with cancer, and their relatives.

Diagramas complejos de salud en el trabajo: metodología para el estudio sistémico de los procesos laborales / Complex diagrams of health in the workplace: A methodology for the systemic study of work processes

El estudio de los procesos de trabajo es una tarea «compleja¼ que incluye el conocimiento exhaustivo y preciso de los riesgos y exigencia laborales ahí presentes. Dichos riesgos y exigencias son el resultado de cómo se relacionan los elementos fundamentales del proceso laboral que, al interactuar con el hombre que trabaja, pueden afectar su salud. La finalidad de estas líneas es mostrar una metodología de carácter etnográfico, para investigar los procesos de trabajo en las entidades productivas y plantear las acciones preventivas conducentes. Esta metodología está basada en la observación directa y en la experiencia obrera de los procesos laborales. Consta de tres instrumentos de recolección de información: 1) Diagramas de Flujo del Proceso de trabajo; 2) Descripción de los Diagramas de Flujo de los Procesos de Trabajo; y 3) Cuadros de Resumen de los Diagramas Complejos de Salud en el Trabajo. A partir de los datos que proporcionan los Cuadros de Resumen, se estructura un repertorio de recomendaciones para el centro laboral. En cuanto a la utilidad de esta metodología, ha sido ampliamente probada en diversos sectores económicos, como: agricultura, industrias extractivas, de la transformación y la construcción, así como de los servicios, ya sean micro, pequeñas, medianas o grandes empresas. En síntesis, es una herramienta que proporciona el conocimiento integral de los procesos de trabajo, de los riesgos y exigencias que de ahí se derivan, y suministra las medidas preventivas para eliminar o controlar los peligros que acechan a los trabajadores en sus labores(AU)

The study of work processes is a complex task that includes exhaustive and precise knowledge of the labor demands and risks in a given workplace. These risks and demands result from the relationship among the fundamental elements of the work process, whose interaction with a worker can affect his health. The purpose of this study is to show how an ethnographic methodology was used to investigate work processes in productive industry workplaces and propose appropriate preventive actions. The methodology is based on direct observation and workers' experience of work processes. It consists of three data collection instruments: 1) Work process flow charts; 2) description of the flow diagrams of the work processes; and 3) summary tables of complex diagrams of workplace health. Based on the data provided in the summary tables, a set of recommendations for the workplace was designed. This methodology has been widely tested in various economic sectors, such as agriculture; extractive, transformative, and construction industries; and services, whether in micro, small, medium, or large companies. In summary, this is a tool that provides integrated knowledge about work processes and the risks and demands inherent in them and provides preventive measures to eliminate or control dangers to workers(AU)

Tipping the balance: A systematic review and meta-ethnography to unfold the complexity of surgical antimicrobial prescribing behavior in hospital settings.

Surgical specialties account for a high proportion of antimicrobial use in hospitals, and misuse has been widely reported resulting in unnecessary patient harm and antimicrobial resistance. We aimed to synthesize qualitative studies on surgical antimicrobial prescribing behavior, in hospital settings, to explain how and why contextual factors act and interact to influence practice. Stakeholder engagement was integrated throughout to ensure consideration of varying interpretive repertoires and that the findings were clinically meaningful. The meta-ethnography followed the seven phases outlined by Noblit and Hare. Eight databases were systematically searched without date restrictions. Supplementary searches were performed including forwards and backwards citation chasing and contacting first authors of included papers to highlight further work. Following screening, 14 papers were included in the meta-ethnography. Repeated reading of this work enabled identification of 48 concepts and subsequently eight overarching concepts: hierarchy; fear drives action; deprioritized; convention trumps evidence; complex judgments; discontinuity of care; team dynamics; and practice environment. The overarching concepts interacted to varying degrees but there was no consensus among stakeholders regarding an order of importance. Further abstraction of the overarching concepts led to the development of a conceptual model and a line-of-argument synthesis, which posits that social and structural mediators influence individual complex antimicrobial judgements and currently skew practice towards increased and unnecessary antimicrobial use. Crucially, our model provides insights into how we might 'tip the balance' towards more evidence-based antimicrobial use. Currently, healthcare workers deploy antimicrobials across the surgical pathway as a safety net to allay fears, reduce uncertainty and risk, and to mitigate against personal blame. Our synthesis indicates that prescribing is unlikely to change until the social and structural mediators driving practice are addressed. Furthermore, it suggests that research specifically exploring the context for effective and sustainable quality improvement stewardship initiatives in surgery is now urgent.

Autoetnografia colaborativa em tempos de pandemia: uma experiência de ensinoaprendizagem terapêutica e decolonial / Autoetnografía colaborativa en tiempos de pandemia: una experiencia de enseñanza-aprendizaje terapéutica y decolonial / Collaborative autoethnography in pandemic times: a therapeutic and decolonial teachinglearning experience

Esta Autoetnografia colaborativa teve como objetivo compreender a experiência de três estudantes em disciplina de Autoetnografia no programa de pós-graduação na Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais durante o período inicial da pandemia de Covid-19. Para tal, os diários de campo e as produções autoetnográficas dos estudantes - textos, poemas, fotografias, arquivos em áudio e arquivos em vídeo com performances ou dança - foram analisados. Destacaram-se os diversos aspectos terapêuticos e decoloniais que a Autoetnografia oportuniza pelo exercício metacognitivo. A disciplina humanizou o ambiente acadêmico proporcionando interconexão das ciências convencionais com as artes e a cultura. Este trabalho aponta os benefícios da Autoetnografia para a formação de profissionais de saúde críticos e reflexivos, especialmente os farmacêuticos, por promover competências apropriadas ao cuidado centrado na pessoa. (AU)

Esta autoetnografía tuvo el objetivo de comprender la experiencia de tres estudiantes de la asignatura de Autoetnografía en el programa de postgrado en la Facultad de Farmacia de la Universidad Federal de Minas Gerais durante el período inicial de la pandemia de Covid-19. Para ello, se analizaron los diarios de campo y las producciones autoetnográficas de los estudiantes: textos, poemas, fotografías, archivos de audio y archivos de video con performances o danza. Se destacaron los diversos aspectos terapéuticos y decoloniales a los que la Autoetnografía da oportunidad a partir del ejercicio metacognitivo. La asignatura humanizó el ambiente académico, proporcionando interconexión de las ciencias convencionales con las artes y la cultura. Este trabajo señala los beneficios de la Autoetnografía para la formación de profesionales de salud críticos y reflexivos, especialmente los farmacéuticos, por promover competencias apropiadas al cuidado centrado en la persona. (AU)

This collaborative autoethnography aimed to understand the experience of three students in an Autoethnography course in a graduate program at the Minas Gerais Federal University School of Pharmacy during the initial stages of the Covid-19 pandemic. To this end, the students' field journals and autoethnographic data - such as texts, poems, photographs, audio and video files with performances or dance - were analysed. The study highlighted multiple therapeutic and decolonial facets of autoethnography that arise from its metacognitive practice. This course humanized the academic environment, providing interconnectivity of conventional sciences with arts and culture. This research points out the benefits of including autoethnography in the training of health professionals as its critical and reflective features promote cultural and humanistic competences useful to person-centered care, which are very relevant to pharmacists. (AU)

Significados do alcoolismo em uma reunião feminina de Alcoólicos Anônimos na cidade de São Paulo, SP, Brasil / Meanings of alcoholism in a women-only Alcoholics Anonymous in São Paulo, SP, Brazil / Significados del alcoholismo en una reunión femenina de Alcohólicos Anónimos en la ciudad de São Paulo, SP, Brasil

O objetivo deste artigo é compreender os significados do alcoolismo de uma maneira êmica, isto é, tal como ele é concebido e vivenciado por mulheres que frequentam uma reunião feminina de Alcoólicos Anônimos (AA). Realizou-se uma pesquisa qualitativa, de abordagem etnográfica, em uma reunião exclusiva de mulheres em um grupo localizado na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil. O alcoolismo está ligado às assimetrias de gênero, que estabelecem uma diferença entre homens e mulheres em relação ao uso de bebidas alcoólicas, de modo que a reunião feminina de AA possui uma dimensão política que se contrapõe à cultura patriarcal de AA ao garantir às mulheres um espaço de gênero, moral e politicamente, privilegiado para que elas possam compartilhar e significar suas experiências e, por essa via, realizar seu tratamento do alcoolismo.(AU)

The aim of this emic study of alcoholism was to understand how this problem is conceived and experienced by women attending a women-only Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) meeting. We conducted an ethnographic study with a women's AA group in São Paulo, Brazil. Alcoholism is linked to gender asymmetries, which establish a difference between men and women in relation to drinking. Women-only AA meetings therefore possess a political dimension that counterposes AA's patriarchal culture by providing women with a morally and politically unique gendered space that allows them to share and signify their experiences and, in this way, treat their alcoholism.(AU)

El objetivo de este artículo es comprender los significados del alcoholismo de una manera émica, es decir, tal como es concebido y vivido por mujeres que frecuentan una reunión femenina de Alcohólicos Anónimos (AA). Se realizó una investigación cualitativa, de abordaje etnográfico, en una reunión exclusiva de mujeres en un grupo localizado en la Ciudad de São Paulo, Brasil. El alcoholismo está vinculado a las asimetrías de género que establecen una diferencia entre hombres y mujeres con relación al uso de bebidas alcohólicas, de modo que la reunión femenina de AA tiene una dimensión política que se contrapone a la cultura patriarcal de AA al asegurar a las mujeres un espacio de género, moral y políticamente privilegiado para que ellas puedan compartir y significar sus experiencias y, por esa vía, realizar su tratamiento del alcoholismo.(AU)

Navigating cancer treatment and care when living with comorbid dementia: an ethnographic study.

OBJECTIVES: The risks of developing cancer and dementia increase as we age; however, this comorbidity remains relatively under-researched. This study reports on the challenges that people affected by comorbid cancer and dementia face when navigating engagement with cancer treatment within secondary care. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An ethnographic study recruiting 17 people with cancer and dementia, 22 relatives and 19 oncology staff in two UK National Health Service Trusts. Observations (46 h) and informal conversations were conducted during oncology appointments involving people with dementia. Semi-structured interviews (n = 37) with people living with cancer and dementia, their relatives and staff working in various roles across oncology services were also carried out. Data were analysed using ethnographically informed thematic analysis. RESULTS: People with cancer and dementia experienced challenges across three areas of navigating cancer treatment and care: navigating through multiple services, appointments and layers of often complex information; repeatedly navigating transport to and from hospital; and navigating non-dementia-friendly hospital outpatient environments alongside the cognitive problems associated with dementia. CONCLUSIONS: Dementia impacts patients' abilities to navigate the many practical aspects of attending hospital for cancer treatment and care. This study indicates the importance of addressing ways to improve the experience of travelling to and from the hospital, alongside extending the ongoing efforts to develop 'dementia-friendly' hospital in-patient areas and practices, to outpatient departments. Such steps will serve to improve hospital-based cancer treatment and care and more broadly outpatient appointment experiences for people with dementia and their families.

O processo de construção do enfermeiro: abordagem etnográfica / The nurses' construction process: ethnographic approach / El proceso de construcción del enfermero: enfoque etnográfico

Objetivo: compreender o processo de construção do enfermeiro líder na perspectiva da etnoenfermagem. Método: Pesquisa qualitativa baseada nos pressupostos da etnoenfermagem, sendo desenvolvida em um hospital filantrópico no extremo sul do país, em um setor clínico assistencial com 22 profissionais da equipe de enfermagem. A coleta de dados foi realizada de julho a novembro de 2015 em nove fases da etnoenfermagem. Análise dos dados foi feita de forma simultânea e concomitante as fases de observação, conforme preconizado pela metodologia da etnoenfermagem. Resultados: emergiram três categorias que caracterizam a construção do enfermeiro líder, sendo elas a advocacia em saúde, relações interpessoais e exercício da autonomia. Conclusão: a compreensão do processo de construção do enfermeiro líder constitui-se um elemento importante no exercício da profissão, pois garante a valorização profissional e reconhecimento do enfermeiro como gestor do cuidado, ampliado a qualidade dos serviços através das ações promovidas pela liderança da equipe

Objective: the nurses construction process in the perspective of the ethnonursing. Methods: qualitative research for our services, and developed in a philanthropic hospital in the extreme south of the country, in a clinical care sector with 22 professionals of the nursing team. A data collection was carried out from July to November of 2015 in nine phases of ethnonursing. Analysis of the data to measure simultaneously and concomitantly as phases of observation, as recommended by the methodology of ethnonursing. Results: three categories emerged that characterize a construction of the leading nurse, being they an advocacy in health, interpersonal relationships and exercise of autonomy. Conclusion: an understanding of the nurses' construction process is an important element in the exercise of the profession, since it guarantees a professional appreciation and recognition of nurses as care manager, increasing the quality of services through the actions promoted by the team leadership

Objectivo: comprender el proceso de construcción del enfermero líder en la perspectiva de la etnoenfermería. Método: investigación cualitativa basada en los presupuestos de la etnoenfermería, siendo desarrollada en un hospital filantrópico en el extremo sur del país, en un sector clínico asistencial con 22 profesionales del equipo de enfermería. La recolección de datos se realizó de julio a noviembre de 2015 en nueve fases de la etnoenfermería. El análisis de los datos fue realizado de forma simultánea y concomitante con las fases de observación, según lo preconizado por la metodología de la etnoenfermería. Resultados: surgieron tres categorías que caracterizan la construcción del enfermero líder, siendo ellas la abogacía en salud, relaciones interpersonales y ejercicio de la autonomía. Conclusión: la comprensión del proceso de construcción del enfermero líder constituye un elemento importante en el ejercicio de la profesión, pues garantiza la valorización profesional y reconocimiento del enfermero como gestor del cuidado, ampliando la calidad de los servicios a través de las acciones promovidas por el liderazgo del equipo

Netnografia e a pesquisa científica na internet / Netnography and scientific research on the internet / Netnografía e investigación científica en Internet / Netnographie et recherche scientifique sur Internet

Resumo Este artigo tem como objetivo fomentar a discussão sobre a realização de pesquisas acadêmicas em ambientes on-line e, especialmente, em locais que soam como inadequados para a construção de um saber científico. Tendo como suporte metodológico a Netnografia e a descrição de um percurso metodológico que utilizou exclusivamente o Facebook como lócus de produção de dados, o que se conclui é que a possibilidade de invenção metodológica é, inegavelmente, um dos legados da internet para as pesquisas científicas - processo criativo que não pode excluir o rigor, a condução ética e a fidedignidade, características tão caras e imprescindíveis ao método de construção do conhecimento científico, mas que ainda impõem muitos desafios que precisam ser superados.

Abstract This article discusses the conduct of academic research in online environments, especially in places that apparently sound inadequate for the construction of scientific knowledge. Based on Netnography and on the description of a methodological trajectory that exclusively used Facebook as a locus of data production, we conclude that the possibility of methodological invention is undeniably one of the legacies of the internet for scientific research. It is a creative process that cannot exclude rigor, ethical conduct and reliability, characteristics that are so expensive and indispensable to the method of building scientific knowledge, but which still imposes many challenges that need to be overcome.

Resumen Este artículo tuvo como objetivo fomentar el debate sobre la realización de investigaciones académicas en línea, especialmente en lugares donde aparentemente suenan inadecuados para la construcción del conocimiento científico. Se utilizó como marco metodológico la Netnografía y se hizo la descripción de un camino metodológico que utilizó exclusivamente Facebook como lugar de producción de datos; se concluye que la posibilidad de la invención metodológica es sin duda uno de los legados de Internet para la investigación científica, proceso creativo que no puede excluir el rigor, la conducta ética y la fiabilidad, características que son tan costosas e indispensables para el método de construcción del conocimiento científico, pero que aún imponen muchos desafíos que deben ser superados.

Résumé Cet article vise à promouvoir la discussion sur la recherche académique dans les environnements numérique et en particulier dans les endroits qui semblent inadéquats à la construction de la connaissance scientifique. Ayant comme support méthodologique la Netnographie et la description d'un parcours méthodologique qui utilisait exclusivement le Facebook comme lieu de production de données, on conclut que la possibilité d'invention méthodologique est indéniablement l'un des héritages de l'Internet pour la recherche scientifique. Un processus créatif qui ne peut exclure la rigueur, la conduite éthique et la fiabilité, caractéristiques si important et indispensables à la méthode de construction de la connaissance scientifique, mais qui impose encore de nombreux défis à relever.

Cartas para mim ou sobre mim? Notas autoetnográficas de um puerpério não silenciado / Letters to me or about me? Autoethnographic notes of an unsilenced puerperium / ¿Cartas para mí o sobre mí? Notas autoetnográficas de un puerperio no silenciado

Resumo Depois de quase uma década pesquisando partos e maternidades, tornei-me mãe. Recordo-me de, durante o meu doutoramento, ter sido interpelada, pelas mulheres com que convivia, acerca de minha sensibilidade para com as suas experiências maternas (Carneiro, 2015), já que ainda não tinha vivido na pele o que me contavam. Eu não tinha filhos e não tinha parido. Alguns anos depois, após o nascimento de meu segundo filho, passei a escrever e a publicar algumas reflexões sobre a vida no pós-parto, mas, agora, sobre a minha própria experiência, a partir de uma série intitulada Cartas de um puerpério. Escrevi sobre mim, sobre o parto, sobre o bebê e, sobretudo, sobre o resguardo, em tom pessoal e confessional, mas também antropológico, haja vista minhas reflexões dialogarem todo o tempo com a teoria posta, ou ainda em tessitura, bem como com a cultura local sobre o maternar. O meu olhar recaiu sobre o puerpério e suas interfaces com ideias de corpo, sexualidade, amizade, política, domesticidade, solidão, cansaço e, mais recentemente, pandemia. Tais Cartas foram publicadas em uma rede social virtual e, por isso, despertaram o diálogo com outras mulheres. Partindo delas, pretendo discutir como e quanto funcionaram como um diário pessoal e diário de campo; como um espaço de desague e de autorreflexão, tudo a um só tempo; mas também como lugar de produção intelectual e de olhares sócio-antropológicos para com a maternidade contemporânea. Um olhar oriundo da casa e do doméstico como espaço que inventa vida.

Abstract After nearly a decade of researching births and maternity hospitals, I became a mother. I remember that, during my PhD, I was questioned by the women I lived with about my sensitivity to their maternal experiences (Carneiro, 2015), as I had not yet lived through what they told me. I had no children and I had not given birth. A few years later, after the birth of my second child, I started to write and publish some reflections about life in the postpartum period, but now about my own experience, from a series entitled Letters from a puerperium. I wrote about myself, about childbirth, about the baby and, above all, about being protected, in a personal and confessional, but also anthropological tone, as my reflections dialogued all the time with the theory put or still in tessitura, as well as with the local culture about the maternal. My gaze fell on the puerperium and its interfaces with ideas of the body, sexuality, friendship, politics, domesticity, loneliness, fatigue and, more recently, a pandemic. These Letters were published on a virtual social network and, therefore, sparked dialogue with other women. Starting from them, I intend to discuss how and how much they worked as a personal diary and field diary; as a space of drainage and self-reflection, all at the same time; but also as a place of intellectual production and socio-anthropological perspectives on contemporary motherhood. A look coming from the home and the domestic as a space that invents life,

Resumen Después de casi una década de investigar los partos y los hospitales de maternidad, me convertí en madre. Recuerdo que, durante mi doctorado, las mujeres con las que conviví me interrogaron sobre mi sensibilidad hacia sus vivencias maternas (Carneiro, 2015), ya que aún no había vivido lo que me decían. No tenía hijos y no había dado a luz. Unos años más tarde, tras el nacimiento de mi segundo hijo, comencé a escribir y publicar algunas reflexiones sobre la vida en el posparto, pero ahora sobre mi propia experiencia, de una serie titulada Cartas de un puerperio. Escribí sobre mí, sobre el parto, sobre el bebé y sobre todo sobre el cobijo, en un tono personal y confesional, pero también antropológico, ya que mis reflexiones dialogaban todo el tiempo con la teoría puesta o aún en tesitura, así como con lo local. cultura sobre lo materno. Mi mirada se posó en el puerperio y sus interfaces con las ideas del cuerpo, la sexualidad, la amistad, la política, la domesticidad, la soledad, el cansancio y, más recientemente, una pandemia. Estas Cartas fueron publicadas en una red social virtual y, por tanto, despertaron el diálogo con otras mujeres. A partir de ellos, pretendo comentar cómo y cuánto funcionaron como diario personal y diario de campo; como espacio de drenaje y autorreflexión, todo al mismo tiempo; pero también como lugar de producción intelectual y perspectivas socio-antropológicas sobre la maternidad contemporánea. Una mirada que viene del hogar y lo doméstico como espacio que inventa la vida.

Palliative care in its own discourse: a focused ethnography of professional messaging in palliative care.

BACKGROUND: Despite 50 years of modern palliative care (PC), a misunderstanding of its purpose persists. The original message that PC is focused on total care, helping to live until the person dies, is being replaced and linked to feelings of fear, anxiety and death, instead of compassion, support or appropriate care. Society is still afraid to speak its name, and specialized units are identified as "places of death" as opposed to "places of life" meant to treat suffering. This issue is prohibitive to the implementation and development of PC policies worldwide. It is imperative to identify what message PC professionals are relaying to patients and other health care specialists and how that message may condition understandings of the right to access PC. METHODS: A qualitative study, employing focused ethnography and participant observation (PO) of the daily interaction of PC professionals with patients and family members in three different PC services. Two researchers independently conducted a thematic analysis, followed by member checking with participants. RESULTS: A total of 242 h of participant observation revealed the following messages sent by PC professionals in their daily interaction with patients and families: i) We are focused on your wellbeing; ii) You matter: we want to get to know you; iii) Your family is important to us. CONCLUSION: The complexity of PC discourses contributes to the difficulty of identifying a clear universal message between PC professionals, patients and families. The PC professionals observed transmit a simple message focused on their actions rather than their identity, which may perpetuate some social/cultural misunderstandings of PC. It seems there is a common culture, based on the same values and attitudes, within the messages that PC professionals transmit to patients and their families. PC teams are characterised by their availability.

"Everybody in this community is at risk of dying": An ethnographic exploration on the potential of integrating a palliative approach to care among workers in inner-city settings.

OBJECTIVE: At the end of life, the need for care increases. Yet, for structurally vulnerable populations (i.e., people experiencing homelessness and poverty, racism, criminalization of illicit drug use, stigma associated with mental health), access to care remains highly inaccessible. Emerging research suggests that enhancing access to palliative care for these populations requires moving care from traditional settings, such as the hospital, into community settings, like shelters and onto the street. Thus, inner-city workers (ICWs) (e.g., housing support and community outreach) have the potential to play pivotal roles in improving access to care by integrating a "palliative approach to care" in their work. METHOD: Drawing upon observational field notes and interview data collected for a larger critical ethnographic study, this secondary thematic analysis examines ICWs' (n = 31) experiences providing care for dying clients and garners their perspectives regarding the constraints and facilitators that exist in successfully integrating a palliative approach to care in their work. RESULTS: Findings reveal three themes: (1) Approaches, awareness, and training; (2) Workplace policies and filling in the gaps; and (3) Grief, bereavement, and access to supports. In brief, ICWs who draw upon harm reduction strategies strongly parallel palliative approaches to care, although more knowledge/training on palliative approaches was desired. In their continuous work with structurally vulnerable clients, ICWs have the opportunity to build trusting relationships, and over time, are able to identify those in need and assist in providing palliative support. However, despite death and dying is an everyday reality of ICWs, many described a lack of formal acknowledgement by employers and workplace support as limitations. SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS: Findings contribute promising practices for enhancing equitable access to palliative care for society's most vulnerable populations by prioritizing front-line workers' perspectives on how best to integrate a palliative approach to care where structurally vulnerable populations live and die.

Video Consultations Between Patients and Clinicians in Diabetes, Cancer, and Heart Failure Services: Linguistic Ethnographic Study of Video-Mediated Interaction.

BACKGROUND: Video-mediated clinical consultations offer potential benefits over conventional face-to-face in terms of access, convenience, and sometimes cost. The improved technical quality and dependability of video-mediated consultations has opened up the possibility for more widespread use. However, questions remain regarding clinical quality and safety. Video-mediated consultations are sometimes criticized for being not as good as face-to-face, but there has been little previous in-depth research on their interactional dynamics, and no agreement on what a good video consultation looks like. OBJECTIVE: Using conversation analysis, this study aimed to identify and analyze the communication strategies through which video-mediated consultations are accomplished and to produce recommendations for patients and clinicians to improve the communicative quality of such consultations. METHODS: We conducted an in-depth analysis of the clinician-patient interaction in a sample of video-mediated consultations and a comparison sample of face-to-face consultations drawn from 4 clinical settings across 2 trusts (1 community and 1 acute care) in the UK National Health Service. The video dataset consisted of 37 recordings of video-mediated consultations (with diabetes, antenatal diabetes, cancer, and heart failure patients), 28 matched audio recordings of face-to-face consultations, and fieldnotes from before and after each consultation. We also conducted 37 interviews with staff and 26 interviews with patients. Using linguistic ethnography (combining analysis of communication with an appreciation of the context in which it takes place), we examined in detail how video interaction was mediated by 2 software platforms (Skype and FaceTime). RESULTS: Patients had been selected by their clinician as appropriate for video-mediated consultation. Most consultations in our sample were technically and clinically unproblematic. However, we identified 3 interactional challenges: (1) opening the video consultation, (2) dealing with disruption to conversational flow (eg, technical issues with audio and/or video), and (3) conducting an examination. Operational and technological issues were the exception rather than the norm. In all but 1 case, both clinicians and patients (deliberately or intuitively) used established communication strategies to successfully negotiate these challenges. Remote physical examinations required the patient (and, in some cases, a relative) to simultaneously follow instructions and manipulate technology (eg, camera) to make it possible for the clinician to see and hear adequately. CONCLUSIONS: A remote video link alters how patients and clinicians interact and may adversely affect the flow of conversation. However, our data suggest that when such problems occur, clinicians and patients can work collaboratively to find ways to overcome them. There is potential for a limited physical examination to be undertaken remotely with some patients and in some conditions, but this appears to need complex interactional work by the patient and/or their relatives. We offer preliminary guidance for patients and clinicians on what is and is not feasible when consulting via a video link. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): RR2-10.2196/10913.

In safe hands: Patients' experiences of intrahospital transport during intensive care.

OBJECTIVES: Intrahospital transports are associated with complications and adverse events in intensive care patients. Yet, little is known about how patients' percive these tranfers. Thus, this study aimed to explore patients' experiences of the intrahospital transport process. RESEARCH DESIGN: An exploratory qualitative study compromising interviews with twelve patients. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. SETTING: Two intensive care units in a university hospital setting. MAIN OUTCOME: An understanding of patients' experiences of the intrahospital transport process. FINDINGS: The main finding was patients' description of "being in safe hands" during the transport. Patients' experience of transports as feasible and safe was reflected in the first main theme, "feeling prepared and safeguarded". The second theme, "being on the move", described patients' perceptions of the transport; although they were aware of movement, the transport was viewed as a minor event during their stay. The third theme, "entrusting myself to others", revealed how patients handed over control and decision making to the staff, confident that they would look after their best interest. CONCLUSIONS: Patients perceived intrahospital transports as an acceptable and safe process. Findings suggest that patients' experience could be improved by being provided with accurate and timely information and preparedness for transport-related events.

Barriers to Cancer Pain Management Among Nurses in Kenya: A Focused Ethnography.

BACKGROUND: Up to 80% of cancer patients in Kenya suffer from untreated moderate to severe pain. AIM: This study explored barriers to cancer pain management among nurses caring for oncology patients in Kenya. This was part of a larger study whose primary objective was to understand the role of nursing subculture on cancer pain management. DESIGN: A focused ethnographic was used in this study. SETTINGS: An oncology private unit in large referral hospital in Kenya. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-five (n = 25) nurses participated in this study. METHODS: Semi- structured interviews and observations were used to collect data. Nurses were recruited through purposive, snowball sampling strategy. Content analysis led to identification of key barriers to optimal cancer pain management. RESULTS: Organizational, cognitive, professional and patient/family related barriers to cancer pain management were noted. Specifically, barriers such as lack of accessibility to pain management guidelines and training, professional collaboration, restrictive dispensing guidelines, and opioid related fears were identified. CONCLUSIONS: Interventions should streamline palliative care training and implementation of pain management guidelines in both units. Interventions should consider the influence of different subcultures while implementing pain management policies and training.

Preventing Conflicts Between Nurses and Families of a Multi-ethnic Patient Population During Critical Medical Situations in a Hospital.

Introduction: Little is known about how to avoid intercultural nurse-family conflicts in critical care settings. In this article, strategies are discussed that may be useful to prevent or mitigate intercultural nurse-family conflicts during critical medical situations in hospital. Method: Strategies are based on an ethnographic study by Van Keer et al., other literature, and expert opinion. Results: Sufficient structural measures are needed. First, institutions must create appropriate ward policies, such as including nurses in end-of-life communication. Second, nurses should be coached in the workplace. Third, institutions must provide adapted, visual, ward information to families. Additionally, education and research are needed. These measures should be actively stimulated by nurse managers and reflect a multicultural program supported by the hospital. Discussion: Intercultural nurse-family conflict prevention or mitigation should take into account organizational aspects, on hospital units and in hospital as a whole, and the crucial role of education and research.

Cultural Experiences, Patterns, and Practices of American Indian Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: An Ethnonursing Study.

Introduction: Knowledge is needed about the cultural experiences, patterns, and practices of American Indian women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), so nurses can provide culturally congruent care. Method: A qualitative, ethnonursing study based on Leininger's theory of culture care diversity and universality. Data were collected from 13 key informants living on a reservation in the Western United States. Data were analyzed with Leininger's four phases of qualitative analysis. Results: Three universal themes were identified: (1) control of PCOS symptoms is important for the cultural well-being of tribal women, (2) culturally congruent PCOS education and health care are important with variations in approaches to treatment, and (3) tribal culture is important with variations in use of tribal practices. Discussion: Tribal culture affects the health care beliefs and practices of American Indian women with PCOS. The findings can be used to improve culturally congruent care for women with this chronic condition.

Preferences around the disclosure of dying: A vision from Portuguese society.

OBJECTIVE: This paper aims to explore the extent to which the "revivalist" discourse of a good death, which promotes an awareness of dying shapes the lived realities of palliative care patients and their families in Portugal. METHOD: An ethnographic approach was developed. Participant observation was carried out in 2 palliative care units, and this was complemented by in-depth interviews. Ten terminally ill patients, 20 family members, and 20 palliative care professionals were interviewed. RESULTS: The "revivalist" good death script might not be suitable for all dying people, as they might not want an open awareness of dying and, thereby, the acknowledgment of imminent potential death. This might be related to cultural factors and personal circumstances. The "social embeddedness narrative" offers an alternative to the "revivalist" good death script. SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS: The "revivalist" discourse, which calls for an open awareness of dying, is not a cultural preference in a palliative care context in Portugal, as it is not in accord with its familial nature.

A critical ethnographic evaluation of pediatric haematology/oncology physicians and burn-out.

This qualitative study aims to ascertain what it is that affects pediatric hematology/oncology physicians professional and personal attitudes within their work environment. This research is based in one pediatric oncology unit in western Canada using a critical ethnographic research approach. Critical ethnography was the methodology used to conduct this study. Critical Ethnography (CE) is an interpretative research methodology that allows the researcher to evaluate the cultural aspects of a group, or an organization 'within their setting'; to understand and expose the meaning of the relationships in that environment; without meaning being imposed on them externally. 11 physicians (N = 11) participated in this study, this represents approximately 80% of the physician population in this unit. Semi-structured interviews were conducted which lasted an average of 36 minutes per interview. Physicians described their relationships with colleagues, patients and families as both rewarding but also producing symptoms of burn-out. The majority agreed that they enjoy their job because of the constantly evolving research and scientific updates in oncology research. There is a paradox of conflicting satisfiers and dissatisfiers mainly pertaining to patient, parent, physician relationships. Consideration to offering sabbatical leave should be assessed.

Therapeutic follow-up and network intervention as a strategy in psychosocial care / Acompañamiento terapéutico y la intervención de red como estrategia en la atención psicosocial / Acompanhamento terapêutico e intervenção em rede como estratégia na atenção psicossocial

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze Therapeutic Follow-Up (TF) and Network Intervention (NI) as devices for social network/Psychosocial Care Center (CAPS - Centro de Atenção Psicossocial) user staff construction. Method: an ethnographic study. Data collection instruments were participant observation, field diary, semi-structured interviews and Sluzki's Minimal Map of Relationships. The research site was at a CAPS II of the city of São Paulo. Participants were CAPS user, their family network, professionals and other users. Data analysis took place through Minayo's thematic content analysis framework and Sluzki's personal maps. Results: TF and NI led to greater social participation, autonomy and reorganization of family roles and treatment in CAPS. Conclusion: the TF associated with NI was potent in strengthening the user's personal/social network and in including them in community activities.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar el Acompañamiento Terapéutico (AT) y la Intervención en Red (IR) como dispositivos para la construcción de la red social/personal de usuarios del Centro de Atención Psicosocial (CAPS - Centro de Atenção Psicossocial). Método: un estudio etnográfico. Los instrumentos de recolección de datos fueron: observación participante, diario de campo, entrevistas semiestructuradas y Mapa de relaciones mínimas de Sluzki. La ubicación de la investigación fue en un CAPS II de la ciudad de São Paulo. Los participantes fueron usuarios de CAPS, su red familiar, profesionales y otros usuarios. El análisis de datos se realizó a través del marco de análisis de contenido temático de Minayo y los mapas personales de Sluzki. Resultados: el AT y RI llevaron a una mayor participación social, autonomía y reorganización de los roles familiares y el tratamiento en el CAPS. Conclusión: el AT asociado con el IR fue potente para fortalecer la red personal/social del usuario y para incluirlos en las actividades de la comunidad.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar o Acompanhamento Terapêutico (AT) e a Intervenção em Rede (IR) como dispositivos para construção da rede social/pessoal de usuário do Centro de Atenção Psicossocial (CAPS). Método: estudo etnográfico. Os instrumentos de coleta de dados foram: observação participante, diário de campo, entrevistas semiestruturadas e Mapa Mínimo das Relações de Sluzki. Local da pesquisa foi em um CAPS II da cidade de São Paulo. Os participantes foram um usuário do CAPS, sua rede familiar, profissionais e outros usuários. Análise dos dados ocorreu através do referencial da Análise de Conteúdo Temático de Minayo e Mapas Pessoais de Sluzki. Resultados: o AT e a IR levaram a maior participação social, autonomia e reorganização dos papéis familiares e tratamento nos CAPS. Conclusão: o AT associado à IR mostrou-se potente no fortalecimento da rede pessoal/social do usuário e na inclusão dos mesmos em atividades comunitárias.